Norris v. Commissioner

RALPH S. NORRIS, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Norris v. Commissioner

Docket No. 11344-83.

United States Tax Court

T.C. Memo 1986-151; 1986 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 457; 51 T.C.M. (CCH) 852; T.C.M. (RIA) 86151;

April 16, 1986.

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Held: Petitioner held real estate primarily for sale in the ordinary course of his trade or business and profits from sales of such real estate constitute ordinary income; petitioner's profits from real estate sales in 1973 and 1978 are decreased by costs of renovations and repairs; amount of 1978 loss attributable to theft of coin collection determined; and petitioner liable for additions to tax pursuant to sections 6651(a), 6653(a), and 6654.

Ralph S. Norris, pro se.

Christine Colley, for the respondent.

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WHITAKER

MEMORANDUM FINDING OF FACTS AND OPINION

WHITAKER, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income tax and additions to tax as follows:

		Additions to Tax
Year	Deficiency	6653(a)	6654
1973	$1,072	$268	$53	$34
1974	6,066	1,516	303	194
1976	3,709	927	185	138
1977	2,035	509	102	73
1978	21,408		1,070
1979	517	129	51

After concessions by the parties, the issues for decision are:

(1) Whether petitioner held real estate primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business, thereby requiring profits from the sales of such property to be reported as ordinary income;

(2) whether petitioner's profits from sales of certain real estate in 1973 and 1978 should be decreased by costs of renovations and repairs;

(3) whether petitioner is entitled to a theft loss deduction in 1978 and, if so, the amount of the deduction; and

(4) whether petitioner is liable for additions to tax pursuant to sections 6651(a), 6653(a), and 6654.

FINDINGS OF FACTS

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation and attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioner resided in North Leeds, Maine, at the time his petition was filed.

Petitioner began purchasing real estate in 1969 with funds borrowed from his mother, uncle, and banks. With the exception of $88 in 1978 and $609 in 1979, petitioner's sole source of income during the years in issue was his real estate activities. Petitioner's real estate activities generally involved locating and purchasing property, making necessary improvements, renovations, and/or repairs and, after holding the property for the period necessary to qualify for long-term capital gain treatment, ^{*460 to increase the salability of each piece of property petitioner purchased. As petitioner stated "* * * basically, any parcel of property you have, you buy, something has to be done to it before you can sell it." If the property was raw land, such improvements might include surveying and marking the property lines, hauling gravel for a road into the property, and/or having debris hauled away and "clean[ing] up" the land.}

When petitioner acquired improved *461 and a bath which had been abandoned. Prior to resale in July 1973, renovations at a cost of approximately $3,000 had been made, which included repair of the furnace, installation of new bathroom fixtures and a sink in the kitchen as well as replacing all of the pipes and faucets. Similarly, in August 1975, petitioner purchased a single family three-story dwelling which he converted into two full apartments and a smaller 2-room attic apartment prior to resale in September 1978. Since the building was gutted when purchased, these renovations included installation of three bathrooms with all new fixtures, new cabinets, carpeting and plywood paneling throughout, insulation, and windows and repair of the furnace and heating system. These renovations cost approximately $14,000. Again, prior to petitioner's September 1, 1978, resale of improved property he had purchased in 1970, substantial repairs including installation of an asphalt shingle roof, a brick chimney, porch, window sills, and cedar shingle siding for the entire building at an aggregate cost of approximately $6,000, were required. Finally, the single-family home petitioner sold on March 10, 1978, required the following repairs prior to resale: installation of a new bathroom including tub, lavatory, and tile; new kitchen cabinets; and carpeting in the living room and upstairs. These repairs cost approximately $3,000. *463 this period was applied to the purchase price or at what point during the occupancy the sale was negotiated. By 1979 petitioner had sold all of his improved real estate and, therefore, and no rental income in later years.

To facilitate sales, petitioner advertised in local and out-of-state newspapers and some magazines. While buyers would frequently become interested in improved property while petitioner was working on it, most property was sold through some type of advertisement. In July 1974, petitioner bought a helicopter to use in his real estate activities. He advertised in the New York Times for potential buyers whom he would pick up at the local airport and, via helicopter, show available property. He sold two pieces of real estate in this manner. In 1976 he sold the helicopter at a gain of $2,600 having found this method of sale too costly.

In computing petitioner's income from real estate activities, respondent allowed deductions for business expenses such as advertising, insurance, interest, taxes, license fees, gas, and oil as follow:

Year	Amount
1973	$4,637
1974	$6,217
1975	*464 12,075
1976	8,557
1977	8,195
1978	11,804
1979	9,485

Petitioner, of course, preferred cash buyers. However, if he could not find a cash buyer, he would get as large a down payment as possible and finance the balance of the sale price. The following tables reflect the details of petitioner's real estate sales: *465

INSTALLMENT SALES
	Date	Date	Sale	Gain/
Year	Acquired	Sold	Price	(Loss)
1973	9/3/70*	7/1/73	$7,000	$0
1974	7/1/72	2/8/74	11,000	7,000
	1/18/73	9/3/74	22,000	13,736
	4/7/69	4/8/74	3,500	2,336
	6/28/72	1/5/74	6,500	3,500
	10/8/73	4/74	5,000	2,736
1975	8/1/74	8/75	6,500	3,650
	4/24/73	12/4/75	6,000	3,600
1976	12/6/74	5/76	4,500	2,500
	12/14/72	12/18/76	10,000	6,600
	9/14/73
	12/3/74	8/76	4,500	2,550
1977	4/22/74	7/77	8,000	5.667
	7/22/74*	9/1/77	14,000	10,500
	6/11/71	9/15/77	3,000	1,500
	10/8/73	4/77	7,000	5,500
1978	8/19/75*	9/12/78	18,000	500
	1970*	9/1/78	14,000	4,500
1979

COMPLETED SALES
	Date	Date	Sale	Gain/
Year	Acquired	Sold	Price	(Loss)
1973	6/26/72*	5/7/73	5,500	675
	5/10/73	8/23/73	4,000	675
	10/26/71	5/24/73	5,000	3,275
	5/15/72	2/24/73	5,500	3,500
	1/3/73	5/15/73	6,000	1,175
	2/17/71	4/23/73	3,000
1974	10/1/71	12/6/74	5,000
	10/1/71	9/27/74	12,000	5,236
	3/29/72	3/24/74	12,500	7,500
	6/2/72	3/20/74	5,015	3,515
	4/74	11/74	8,000	(265)
	4/74	4/74	4,000	2,476
1975	3/20/70	4/24/75	1,000	(2,050)
	1/3/73	8/22/75	9,000	3,950
1976	5/21/71	3/5/76	3,000	2,750
	2/8/74	5/76	10,000	5,000
	7/1/73	1976	2,500
1977
1978	11/17/75*	3/10/78	10,000	2,500
	8/7/73	5/15/78	1,800	300
	9/3/76	5/24/78	55,000	38,000
	1974	1978	6,508	4,198
1979	1974-76	1979	10,487	3,071

The asterisked sales in the above tables were of improved property. 1973197419751976197719781979CompletedSales$ 9,300$18,462$ 1,900$ 3,250$47,998$ 3,104InstallmentSales -*466 Principal $797,5352,5834,3244,23213,265InstallmentSales -Interest5272,1814,2025,9888,3879,89614,010Rent3903,1203,7365,3207,959$10,296$28,178$11,805$17,298$17,939$79,118$17,114

On January 10, 1978, petitioner's house was burglarized and a gun collection and safe containing petitioner's real estate documents and a coin collection were stolen. In petitioner's absence, the burglary was reported to the Sheriff's office by petitioner's neighbor who identified herself as the caretaker. The investigating officer interviewed this neighbor, her husband, and a third acquaintance of petitioner. The "caretaker" specified that among the safe's contents was petitioner's coin collection "worth around $20,000." *467 he had collected coins "all" of his life and estimated that he had "put" over $20,000 into his collection. However, with the exception of a $400 purchase from a coin dealer in Lewiston, Maine, in December 1977, petitioner offered no details or enlightenment as to any facts he relied on in "figur[ing]" the cost of his coin collection.

In 1973 petitioner took his tax materials to Guilmet Realty and was advised by an unidentified person that, if his net income was less than $1,700, he should not file a tax return. Since from his perspective he did not start making money from his real estate activities until 1978, sections 6651(a), 6653(a), and 6654. The parties' disagreement as to gross profit reflects the cost of renovations and repairs to improved properties sold during 1973 and 1978 discussed in detail supra.*469 The 1978 itemized deduction of $8,585 in dispute is attributable to the purported coin collection loss. Additionally, the parties disagree as to whether petitioner's profits from real estate sales should be taxed at capital gain or ordinary income rates.

OPINION

The first issue presented for our decision is whether 35 parcels of real estate sold by petitioner during the years in issue were capital assets within the meaning of section 1221. If so, petitioner's profits on these sales are entitled to the preferential treatment afforded capital gains. Section 1202. To resolve this issue, we must look to the definition of a capital asset. Section 1221 provides, in pertinent part, that:

the term "capital asset" means property held by the taxpayer (whether or not connected with his trade or business), but does not include--

(1) * * * property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business * * *

Because the capital gain provisions represent "an exception from the normal tax requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, the definition of a capital asset must be narrowly applied and its exclusions interpreted broadly" in order "to effectuate the basic congressional purpose." Corn Products Refining Co. v. Commissioner,350 U.S. 46">350 U.S. 46, 52 (1955); Commissioner v. Gillette Motor Transport, Inc.,364 U.S. 130">364 U.S. 130, 134 (1960); Commissioner v. P.G. Lake, Inc.,356 U.S. 260">356 U.S. 260, 265 (1958). Petitioner bears the burden of proof to establish that the properties he sold were capital assets. Bynum v. Commissioner,46 T.C. 295">46 T.C. 295, 298 (1966); Municipal Bond Corp. v. Commissioner,46 T.C. 219">46 T.C. 219, 228 (1966), affd. in part and revd. in part, 382 F.2d 184">382 F.2d 184 (8th Cir. 1967); Rule 142(a).

Section 1221(a) requires that, to determine if petitioner's profits from the sale of real estate are entitled to capital gain treatment, three questions must be answered: (1) what was petitioner's trade or business; (2) did petitioner hold the property primarily for sale in that business; and (3) were the sales "ordinary" in the course of that business? Suburban Realty Co. v. United States,615 F.2d 171">615 F.2d 171, 178 (5th Cir. 1980). As to the second question, in Malat v. Riddell,383 U.S. 569">383 U.S. 569, 572 (1966), the United States Supreme Court clarified the meaning of the phrase "primarily for sale" as follows:

The purpose of the statutory provision * * * is to differentiate between the "profits and losses arising from the everyday operation of a business" on the one hand * * * and "the realization of appreciation in value accrued over a substantial period of time" on the other. * * * A literal reading of the statute is consistent with this legislative purpose. We hold that, as used in § 1221(1), "primarily" means "of first importance" or "principally." [Citations omitted.]

In making the requisite inquiries, all relevant facts and circumstances must be considered. Redwood Empire Sav. & Loan Asso, v. Commissioner,68 T.C. 960">68 T.C. 960, 971 (1977), affd. 628 F.2d 516">628 F.2d 516 (9th Cir. 1980).

Before turning to the controlling questions, we note that, in cases such as this, courts frequently make separate findings as to each of a taxpayer's real estate transactions rather than reaching a general conclusion as to the taxpayer's status as a dealer or investor on all sales. Municipal Bond Corp. v. Commissioner,382 F.2d 184">382 F.2d 184, 186 (8th Cir. 1967). ^{Eline Realty Co. v. Commissioner,35 T.C. 1">35 T.C. 1, 5 (1960); Mieg v. Commissioner,32 T.C. 1314">32 T.C. 1314, 1321 (1959). In the instant case, however, neither party has focused on the individual properties to an extent which would permit a property-by-property analysis. Further, the record does not indicate that petitioner's intent or purpose in acquiring, holding, or selling differed by property. Although certain parcels of property were held for relatively long periods of time, the record does not indicate whether these holding periods were due to difficulty in finding an acceptable buyer, the time required for extensive renovations and repairs, or some other undisclosed reason.}

Relevant factors considered in determining whether property is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business include: (1) the frequency, continuity, and substantiality of sales; (2) the extent and nature of the taxpayer's efforts to sell the property; (3) the time and effort the taxpayer habitually devoted to the sales; (4) the extent of improvements and advertising to increase sales; and (5) the nature and purpose of the acquisition of the property and the duration of ownership. United States v. Winthrop,417 F.2d 905">417 F.2d 905, 909-910 (5th Cir. 1969); Biedenharn Realty Co. v. United States,526 F.2d 409">526 F.2d 409, 415 (5th Cir. 1976); Daugherty v. Commissioner,78 T.C. 623">78 T.C. 623, 629 (1982); Adam v. Commissioner,60 T.C. 996">60 T.C. 996, 999 (1973). No one or combination of the above factors is determinative.

The frequency, continuity, and substantiality of real estate sales by petitioner during the years in issue is a strong indicator that petitioner was in the business of buying and selling real estate and held the property sold primarily for sale to customers in the course of that business. Suburban Realty Company v. United States,supra at 178; Biedenharn Realty Company, Inc. v. United States,supra at 416. Petitioner, without citing any authority or precedent, argues that the frequency of his sales was less than a dealer's. We disagree. During the years 1973 through 1979, petitioner made 39 real estate sales--an average of between five and six sales per year. In the peak sales year, 1974, petitioner made 11 such sales. Sales of comparable frequency have been found to be dealer, rather than investor, sales. ^{*475 from 1973 through 1979, personally made approximately 90 percent of these sales. He advertised extensively and purchased a helicopter specifically to facilitate sales to out-of-state buyers. From 1969 through at least 1979, petitioner's sole occupation was his real estate business.}

The improvements, renovations and/or repairs petitioner generally made to each property he purchased further indicate that petitioner's properties were not capital assets. He expended significant time, effort, and money on these improvements, renovations and/or repairs for the explicit purpose of enhancing his properties' salability.

In seeking preferential treatment of his profits on real estate sales, petitioner argues that his intent in acquiring the properties was that of an investor. In support of this contention, petitioner cites the fact that he generally held the property in excess of the statutorily required holding period. *476

Petitioner further argues that in acquiring real estate his intent was to generate income from rents and a stream of income from installment sales. The record does not support this argument.The vast majority of petitioner's real estate acquisitions were of unimproved land and the record does not indicate such property ever generated any rental income or that petitioner made any efforts to rent his unimproved property. Further, petitioner's rental income was insignificant in relation to his profit from the sale of property.*477 for investment. See Municipal Bond Corp. v. Commissioner,46 T.C. 219">46 T.C. 219 (1966), affd. in part and revd. in part 382 F.2d 184">382 F.2d 184 (8th Cir. 1967). ^{*478 the sales in issue were not only ordinary but "the sole object" of petitioner's business. In assessing whether said sales were "ordinary" the inquiry is whether such sales activities were "usual or a departure from the norm." United States v. Winthrop,supra at 912. The history and chronology of petitioner's real estate sales demonstrate that the sales were usual. Such sales continued over a number of years. In Suburban Realty Company v. United States,615 F.2d 171">615 F.2d 171, 178 (5th Cir. 1980), the frequency and substantiality of sales was cited as the key factor in determining the "ordinariness" of property sales. This factor was discussed supra and supports our conclusion that petitioner's sales were in the ordinary course of his real estate business. Additional factors supporting this conclusion are that the sales and advertising were handled directly by petitioner and that the real estate sales activities were petitioner's only business during the years in issue.}

Based on the entire record, we conclude that petitioner held each of the properties sold during the years in issue primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his real estate business. Therefore, profits from such sales are taxed as ordinary income.

The next issue we address is petitioner's assertion that gross profits from realty sales in the years 1973 and 1978 are overstated because respondent failed to consider the costs of major renovations and repairs made to certain improved properties. Petitioner bears the burden of proof with regard to these adjustments. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering,290 U.S. 111">290 U.S. 111 (1933). Documentary substantiation of the costs in issue was lost when petitioner's home was burglarized in 1978. Respondent concedes that there is no doubt that certain improvements may have been made but asserts that petitioner's uncorroborated and self-serving testimony is insufficient to justify any adjustment. We disagree.

We note that petitioner undertook to represent himself. Hence, during trial, the Court sought to elicit from him details concerning the specific repairs undertaken on each piece of property and the cost of said repairs. Although petitioner's memory was impaired due to a head injury, his testimony as to these costs was entirely credible. He provided sufficient details as to the specific renovations and repairs as to each piece of property, and realistic approximations of their costs, to warrant allowance of adjustments in 1973 and 1978. While imprecision exists, relying on Cohan v. Commissioner,39 F.2d 540">39 F.2d 540, 543-544 (2d Cir. 1930), we have found above that petitioner expended $3,000 for repairs of property sold in 1973 and $23,000 for renovations and repairs of properties sold during 1978 which respondent failed to take into account. Petitioner's profits from real estate sales during said years should, therefore, be decreased to reflect these costs.

We next address the issue of petitioner's claimed theft loss deduction. Under section 165, an individual may deduct losses resulting from theft of property to the extent the loss exceeds $100 and is not compensated by insurance or otherwise. The amount of the deduction is the lesser of (1) the fair market value of the property immediately before the loss reduced by its fair market value immediately after the loss, or (2) the adjusted basis of the stolen property. Sections 1.165-7(b)(1) and 1.165-8(c), Income Tax Regs. In the instant case, the basis of the property is its cost. Section 1012.

Although other items were stolen, the theft loss deduction in issue is attributable solely to petitioner's coin collection. Respondent argues that petitioner is not entitled to this deduction as he has failed to establish:

(1) that he did, in fact, own a coin collection;

(2) the alleged purchase price of the collection;

(3) the fair market value of the collection on January 10, 1978, (the date of the purported theft); and

(4) that a theft, in fact, took place.

Petitioner must prove that a theft occurred and that he was the owner of the property stolen. Elliott v. Commissioner,40 T.C. 304">40 T.C. 304, 311 (1963); Draper v. Commissioner,15 T.C. 135">15 T.C. 135 (1950). We accept petitioner's testimony, which is corroborated in part by the Sheriff's Office Complaint Report and the insurance reimbursement, that his home was burglarized in 1978 and certain coins he owned were among the items stolen.

In order to establish his entitlement to the claimed deduction, however, petitioner must also prove the amount of the loss. Pfalzgraf v. Commissioner,67 T.C. 784">67 T.C. 784, 787 (1977). With the limited exception of his $400 coin purchase in late 1977, petitioner failed to provide details or any credible evidence of either the value or cost of the stolen coins. His conclusory testimony is inadequate to fill this evidentiary gap. In this regard, we not that petitioner failed to insure his coin collection which he valued at $20,000, failed to mention any coin collection on his insurance loss claim, and initially claimed that the total loss suffered as a result of the burglary was only $15,357. Petitioner would have the Court believe that he owned and, in fact, annually added to, a valuable coin collection during years when he was forced to borrow money from his family to live on and to purchase real estate. We decline to do so. As petitioner has failed to prove that the value of the coins stolen in 1978 exceeded $400, we hold that his unreimbursed theft loss in 1978 was $400. ^{*483 excessive," should be disallowed in their entirety.}

Section 6651(a) imposes an addition to tax for failure to file a timely return unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect. Petitioner has the burden of showing reasonable cause for an untimely filing. Rule 142(a); BJR Corp. v. Commissioner,67 T.C. 111">67 T.C. 111, 130-131 (1976); Elliott v. Commissioner,supra at 315. Petitioner failed to file any returns for the years 1973 through 1977 and failed to timely file his return for 1979. He argues that his failure to file returns in the years 1973 through 1977 was the result of advice he received from an unidentified person he consulted in 1973. Such erroneous advice does not constitute reasonable cause for his failure to comply with the statutory requirements. Even a good faith belief that one is not required to file a return does not constitute cause under section 6651(a)(1) unless bolstered by advice of a competent tax adviser who has been fully informed of all of the relevant facts. Stevens Bros. Foundation, Inc. v. Commissioner,39 T.C. 93">39 T.C. 93, 133 (1962), affd. in part and revd. in part, 324 F.2d 633">324 F.2d 633 (8th Cir. 1963). ^*485 See also United States v. Boyle,469 U.S.    , 105 S.Ct. 687 (1985). Petitioner offered no explanation for his failure to timely file a return for 1979. In view of the foregoing, we sustain respondent's determination of additions to tax pursuant to section 6651(a)(1).

Section 6653(a) imposes an addition to tax if any part of an underpayment of tax is due to negligence or intentional disregard of rules and regulations. Petitioner bears the burden of proving respondent's determination erroneous. Rule 142(a); Bixby v. Commissioner,58 T.C. 757">58 T.C. 757 (1972). Petitioner's failure to exercise due care in filing timely returns also gave rise to his failure to pay income taxes in the years 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977 and 1979. As to all years in issue, petitioner failed to present any evidence that his failure to pay or underpayment of tax was not due to negligence or an intentional disregard of rules and regulations. Consequently, he is liable for the additions to tax pursuant to section 6653(a) as determined by respondent.

Section 6654 imposes an addition to tax for any underpayment of estimated tax by an individual unless certain exceptions, none of which exists in the instant case, are applicable. The Court has held this addition to be mandatory if the tax has, in fact, been underpaid. The existence of extenuating circumstances is irrelevant. Mitchell v. Commissioner,51 T.C. 641">51 T.C. 641, 648 (1969), revd. 430 F.2d 1">430 F.2d 1 (5th Cir. 1970), revd. 403 U.S. 190">403 U.S. 190 (1971); Estate of Ruben v. Commissioner,33 T.C. 1071">33 T.C. 1071, 1972 (1960). Since there was in fact no payment, petitioner is liable for additions to tax pursuant to section 6654 as determined by respondent.

Decision will be entered under Rule 155.

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Footnotes

• 1. All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended and in effect during the years in issue, and all rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩

• 2. Petitioner's holding period was less than the statutory holding period as to three pieces of property accounting for profits of $1,850 in 1973 and $2,476 in 1974. As to these sales, petitioner would not be entitled to long-term capital gain treatment under any scenario.↩

• 3. As used in this opinion the term "improved" property refers to property on which a building existed at the time of purchase and sale. ↩

• 4. Documentary substantiation of the costs of renovations and repairs during 1973 and 1978 was lost when petitioner's home was burglarized in 1978. Additional difficulties in reconstructing the precise costs of these renovations and repairs were due to petitioner's impaired memory as a result of a head injury suffered in an accident a few years before trial.↩

• 5. Although 1975 is not a year before the Court, this year forms part of the pattern of petitioner's real estate activities and is included in our findings as relevant to our determination of the issues before us.

• 6. Adjustments to the amount of gains stipulated by the parties have been made to reflect the costs of repairs and renovations on certain improved properties sold in 1973 and 1978 discussed supra.↩

• 7. The record is silent as to petitioner's real estate activities for the years 1980 and thereafter. As of trial on May 3, 1984, petitioner owned five parcels of real estate which he was in the process of selling. ↩

• 8. These figures differ from those stipulated by the parties due to the fact that the stipulation failed to reflect the details of the 1979 completed sale and certain 1973 and 1978 renovation and repair costs (see n. 6).↩

• 9. Includes principal payments on installment sales in prior years.

• 10. The Complaint Report of the investigating officer, based on statements of the caretaker, lists additional contents of the safe as bonds (worth approximately $8,000), around $3,000 in cash, an unknown amount of jewelry and real estate papers. The accuracy of this report, and the caretaker's account, is questionable as the purportedly stolen bonds, cash, and jewelry were never mentioned during trial or, apparently, to petitioner's insurance company. ↩

• 11. Petitioner's vague explanation of why the claimed loss was less than the value he placed on his coin collection at trial, i.e., that he claimed a lesser amount to avoid any challenge, was, at best, contrived.↩

• 12. From 1973 through 1977, petitioner borrowed money "to live on" from his parents, although during at least some of these years he made numerous real estate purchases.↩

• 13. Notwithstanding the fact that petitioner stipulated to the accuracy of the 1973 adjustment, the parties' dispute as to this item was fully tried and briefed by respondent. We, therefore, deem the stipulation corrected in this regard and the adjustment for 1973 properly before the Court.

• 14. See also, Estate of Dean v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1975-137; Wilson & Fields v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1962-200↩.

• 15. Other factors frequently considered which are not relevant to our decision in this case are: (1) the extent of subdividing and development to increase sales; (2) the use of a business office for the sale of the property, and; (3) the character and degree of supervision or control exercised by the taxpayer over any representative selling the property.↩

• 16. See Urick v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1983-60 (30 lots sold over 11 years); Enslin v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1982-430 (an average of 8 sales per year); Maginnis v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1955-250↩ (37 sales over 7 years with a maximum of 7 sales in each of 2 peak years).

• 17. The applicable holding period for long-term capital gain treatment prescribed in section 1222(3), was 6 months for years prior to 1977, 9 months for 1977, and 1 year for 1978 and 1979.↩

• 18. E.g., Urick v. Commissioner,supra (lots held over 10 years); Herndon v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1968-135↩ (lots held over 20 years).

• 19. We note in this regard that it is impossible to determine from the record whether the rental income stipulated by the parties is attributable solely to the property sold during the years in issue. ↩

• 20. See also, Vidican v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo 1969-207">T.C. Memo. 1969-207; Maginnis v. Commissioner,supra;Goodman v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1954-43↩.

• 21. The record is silent as to the fair market value of these coins on the date of the theft. However, as the coins were purchased approximately 1 month before the theft, we find that their fair market value when stolen was not less than cost.↩

• 22. On brief, petitioner argued that the rental income calculated by respondent was incorrect and that certain amounts designated rental income were sales procees. He further asserts that "the Court did consider Mr. Norris' claims to this and did make adjustments accordingly." In fact, petitioner stipulated to the accuracy of respondent's calculation of rental income and, after a rather confusing interchange with the Court, appeared to concede that the stipulated amounts were accurate. Contrary to petitioner's statement, no adjustments in these amounts were made by the Court. Similarly, the Petition raises as an issue the business expense deductions allowed by respondent for 1978 and 1979. However, petitioner conceded that respondent had taken into account all expenses he could substantiate and, therefore, he was "not making an issue of additional expenses." As petitioner effectively conceded both issues, we need not address them.↩

• 23. See also, Vinz v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1984-84; Hoffman v. Commissioner,T.C. Memo. 1982-380↩.