DocketNumber： Docket No. 14843-12S
Citation Numbers： 2014 T.C. Summary Opinion 70, 2014 Tax Ct. Summary LEXIS 74
Judges： ARMEN
Filed Date： 7/16/2014
Status： Non-Precedential
Modified Date： 4/18/2021
PURSUANT TO
Decision will be entered under Rule 155.
ARMEN,
Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' Federal income tax of $13,271 and $23,083 for 2006 and 2008, respectively. In addition, respondent determined an accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) of $2,654 for 2006.2 After a concession by petitioners,3 the issues for decision are:
(1) Whether petitioners are entitled to deductions*75 for charitable contributions and unreimbursed employee business expenses as claimed by them on their Schedule A, Itemized Deductions, for 2006. We hold that they are but only to the limited extent provided herein;
(2) whether petitioners are entitled to deductions for various expenses as claimed by them on their Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business, for 2006. We hold that they are but only to the limited extent provided herein;
(3) whether petitioners failed to report on their 2008 return income from cancellation of indebtedness. We hold that they did; and
(4) whether petitioners are liable for the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) for 2006. We hold that they are if there is a substantial understatement of income tax for such year.
Other adjustments made by respondent in the notice of deficiency are purely mechanical.
Some of the facts have been stipulated, and they are so found. We incorporate by reference the parties' stipulation of facts and accompanying exhibits.
Petitioner Said H. Koriakos (petitioner) and petitioner Nargis G. Koriakos (Mrs. Koriakos), collectively "petitioners", resided in the State of Florida at the time that the petition was filed with*76 the Court.
Petitioner's first job in the United States was as a financial examiner for the Colorado State Insurance Department (department). While in that position, petitioner became licensed as a certified public accountant (C.P.A.) by the State of Colorado in 1983. Petitioner allowed his C.P.A. license to become inactive when he resigned from the department in 1984. However, petitioner has continued to hold himself out as a C.P.A. on his business cards without regard to the status of his license.
From 1984 to 1987 petitioner worked for Warren Buffett at Berkshire Hathaway, where petitioner "built all my expertise".
In 1987 petitioner ventured out on his own as a business turnaround specialist, focusing primarily on insurance companies. As a turnaround specialist, petitioner offers his services, either as an employee or as an independent contractor, to "take care of whatever problems * * * [a company] might have, turn it around, have it ready for sale or hire the staff to move on and do something else." From 1987 through the date of trial petitioner's principal income-producing activity has been as a turnaround specialist.
In 1990 petitioner*77 earned a master's degree in business administration (M.B.A.).
In addition to being a C.P.A. and holding an M.B.A., petitioner is licensed as a real estate broker in Arizona and Florida. Mrs. Koriakos is licensed as a real estate salesperson in Arizona. Together petitioners own St. Mary Realty & Business Brokerage, an unincorporated business in Arizona that was sited in petitioners' home in Fountain Hills, Arizona.
In late 2004 or early 2005, at a time when petitioners were living in a suburb of Phoenix, Arizona, petitioner was contacted by Student Resources, a healthcare insurance division of The Mega Life & Health Insurance Co., that was hemorrhaging money. Petitioner was hired to "turn around this division, make it profitable so they can sell it, and leave when it's over." Petitioner's employment with Student Resources was expected to last 21/2 years, or until June 30, 2007.
On January 17, 2005, petitioner began working on a full-time basis as controller for Student Resources at its office in St. Petersburg, Florida. To facilitate his employment, petitioner entered into a condominium lease on February 1, 2005, for an apartment in*78 Clearwater, Florida, a suburb some 20 miles away, at the Sand Key Club Condominium. Petitioner resided in this apartment throughout his employment with Student Resources in St. Petersburg, and he commuted to and from work by automobile. Periodically petitioner would fly to Arizona to visit Mrs. Koriakos and his family; when he was unable to do so, Mrs. Koriakos would fly to Florida and generally stay the week.
Petitioner not only succeeded in making Student Resources profitable; he achieved that goal ahead of the 21/2-year schedule that his employment contract had contemplated. Thus, on August 31, 2006, petitioner concluded his employment as controller, receiving both salary paid through June 30, 2007, and a success bonus. Petitioner continued to lease the condominium apartment in Clearwater until September or October 2006, at which time he terminated the lease and returned to Arizona.
During his tenure in Florida petitioner "maintain[ed] a real estate license * * * just in case a license is needed in case of acting as a[n] intermediary for the sale of the company I am doing the turnaround for."
In 1999 petitioners jointly purchased a single-family home in a suburb*79 of Phoenix, Arizona (Arizona home), and moved into the home in 2000. Over the years petitioners made expensive improvements to the property (e.g., $100,000 for a swimming pool) and refinanced their mortgage on several occasions. Petitioners last refinanced the mortgage on the Arizona home in December 2006 for $796,000.
When petitioner returned from Florida to Arizona in 2006, he returned enamored of Florida's Gulf Coast and the lifestyle and business opportunities that such area presented. With that in mind, petitioners began to search for a house in Florida. To facilitate the purchase of a new home, petitioners obtained a home equity line of credit from Wells Fargo in January 2007. The line of credit, which was $146,850, was secured by petitioners' Arizona home and was a recourse liability.
In May 2007 petitioners purchased a single-family residence in Palm Harbor, Florida (Florida home), and promptly moved in.4 Petitioners purchased the Florida home for cash, and in doing so they "maxed out" the Wells Fargo line of credit.
After acquiring the Florida home and moving to Palm Harbor, petitioners abandoned*80 the Arizona home, which was sold at auction on May 6, 2008, for $835,746 after a foreclosure action.5
The following documents were issued to petitioners following the foreclosure and sale of the Arizona home: (1) A 2008 Form 1099-A, Acquisition or Abandonment of Secured Property, from Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation reflecting an effective date of May 6, 2008, and an outstanding principal balance of $796,000; Form 1099-A from Wells Fargo reflecting an effective date of May 6, 2008, and an outstanding principal balance of $146,850; and Form 1099-C, Cancellation of Debt, from Wells Fargo reflecting debt cancellation on June 10, 2008, of $146,850.6
Petitioners self-prepared and timely filed a Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return,*81 for 2006. On line 7 of the Form 1040 they reported petitioner's wages of $184,494.7 On line 63 they reported total tax of $8,165.
Petitioners attached to their return various schedules, including a Schedule A relating to charitable contributions and petitioner's work for Student Resources and a Schedule C for St. Mary Realty & Business Brokerage.
On their Schedule A petitioners claimed deductions for various itemized expenses, including gifts to charity of $22,000 and unreimbursed employee expenses of $35,075 (before application of the 2% threshold prescribed by section 67(a)) related to petitioner's employment with Student Resources. The gifts to charity consisted of the following:
| Petitioner's brother ( | $15,000 |
| Church (cash only) | |
| Subtotal | 20,000 |
| Gifts of property | |
| Total | 22,000 |
In support of the deduction for gifts of property, petitioners attached to their return Form 8283, Noncash Charitable Contributions. The Form 8283 identified the donee as the Salvation Army and stated that (1) the fair*82 market value (FMV) of the property was $2,000 and that (2) the method used to determine FMV was "thrift shop value". Petitioners provided no further information; thus, for example, they did not describe or otherwise identify the type or nature of the property donated.
In support of the deduction for unreimbursed employee expenses, petitioners attached Form 2106, Employee Business Expenses, to their return, listing the following:
| Vehicle expenses | $ 4,450 |
| Parking fees, tolls, and transportation | 3,750 |
| Travel expenses while away from home overnight | 19,625 |
| Other business expenses | 6,000 |
| Meals and entertainment expenses | 2,500 |
| Less: Nondeductible portion | |
| Total unreimbursed employee expenses | 35,075 |
According to petitioner, "vehicle expenses" represented the cost of commuting between petitioner's Clearwater apartment and his place of employment in St. Petersburg with Student Resources; "parking fees, tolls, and transportation" represented airfare for flights between Florida and Arizona for both petitioner and Mrs. Koriakos; "travel expenses while away from home overnight" represented rent and utilities (electricity, telephone, cable television, and Internet service) for petitioner's Clearwater apartment;*83 "other business expenses" represented housekeeping costs and services such as cleaning, laundry, and cooking for the Clearwater apartment; and "meals and entertainment expenses" represented "the cost of eating out and hosting business meals once or twice a month" while in Florida.
On their Schedule C for St. Mary Realty & Business Brokerage, petitioners reported zero gross receipts or sales, zero gross profit, and zero gross income. Nevertheless, they reported expenses of $18,654 for the following:
| Advertising | $550 |
| Car | 6,769 |
| Office | 5,500 |
| Repairs and maintenance | 435 |
| Supplies | 650 |
| Taxes and licenses | 2,550 |
| Travel | 750 |
| Deductible meals and entertainment | 250 |
| Other: | 1,200 |
| Tuition (real estate courses) | $500 |
| MLS keys | 125 |
| MLS subscription(s) | |
| Total | 18,654 |
According to petitioners, "advertising expenses" represented the cost of business cards ($250) and flyers ($300); "car expenses" were approximated by applying the standard mileage rate to 300 miles per week, or 15,000 miles per year, and then adding $94 for personal property tax; "office expense" represented the $3,000 for telecommunications (landline and cellular telephone service and Internet service) and $2,500 for unidentified "one time expenses"; "repairs and maintenance"*84 represented the cost of maintaining computers and office equipment; "supplies" represented the monthly average cost of $55 for toner, paper, and small supplies; "taxes and licenses" included realtor-related fees and licenses in Arizona and Florida as well as dues for the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA); "travel" consisted of airfare for Mrs. Koriakos to fly from Arizona to Florida "to discuss real estate issues with * * * [petitioner] as the broker"; "meals and entertainment" represented "food and cold drinks to clients during showings on the average of $20 at a time"; and "other expenses" represented tuition for real estate courses and various Multiple Listing Service (MLS) fees and subscriptions.
Shortly after preparing and filing their 2006 return, petitioners shredded most of the receipts and other documents they may have had that were related to the deductions claimed on their return. At trial petitioner testified that these documents "were shredded by mistake [in] cleaning up cumulative files from 25 years" incident to petitioners' move from Arizona to Florida in May 2007.
Petitioners self-prepared and timely filed a Form 1040 for 2008.*85 On their return petitioners did not report any income from cancellation of indebtedness.
Petitioners attached to their 2008 return a Form 982, Reduction of Tax Attributes Due to Discharge of Indebtedness (and Section 1082 Basis Adjustment). On the Form 982 petitioners reported an exclusion from gross income of $942,850 attributable to the discharge of qualified real property indebtedness. Petitioners did not provide any further details on this form. Nevertheless, the $942,850 represented the sum of the outstanding principal on (1) the first mortgage ($796,000) on the Arizona home and (2) the home equity line of credit ($146,850) that was secured by the Arizona home.
After examining petitioners' 2006 and 2008 returns, respondent issued a statutory notice determining deficiencies in petitioners' Federal income tax for those years as well as an accuracy-related penalty for 2006. The deficiency for 2006 is attributable to the disallowance for lack of substantiation of (1) Schedule A itemized deductions for charitable gifts and unreimbursed employee expenses and (2) the Schedule C deductions claimed in respect of St. Mary Realty & Business Brokerage. The deficiency*86 for 2008 is attributable to petitioners' failure to report the cancellation of indebtedness by Wells Fargo of $146,850 on the ground that "[t]his amount does not represent the cost of your residence in Arizona, which is the property that was foreclosed on". Finally, respondent determined the accuracy-related penalty for 2006 on the basis of a substantial understatement of income tax.
Petitioners filed a timely petition for redetermination with the Court, disputing the deficiencies and the penalty. Petitioners subsequently conceded $15,000 of the $22,000 of expenses reported for charitable gifts by cash,
In general, the Commissioner's determinations in a notice of deficiency are presumed to be correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the determinations are incorrect. Rule 142(a);
Section 170(a)(1) provides the general rule that there shall be allowable*87 as a deduction any charitable contribution which is made within the taxable year and verified under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
Petitioner contends that the $5,000 deduction "represents my weekly cash basket giving of around $100 a week" to petitioners' church. But petitioners never identify what church they attended or its location. In any event, anonymous cash contributions to a collection plate hardly satisfy the substantiation requirements of section 170 and the applicable regulations,
Petitioners contend that they inadvertently shredded their receipt from the Salvation Army. Yet on their Form 8283 petitioners did not even describe or otherwise identify the type or nature of the property donated, and at trial petitioner spoke only of "stuff" and "goods".
Petitioners may very well have donated clothing and household items to the Salvation Army. But if so, the record contains not a shred of evidence regarding the fair market value of such property,
Petitioners contend that "regardless of the length of the contract" between petitioner and Student Resources, "all expenses incurred in Florida away from the principal residence in Arizona of $35,075 are considered business expenses". In contrast, respondent contends that petitioner's employment with Student Resources was indefinite, such that the Florida expenses are nondeductible.
As a general rule, personal, living, and family expenses are nondeductible.*90 Sec. 262(a);
The reference to "home" in section 162(a)(2) means the taxpayer's "tax home".10
An exception to the general rule exists where a taxpayer accepts temporary, rather than indefinite, employment away from his personal residence. In that case, the taxpayer's personal residence may be his tax home.
Employment is temporary if its termination can be foreseen within a fixed or reasonably short period of time.
In the instant case, when petitioner was hired by Student Resources, his employment was expected to last 21/2 years, or until June 30, 2007. In point of fact, petitioner was on the ground working as controller for Student Resources at its office in St. Petersburg on a full-time basis from January 17, 2005, through August 31, 2006, a period of 191/2 months. Upon concluding his employment, petitioner received not only a success bonus but also salary paid through June 30, 2007, and he remained in Clearwater for another month or so before returning to Arizona. Under these circumstances, petitioner's employment with Student Resources was, for tax purposes, indefinite and not temporary.
This leaves "meals and entertainment expenses" of $2,500 which, according to petitioner, represented "the cost of eating out and hosting business meals once or twice a month" while in Florida. To the extent that the $2,500 represents the cost of "eating out" as opposed to "eating in", such cost is personal and nondeductible.
In sum, the Court holds that petitioners are not entitled to any deduction for "unreimbursed*93 employee expenses".
As previously stated, if, in the absence of adequate records, a taxpayer provides sufficient evidence that the taxpayer has paid a deductible expense but is unable to adequately substantiate the amount of the deduction to which he or she is otherwise entitled, the Court may estimate the amount of such expense and allow the deduction to that extent.
Section 274(d) prescribes more stringent substantiation requirements that must be satisfied before a taxpayer may deduct certain categories of expenses, including travel, meals and entertainment, gifts, and expenses related to the use of listed property as defined in section 280F(d)(4)(A).
To satisfy the requirements of section 274(d), a*94 taxpayer generally must maintain adequate records or produce sufficient evidence corroborating his own statement, establishing the amount, date, and business purpose of an expenditure or business use of property.
On their 2006 Schedule C for St. Mary Realty & Business Brokerage, petitioners claimed various deductions for expenses whose deductibility is governed by section 274(d), e.g., car expenses, meals and entertainment, cellular telephone service. Yet petitioners produced no records sufficient to substantiate these expenses.
If a taxpayer's records have been destroyed or lost because of circumstances beyond the taxpayer's control, such as fire, flood, earthquake, or other casualty, the taxpayer may substantiate the deduction by "reasonable reconstruction" of his or her expenses,
According to petitioners, they shredded their records. But even if such happenstance was inadvertent, it was not a circumstance beyond their control, and they must accept the consequences of their carelessness. Consequently,
In sum, petitioners are not entitled to a deduction for any expense subject to the strict substantiation requirements of section 274.
We turn now to petitioners' Schedule C deductions that are not subject to*96 section 274. Although strict substantiation is not required, petitioners are still obliged to substantiate the expenses that they wish to deduct.
We begin with the $5,500 deduction for "office expense", for it is illustrative of the shortcomings in the evidentiary record that inform our ultimate holding. Thus, according to petitioners, this deduction represents $3,000 for telecommunications and $2,500 for unidentified "one time expenses". Insofar as the latter are concerned, petitioners speculate that such unidentified expenses may be for "this" or may be for "that". But if petitioners do not know for sure and are left to guess what expense they are seeking to deduct, any allowance under the
Insofar as telecommunications is concerned, the record is devoid of evidence that would permit an allocation of expenses between cellular telephone service, which is (as previously discussed) subject to section 274, and other service, which is not. Regarding the latter, section 262(b) expressly treats as a nondeductible personal expense any charge (including taxes thereon) for basic local telephone service with respect to the first telephone*97 line provided to any residence of the taxpayer. Petitioners may have had a second line to their residence; but if so, the record provides no basis on which an allocation of cost might be made. As before, the Court is left to guess.
In general, petitioners ask to be excused from shortcomings such as these because their records were shredded. But it was petitioners themselves who shredded their records, carelessly or otherwise; and, as previously stated, petitioners must accept responsibility for the consequences of their action. In any event, petitioners fail to adequately explain why they could not have reconstructed their records by contacting relevant third parties, such as their telephone company and Internet service provider, the Arizona and Florida Board of Realtors, Arizona and Florida MLS, the AICPA,12*98 and the sponsors of the real estate courses that they may have attended. Similarly, petitioners fail to adequately explain why they could not have obtained copies of their checking account statements from their financial institutions in order to substantiate payment of expenses.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the record is not so devoid of evidence as to preclude us from making an estimate in respect of certain of the deductions in issue.
Section 61(a)(12) provides the general rule that gross income includes income from the cancellation (or discharge) of indebtedness.
Petitioners do not dispute that the $146,850 debt arising from the Wells Fargo line*99 of credit was canceled. Rather, petitioners contend that the statutory exclusion for "qualified principal residence indebtedness" serves to exclude the cancellation of such debt from gross income.
For purposes of section 108, "qualified principal residence indebtedness" has the same meaning as "acquisition indebtedness" in section 163(h)(3)(B). Sec. 108(h)(2). "Acquisition indebtedness" means indebtedness incurred in acquiring, constructing, or substantially improving any qualified residence of the taxpayer, which is secured by such residence.
In the instant case, petitioners obtained a line of credit from Wells Fargo in the amount of $146,850. Petitioners drew on the line of credit and used the loan proceeds to purchase the Florida home. However, the line of credit was secured by the Arizona home and not by the Florida home. As previously discussed and as relevant herein, section 163(h)(3)(B)(i) specifically requires that "acquisition indebtedness" be secured by the residence it is being used to acquire. Thus, because petitioners used the line of credit that was secured by the Arizona home to acquire the Florida home, section 163(h)(3)(B)(i)(II) has not been satisfied and the Wells Fargo line of credit does not constitute qualified principal residence indebtedness within the meaning of section 108(a)(1)(E).*101 Accordingly, section 108 does not serve to exclude the discharge of indebtedness from petitioners' income for 2008.
Petitioners also argue that section 121 applies to exclude the discharged indebtedness from their income. Section 121 provides for the exclusion from gross income of up to $250,000 of gain from the sale or exchange of property if the property was owned and used as the taxpayer's principal residence for periods aggregating two years or more during the five-year period preceding the sale or exchange. Sec. 121(a) and (b)(1). A husband and wife filing a joint return may exclude from gross income up to $500,000 of the gain if at least one spouse meets the ownership requirement and both spouses meet the use requirement of section 121(a). Sec. 121(b)(2).
Petitioners' reliance on section 121 is misplaced.
Section 6662(a) and (b)(2) imposes an accuracy-related penalty equal to 20% of the amount of any underpayment of tax that is attributable to a substantial understatement of income tax. By definition an understatement is the excess of the tax required to be shown on the tax return over the tax actually shown on the return. Sec. 6662(d)(2)(A). An understatement of income tax is "substantial" if it exceeds the greater of $5,000 or 10% of the tax required to be shown on the return. Sec. 6662(d)(1)(A).
With respect to a taxpayer's liability for any penalty, section 7491(c) places on the Commissioner the burden of production, thereby requiring the Commissioner to come forward with sufficient evidence indicating that it is appropriate to impose the penalty.
In the instant case petitioners reported total tax of $8,165 for 2006. The notice of deficiency determined petitioners' correct tax was $21,436 for that year. However, because of our holdings allowing some deductions for Schedule A cash contributions and some Schedule C business expenses, petitioners' correct tax must be redetermined. If, after the Rule 155 computation, the correct tax is of an amount such that there is a substantial understatement of income tax for 2006, then respondent will have satisfied his burden of production. If so, as we shall assume in order to complete the requisite analysis of this issue, petitioners would bear the burden of showing that the penalty does not apply.
Section 6664(c)(1) provides an exception to the imposition of the accuracy-related penalty with respect to any portion of an underpayment if the taxpayer establishes that there was reasonable cause for such portion, and the taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to such portion. The decision as to whether the taxpayer acted with reasonable cause and in good faith is made on a case-by-case*104 basis, taking into account the pertinent facts and circumstances, including the taxpayer's knowledge, education, and experience, as well as the taxpayer's reliance on professional advice.
Nothing in the record suggests that petitioners consulted with a professional adviser before self-preparing their 2006 income tax return. Furthermore, petitioner is a C.P.A. and holds an M.B.A. degree. As a highly credentialed individual with a very responsible position in the business world, petitioner should have been well aware of the importance of maintaining adequate records or, in their absence, of reconstructing such records, in order to comply with Code requirements. He should also have been well aware of the fact that personal and living expenses are generally not deductible.
Although we may be reluctant to question good faith, petitioners have not convincingly demonstrated that they acted with reasonable cause in claiming the deductions at issue in this case. Accordingly, if there is a substantial understatement of income tax for 2006, petitioners*105 shall be liable for the accuracy-related penalty for that year.
In deciding the disputed issues, the Court has considered all of the arguments advanced by the parties and, to the extent not expressly addressed, those arguments do not support any result contrary to those reached herein.
To give effect to our disposition of the disputed issues, as well as petitioners' concession,
1. Unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent section references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect for 2006 and 2008, the taxable years in issue. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
2. All monetary amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.↩
3. Petitioners concede that they are not entitled to deduct $15,000 paid to petitioner Said H. Koriakos' brother in Egypt for him to obtain medical care there.↩
4. Palm Harbor is located about 10 miles north of Clearwater on the Florida Gulf Coast.↩
5. The foreclosure sale price represented the principal amount of the first mortgage, $796,000, plus interest, penalties, and costs. Wells Fargo, as the second mortgagee (line of credit), received nothing from the foreclosure sale.↩
6. There is nothing in the record to suggest that Wells Fargo ever attempted to recoup or recover from petitioners any part of the $146,850 that was owed to it.↩
7. Of this amount, petitioners received $179,474 from The Mega Life & Health Insurance Co. on behalf of Student Resources; they received the balance from another insurance company.↩
8.
Petitioners do not contend that any contributions were over $100; therefore, the provisions of
9. The fact that a taxpayer reports an expense on the taxpayer's income tax return and attaches some IRS-prescribed form in support of that deduction is not sufficient to substantiate the deduction claimed on the return.
10. The vocational "tax home" concept was first construed by this Court in
11. The $2,500 is obviously an estimate. Although petitioners may have shredded their records, they claim to have done so
12. It is not clear how petitioner's AICPA dues would be relevant to a real estate business. However, respondent has not raised the matter, and we do not pursue it.
13. Sec. 108(a)(1)(E) and (h) was added by the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007, Pub. L. No. 110-142, sec. 2(a), (b), and (c), 121 Stat. at 1803, and applies to the discharge of indebtedness on or after January 1, 2007.↩
14. The Code does not define "principal residence". Whether a residence qualifies as a taxpayer's principal residence for purposes of sec. 121 is a question of fact that is resolved with reference to all the facts and circumstances.
Bixler v. Commissioner , 5 B.T.A. 1181 ( 1927 )
Halle v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue , 175 F.2d 500 ( 1949 )
W. Horace Williams, Sr., and Viola Bloch Williams v. United ... , 245 F.2d 559 ( 1957 )
William F. Sanford v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue , 412 F.2d 201 ( 1969 )
Cohan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue , 39 F.2d 540 ( 1930 )
neonatology-associates-pa-v-commissioner-of-internal-revenue-tax-court , 299 F.3d 221 ( 2002 )
New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering , 54 S. Ct. 788 ( 1934 )
Walter P. Stricker and Joan M. Stricker v. Commissioner of ... , 438 F.2d 1216 ( 1971 )
Stephen Babin Betty Boehm Babin v. Commissioner of Internal ... , 23 F.3d 1032 ( 1994 )
Frank J. Hradesky v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue , 540 F.2d 821 ( 1976 )
United States v. Kirby Lumber Co , 52 S. Ct. 4 ( 1931 )
Welch v. Helvering , 54 S. Ct. 8 ( 1933 )
Commissioner v. Flowers , 66 S. Ct. 250 ( 1946 )
Peurifoy v. Commissioner , 79 S. Ct. 104 ( 1958 )
Indopco, Inc. v. Commissioner , 112 S. Ct. 1039 ( 1992 )
Sanford v. Commissioner , 50 T.C. 823 ( 1968 )
Jones v. Commissioner , 54 T.C. 734 ( 1970 )
Roberts v. Commissioner , 62 T.C. 834 ( 1974 )
Mitchell v. Commissioner , 74 T.C. 578 ( 1980 )