DocketNumber: No. 3735-06
Citation Numbers: 2009 T.C. Memo. 245, 98 T.C.M. 372, 2009 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 248
Judges: Holmes
Filed Date: 10/28/2009
Status: Non-Precedential
Modified Date: 4/18/2021
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
HOLMES, o $ 4 million in capital gains from the sale of the S&L, o $ 2 million in cancellation-of-indebtedness income from a different business that David also ran, and o a small river of money streaming to the Felts through accounts held by David's aged mother and flowing from indistinct sources offshore.
The Commissioner also asserts various additions to tax, and resists Sharon Felt's request for innocent-spouse relief.
FINDINGS OF FACT
David Felt bought Bowie County Savings & Loan Association in 1983. He financed the deal with $ 1.4 million borrowed from the Texas Investment Bank and from an entity called American Guaranty *249 Inc. (AGI), which he himself owned. Felt moved Bowie to Houston and renamed it Reliance Savings Association. Reliance was a state-chartered, federally insured S&L regulated by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB).
S&Ls became popular in the early twentieth century as a way to promote home ownership. Kendall,
Reliance was one of them. In 1986, the FHLBB came after Felt for regulatory violations, and threatened him with removal and a cease-and-desist order. Felt took the hint and, in August 1986, agreed to sell his entire interest in Reliance. The Bank Board gave him six months, and warned him to come to the Board for approval of any deal that he worked out.
Felt quickly found a consortium of buyers. They fell into three groups. The first were people who had lent money to AGI and gotten notes back; Felt traded 60 percent of his Reliance stock for the return of these notes. The second group paid him $ 500,000 in cash for 7 percent of the Reliance stock, but borrowed the money from a bank which required Felt to personally guarantee the loan. And a third group bought the remaining 33 percent with notes from yet another of Felt's business entities, called Specialty Finance Company, which held the shares as collateral.
The deal was trouble from the start. Felt's offering material included unaudited financial statements and failed to include some *251 information that it should have. The deal also depended on anticipated sales to affiliates that were less than certain to occur. Felt didn't fix these problems and the FHLBB never approved the sale.
But Felt went ahead with the deal anyway. The FHLBB's response was swift and harsh. It seized Reliance, and in 1990 it got a judgment against Felt requiring him to rescind the sale. This left him to pay a judgment for $ 4.2 million plus costs and interest. The Felts declared bankruptcy in 1992, but even bankruptcy turned sour in 1997 when the Office of Thrift Supervision, the FHLBB's successor agency, won a court order declaring the $ 4.2 million judgment nondischargeable because it arose from Felt's willful defalcation and breach of fiduciary duty.
The Felts both testified that life became grim. David said they had had an A+ lifestyle before mid-1987, which gradually became an F lifestyle. Sharon credibly testified that she and her husband could no longer afford a housekeeper or a landscaping company after 1992. We also believed her testimony that they could no longer afford new furniture and began instead to accept used furniture handed down from her elderly mother-in-law, *252 Birdie Felt.
It wasn't just furniture that Birdie was giving the Felts. By 1994, and until her death in 2000, many of the Felts' ordinary household expenses came to be paid from Birdie Felt's checking account. Tens of thousands, and perhaps hundreds of thousands, of dollars a year for rent, summer camp, college expenses, and credit-card bills came to the Felts from her account. She also deposited money into several of David's business accounts.
The source of her plentiful wealth is unclear. But whatever its ultimate origins, it flowed from offshore accounts back to the United States in regular $ 7,500 wire transfers. These wire transfers continued uninterruptedly until March 2000, several months before Birdie died. We specifically find that at least some of her wealth came from her son; for 1995 through 2000, the bank records of Tower Resources (yet another of David's many businesses) show almost $ 40,000 flowing to Birdie.
Reliance was only one province of Felt's empire in the '80s. Another was AGI, a Texas corporation that Felt had formed in 1978, and which later was to become entangled in the Reliance sale. As Felt's troubles grew, he began to fail to pay AGI's *253 franchise tax, and its registration lapsed in November 1989. Before then, though, AGI was in the consumer and residential loan business, which it funded by borrowing money from investors. AGI's importance to this case lies in the notes with a face value of $ 2,510,740 that some of its investors exchanged for Reliance stock in 1986.
But there was also another AGI. In 1998, Felt applied for an Employer Identification Number for "American Guaranty, Inc." in Las Vegas, Nevada (we'll limit our use of the abbreviation AGI to the Texas corporation, and call this one AGI-Nev). Felt listed his aged mother as AGI-Nev's principal officer. He described it as a "holding company" and indicated that "American Guaranty, Inc." had never applied for an EIN before. (AGI-Nev is also defunct, Nevada having permanently revoked its registration.)
AGI-Nev is important to the case because David and Birdie opened at least two bank accounts in its name. The first was a checking account, into which they deposited $ 50,000. The second was a money-market account, into which they deposited $ 250,000. Felt explained this by saying that he had given some old AGI (that's the by-then-defunct Texas AGI, not AGI-Nev) receivables *254 to a collections company, and that he formed the new company to handle the money it remitted. Felt testified that, despite the corporate facade, he and Birdie used the AGI-Nev money personally and may have split it equally. There are several checks bearing Birdie's signature from the AGI-Nev accounts. One check, written in February 1999, is for $ 17,048.39 and was endorsed by David Felt. The others, from 1998, total $ 55,000 and were endorsed for deposit into Birdie's Wells Fargo account.
A third entity important here is J&N (the initials of the Felt children). J&N was not a corporation; Felt described J&N as "effectively a d/b/a that just held some rental properties and a couple of notes or something." It did, however, have a bank account in its own name, and at least $ 153,000 somehow stumbled into this account in 1997. The source of the money is also mysterious -- Felt says that J&N took in only $ 80,000 that year by collecting an old debt, and after expenses it netted only $ 73,118.
In 2005, the Commissioner issued notices of deficiency to the Felts. They showed the following deficiencies in tax: 1*255
Year | Deficiency |
1986 | $ 991,690 |
1987 | David: 103,859 |
Sharon: 103,084 | |
1989 | 561,884 |
1994 | 36,732 |
1995 | 10,632 |
1996 | David: 37,102 |
Sharon: 37,779 | |
1997 | 144,567 |
1998 | 185,864 |
The Commissioner also asserted additions to tax under
OPINION
The parties settled many issues, but these remain: o Whether David and Sharon Felt should have reported capital gains for 1986 from the sale of Reliance; o whether they should have reported $ 2 million in cancellation-of-indebtedness income for 1989; o whether they should have reported income from Birdie Felt for 1996, 1997, and 1998; o whether they should have reported $ 153,118 in income from J&N for 1997; o whether they should recognize $ 300,000 in income from AGI-Nev for 1998; o whether Sharon Felt is entitled to relief from community property liability rules under o whether the Commissioner properly asserted additions to tax and a penalty against her.
To calculate gain, we subtract a taxpayer's adjusted basis from the sale price of the item sold. o the AGI notes, o the borrowed cash supported by Felt's guaranty, and o proceeds from the Specialty Finance loans.
David exchanged about 60 percent of his Reliance shares for notes payable by AGI. These notes had a total face value of $ 2,510,740, but Felt argues that they were worthless. The Commissioner contends that the Felts benefited because they were the sole owners of AGI, and AGI was now free of a $ 2.5 million debt. Felt does admit that the cancellation of those notes might have created cancellation-of-indebtedness income for him, 3 but argues that this would be true only if he were personally liable for their repayment. We agree with Felt that we should look first at whether the sale created cancellation-of-indebtedness income *257 for him from AGI, and only then at whether the sale created a gain or loss.
The Commissioner argues that David was personally liable on the investors' notes, got them as part of the Reliance stock sale, and then canceled them, giving rise to $ 2.5 million of income. It's not immediately apparent why this should be so -- AGI was a corporation, which usually gives shareholders limited liability. In Texas as elsewhere, a corporation's creditors cannot successfully demand that shareholders pay their company's debts unless the shareholders have guaranteed them. See
David provided several pieces of evidence that he had not personally guaranteed the notes or become otherwise personally liable. First is the letter he sent to AGI investors to induce them to trade for his Reliance stock. In that letter (of admittedly dubious credibility) he writes: "Although I, David Felt, do not have any personal liability for payment of your AGI note, and do not assume any liability for payment of your AGI note * * * I will be *258 preparing an offering circular for my stock in Reliance Savings Association." The parties introduced a more persuasive AGI note from October 1984, originally made out to a
The Commissioner's only evidence is a Memorandum and Order from the Southern District of Texas in
That's not quite enough for the Felts to win this part of the case. They must also persuade us that the AGI notes were worthless at the time of the sale. The Commissioner helped them here, presenting evidence from Timothy Wannemuehler, the FHLBB bank examiner who examined AGI's records in 1986, that AGI was insolvent in 1986, and could not pay the notes. This corroborates Felt's own claim that he himself knew the notes were worthless when he accepted them for his Reliance stock -- he sent a letter to AGI's investors about that time to warn them of cashflow problems at AGI and tell them that 90 percent of AGI's competitors were out of business or in bankruptcy. We therefore find that the notes were worthless.
Five investors paid Felt a total of $ 500,000 cash for some Reliance shares. Some of these investors financed their purchase through Texas Investment Bank, which required Felt to personally guarantee the loans. The record has three guaranty agreements for a total of $ 171,000, all signed by Felt, effective December 1986. All have *260 stated maturity dates of December 31, 1987. Felt does not dispute that he received $ 500,000 cash in 1986. His only argument is that he later had to make good on some of his guaranties and estimates that he had to pay back $ 100,000.
He stumbles here on the claim-of-right doctrine, the rule of tax law that states, "If a taxpayer receives earnings under a claim of right and without restriction as to its disposition, he has received income * * * even though it may still be claimed that he is not entitled to retain the money."
That still leaves the question of whether the Felts are entitled to a deduction in the year Felt made good on the guaranty (assuming that year is one of the years before us). Felt bears the burden of proving both the amount he repaid and the date he repaid it. See
The final group bought roughly 33 percent of the Reliance stock. They financed this with loans from Specialty Finance, which turns out to be a doing-business-as name for David Felt. These loans were in the form of promissory notes from the stock buyers to Specialty Finance. We have only one note in the record, and it shows interest payable starting in April 1987, with principal payments beginning in April 1989 and the entire note coming due December 31, 1990. The interest rate is set at either the highest rate allowed by law or one percent over the prime rate, whichever was less. It was secured by the Reliance shares.
Felt argues that because he was insolvent, Specialty Finance was insolvent, thus making the notes worthless. His logic is clearly wrong; just because Citibank, for instance, becomes insolvent doesn't mean its credit card holders get off the hook *262 from paying their bills. The relevant inquiry is into the debtor's solvency; if the debtor is solvent, an insolvent creditor may sell the notes for immediate (if discounted) cash value. This is called "cash equivalence."
Individual taxpayers are generally cash basis taxpayers, which means that they have to recognize income in the year they "actually or constructively" receive it.
Felt could have met his burden by showing, for instance, that the debtors were insolvent, the notes could not be assigned, or the notes would have traded at a deep discount. See
The total gain or loss from the sale is the amount Felt received less his basis. He received cash and notes worth $ 1,989,260, and his basis was $ 1,725,852. This leaves a taxable gain of $ 263,408.
Felt argues that since he "was a dealer in notes in his ordinary course of business * * * he is entitled to an ordinary loss for the *264 total amount of the consideration represented by these notes." We have already found that Felt recognized gain on the sale, but this argument forces us to determine whether the gain was a capital gain or ordinary income. Property held by a taxpayer is generally a capital asset. When a capital asset is sold, the gain or loss is capital too.
Felt also argues that he did not recognize capital gains in 1986 because the sale was later rescinded by court order. But, as with his argument about part of the cash he received in consideration -- cash he later might have to pay back -- this argument founders *265 on the claim-of-right doctrine. The Felts have to recognize income in the year they received it, and that year was 1986, because the Commissioner says so and the Felts never rebut it. They may have been entitled to a deduction later in the year of the rescission -- if they in fact could prove they paid back the consideration that they had received -- but that year is not before us.
The next issue is the timing of $ 2 million in cancellation-of-indebtedness income. The Commissioner asserts that Felt borrowed over $ 2 million from AGI, and there is no dispute that he never repaid it. These unrepaid loans became income to Felt in 1989, when AGI's business registration lapsed. Felt's counterargument is that he didn't owe AGI any money and that, if he did, AGI owed him more, so the amounts should offset. He also argues that he didn't recognize the income in 1989 because AGI continued operating despite its lapsed registration, and that he didn't have to recognize cancellation-of-indebtedness income in 1989 because he was insolvent that year. See o Whether Felt owed AGI money, o whether his debt was offset by a debt *266 AGI owed him, o if he did have cancellation-of-indebtedness income, whether he realized it in 1989 or some other year, and o whether he was insolvent at the time he realized the income.
We face a paucity of evidence about Felt's debt to AGI. The only records we have are the FHLBB examiner's handwritten notes and accompanying AGI ledgers, coupled with the Felts' stipulation that AGI records showed these loans and the loans were never repaid. The records (which are, in places, illegible) show the following eight loans worth more than $ 2 million total, falling due between 1983 and 1987:
Loan No. | Amount | Maturity Date |
31-020259-8 | $ 1,946,672 | 1-2-87 |
31-020031-1 | 16,937 | 11-1-86 |
32-020134-3 | 14,200 | 11-15-86 |
42-020223-4 | 16,500 | ?-12-86 |
(month illegible] | ||
32-020147-5 | 40,870 | 11-16-83 |
33-020058-4 | 16,000 | 3-10-84 |
38-020086-5 | 39,794 | 7-8-83 |
38-020087-3 | 58,000 | 11-01-83 |
Felt carefully claims that "the record is devoid of any AGI documentation reflecting" the $ 2 million loans. But he doesn't actually deny owing AGI money; his briefs dispute only whether the AGI records showed a debt, and whether they establish its amount. We agree that the evidence is thin, but the Felts stipulated that the AGI records "indicated *267 that Mr. Felt was indebted to AGI in the amount of $ 2,148,973. This debt has never been repaid." Under
We next examine whether the notes Felt acquired in the Reliance sale somehow reduce the debt he owed AGI and never repaid. Felt's problem here is a failure to present proof that he took steps to carry out a setoff. Felt's setoff argument seems to be that if he has to realize cancellation-of-indebtedness income, he need do so only after netting what he owed AGI against what AGI owed him after he received AGI notes as part of the Reliance stock sale. Without a setoff, it is the full amount of Felt's indebtedness to AGI that might create cancellation-of-indebtedness income.
Setoff is a state-created right. o An intent to exercise his right to setoff; o an action to accomplish the setoff; o making a record of the setoff; and o applying the funds taken by setoff to the debt owed.
We therefore find that Felt did not exercise any right to setoff that he might have had, and that it is the full amount of his loans from AGI that generates cancellation-of-indebtedness income.
Since we have decided that Felt owed AGI money that was not diminished by setoff, we next turn to deciding the year in which his debt to AGI was canceled. The Commissioner, relying on
We have long recognized the problem of fixing when indebtedness is canceled; indeed, "it will often be impossible to find one, and only one, event that clearly establishes the time of abandonment [of a claim]; there is likely to be a range of times, any one of which would be reasonable."
Felt wants us to find that he incurred this income in 1992, the year he declared bankruptcy. This would be five years after the last final payment date had passed with no payments (and nine years after the earliest maturity date had passed). Felt's failure to include these AGI debts on his bankruptcy schedules also strongly indicates that he was no longer liable for these amounts. His suggested date falls outside the reasonable range; he must have realized this income before 1992. 4
But has Felt proven to us that the Commissioner's 1989 date falls outside of the reasonable range, too? The Commissioner pinpoints 1989 because he believes that is the year AGI ceased doing business. Felt did state during formal discovery that AGI ceased operating sometime before 1992, but argues that AGI didn't peter out until sometime after 1989. And he credibly testified *271 that AGI continued to operate after its registration lapsed, and even reported on his 1992 bankruptcy schedules that he had been involved in running the business within the last two years.
Felt also directed us to
There is an answer. As of August 1989,
However, simply because AGI lost its ability to sue Felt in 1989 does not make 1989 the magic year in which he realized cancellation-of-indebtedness income. November 1989 (the date of AGI's forfeiture) fell more than two and a half years after the last maturity date for these loans and one year after the FHLBB sued Felt for more than $ 4 million -- at which point any reasonable creditor probably would have stepped up collection efforts or considered the debt lost. We are convinced that, although AGI lost its ability to pursue legal remedies in 1989, this year is too late to fall within the reasonable range.
We find that the Felts realized cancellation-of-indebtedness income in 1987, the year in which the last final maturity date came and went *274 without payment.
Our final question is whether, under
The Felts make only vague arguments as to their solvency. We know that in the late 1980s, they owned a home, although they estimated its value only as of the time of the bankruptcy. 6 Sharon testified that they *275 owned two cars, but neither Felt presented evidence of their equity in those cars. Felt testified that he carried a life-insurance policy worth $ 250,000, but presented no evidence of whether he could cash it in. Felt testified that he still had the proceeds from his sale of Reliance in 1987, as the rescission suit did not start until 1988. Although they did not file a 1987 tax return, their 1985 and 1988 tax returns show positive income. And they stipulated to income in 1987:
Income Source | Amount |
RelianceSavings compensation | $ 37,500 |
Interest | 4,634 |
Self-employment income | 53,042 |
Capital gains from stock | 9,246 |
Total | 104,422 |
The Felts gave us no evidence of savings, investments, or income from other business ventures in 1987, and fail to convince us they have accounted for all of their income and assets for that year. For instance, they earned $ 4,634 in interest in 1987 but never *276 stated the source of that interest. (We infer there was an asset with some positive fair market value generating that interest.)
Without this evidence, we cannot find that Felt's liabilities exceeded the fair market value of his assets. We therefore find that the Felts have not met their burden of proving the existence and extent of their insolvency in 1987 (or any year before their 1992 bankruptcy), and so we find they were not insolvent as to any of the AGI debt. We therefore hold that the Felts must recognize the entire amount as cancellation-of-indebtedness income in 1987. 7
Although not the largest dollar amount here, *277 the question of whether the Felts should recognize income from Birdie Felt is perhaps the most complicated issue. The Felts tell us they were struggling financially after the bankruptcy, and that Birdie helped by paying their family expenses out of her accumulated riches. The Commissioner argues that this is implausible -- Birdie Felt was a woman in her 80s with no discernible history of gainful employment or independent income 8*278 who may have been suffering from Alzheimer's. The Commissioner also points out that she somehow found hundreds of thousands of dollars to deposit into her bank account during these years, and unlike most retirees, had bank deposits that increased fourfold in six years, with wire transfers remaining relatively stable:
Year | Wire Transfer | Total Deposits |
Deposits | ||
1994 | $ 45,000 | $ 59,565.74 |
1995 | 60,000 | 124,706.09 |
1996 | 90,000 n.9 | 236,854.74 |
n.9 There was actually $ 122,207 in wire transfers in 1996. However, one for $ 32,207 is from First American Title in Houston, not the offshore transferors responsible for the other transfers, and we have excluded it from this calculation. | ||
1997 | 90,000 | 138,100.95 |
1998 | 102,500 | 158,173.93 |
1999 | 107,502 | 223,130.00 |
Despite her allegedly close and generous relationship with her son and daughter-in-law, both professed utter ignorance of the source of her riches or the nature of her offshore wire transfers. And her generosity was total -- she died with no money in her estate but thousands of dollars of personal credit-card debt.
This all smells not quite right. The Commissioner determined that the money flowing from overseas through Birdie's accounts to the Felts was the Felts' own income. In general, the taxpayer bears the burden of disproving the Commissioner's determination.
In
But the Felts overlook a key difference in their case: In both
We find that the Commissioner took sufficient steps to investigate whether the Felts received money from Birdie. Unlike what he did in
Although the Commissioner cannot point to any single source of Felt's income flowing to Birdie, the Commissioner has supplied a few pieces of evidence. The Commissioner showed that the following entities, all related to David Felt, deposited money into Birdie's bank account from 1995-2000:
Entity | Year | Amount |
Tower | 1995 | $ 4,077.61 |
1996 | 4,000.00 | |
1997 | 16,500.00 | |
1998 | 2,750.00 | |
1999 | 9,500.00 | |
2000 | 2,000.00 | |
Gibraltar | 1995 | 550.00 |
1996 | 6,893.00 | |
J&N | 1995 | 1,000.00 |
1998 | 1,350.00 | |
AGI-Nev | 1998 | 55,000.00 |
Estate ofVansickle | 1995 | 4,000.00 |
Total | 107,620.61 |
We are therefore convinced that at least some of Birdie's deposits are attributable to David Felt's business activities, even without knowing their exact source. We find that the notice of deficiency was not arbitrary and erroneous, and hold the burden of disproving the Commissioner's determination is on the Felts.
The Felts have several counterarguments. The first is that the IRS somehow relied on insufficient IRS records of Birdie's tax information. The second is that the money from Birdie was not their income, but only gifts from a loving *282 mother. Finally, the Felts argue that some of the money flowing into Birdie's accounts and then back out to the Felts was (or will be) taxed as income from J&N, Tower, or other Felt entities.
While the Felts try to fault the IRS for failing to enter into evidence certain types of account transcripts, they point to no specific irregularities or missing information in the IRS records that we do have. It's the Felts' burden to show that these records are flawed, but they gave us no evidence and apparently made no efforts to acquire any through discovery. We therefore find that the IRS records of Birdie's taxes that we have are reliable.
On the question of whether Birdie's transfers were gifts, we focus on her intent.
Birdie Felt died years before trial, so we lack her testimony. David Felt testified that Birdie gave the Felts money "because we needed it" and that he never considered it income. He also testified that none of the money flowing into Birdie's accounts was his money, but later said that he sometimes deposited money into her accounts from his businesses because he "probably" was paying back loans she had made. Sharon testified that Felt asked Birdie for help paying bills but had no intention of paying her back.
We do not find the Felts credible when they deny that the money from Birdie was really their own. David and Sharon's tax rate would have been much higher than Birdie's (as she earned no discernible income in most of the years at issue), and David Felt had reason to fear creditors' discovering that he still had significant sums of money, given the unpaid and undischarged $ 4.2 million judgment from the Reliance sale. The bank records in evidence show that Felt's businesses shed money in 1996, at the very time Birdie's wealth began to rise. Her payments to the Felt family peaked during 1996 and 1997 -- and 1997 was the *284 year the Office of Thrift Supervision won its judgment against David Felt. The checks from Felt's businesses deposited into Birdie's account lead us to find Felt not credible when he testified that he did not deposit money into her accounts. Together with the Felts' failure to provide any other evidence of Birdie's intent, this also reduces his overall credibility as a witness. We thus find that the money from Birdie was not a gift, but the Felts' own income circuitously routed.
That leaves us to decide whether money deposited into Birdie's account was actually income on which the Felts already owe tax or perhaps savings on which they already paid tax. This requires a careful parsing of the sources of those deposits. The Felts provided no evidence, credible or not, regarding the sources of Birdie's wealth. They chose not to call as witnesses two men who wrote monthly checks to Birdie, or David Felt's own family members who might have had better knowledge of his mother's sources of income. Although the Felts faulted the IRS for not seeking additional information about the offshore wire transfers, the Felts also chose not to seek this additional information 10 or provide bank records *285 for any of their other business entities. We infer that such information would have proven detrimental to their case.
In the end, the only relief we can provide for the Felts is to make sure that money flowing from David to Birdie to David is not taxed twice. Since the Felts failed to file tax returns for most years, we must make sure only that we are not double-counting income already attributed to the Felts in this opinion. Since, for reasons we list below, money from J&N is income to the Felts, that is somewhat easy to trace. We will also subtract AGI-Nev money flowing into Birdie's account from the Felts' income (as we explain
Year | Entity | Amount | Total |
1996 | Tower | $ 4,000 | $ 4,000 |
1997 | Tower | 16,500 | 16,500 |
1998 | Tower | 2,750 | 4,100 |
J&N | 1,350 |
The Commissioner wants us to find the following amounts of income to the Felts from Birdie:
1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
$ 78,262.23 | $ 67,063.38 | $ 112,248.70 |
We *286 subtract from the amounts in the notice of deficiency those moneys coming from Felt-owned entities. This leaves us with the following amounts of other income from Birdie Felt:
1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
$ 74,262.23 | $ 50,563.38 | $ 108,148.70 |
The Commissioner used a bank-deposits analysis to reconstruct the Felts' income for several years. Although David Felt apparently kept no bank account in his name, the Commissioner argues that he drew checks for personal expenses from bank accounts held in the names of his business entities, and therefore the money flowing into these bank accounts is his income. Although the parties have resolved some of these disputes, the Felts and the Commissioner remain far apart on how much of the money flowing into J&N's bank account was income in 1997. The Commissioner wants to tax all of the $ 153,118.04 deposited into this account; the Felts say that J&N's only cash intake was $ 80,000 from a business deal, and they concede that, after deducting expenses, $ 73,118 of that was income to them. They argue that the Commissioner's income reconstruction "failed to take into account any expenses or deductions that * * * [the Felts] may have been entitled to," but then *287 provide no evidence substantiating any business deductions. This argument fails for want of proof.
We think it's plausible that other business accounts held money that found its way into the J&N account. But we won't speculate -- in the absence of evidence, we'll rely on the burden of proof, which here lay with the Felts to disprove the Commissioner's determination, which therefore stands.
Another point of contention between Felt and the Commissioner is whether the money deposited into the AGI-Nev accounts in 1998 is income. The Commissioner determined that it was, because forms from the Southern National Bank of Texas showed two accounts were opened with $ 250,000 and $ 50,000 deposits, respectively. The Felts stipulated that these documents were true and correct, so we find that Felt and his mother deposited $ 300,000 into those two bank accounts in 1998.
The Felts' only argument is that this was not their income because it was money owed to AGI when AGI ceased to do business, and thus should have been income to AGI. Well, no. First, AGI forfeited its right to do business in 1989, and Felt never in the intervening nine years sought to remove this impediment by paying *288 the required tax and penalties. Second, AGI was a Texas corporation, but Felt chose to deposit the $ 300,000 in an account of a corporation with a similar name but incorporated in Nevada. Corporations don't succeed to one another's assets because of similar names. And, somewhat oddly, both Felt and his mother were signatories on the AGI-Nev accounts, though only Felt had been a shareholder and director of the old AGI. For all of these reasons, we find the Felts' arguments on this point wholly unpersuasive.
We do find Felt's testimony that he and his mother used the $ 300,000 for personal expenses to be credible. This, though, just leads to another question: How should that money be allocated between Felt and Birdie?
Felt claims that they split it equally.
We don't believe him -- it might even be reasonable to conclude that it was all his income and he just chose to give some to his mother. But in the absence of very much evidence on this issue, we will look for the amount Birdie actually got from the AGI-Nev deposits as, by an ever-so-slight preponderance of the evidence, the correct measure of what she took from AGI's old creditors. We look to the checks submitted as evidence. There *289 are several from one of the AGI-Nev accounts. One check, written in February 1999, is for $ 17,048.39 and was endorsed by David Felt. The others, from 1998, total $ 55,000 and were endorsed for deposit into Birdie's Wells Fargo account. Because Felt presented no contrary evidence, other than his testimony that he and his mom intended to split it equally, we find that Birdie got only this $ 55,000 of the total $ 300,000 deposited into the AGI-Nev accounts. We find that the remaining $ 245,000 is Felt's income in 1998.
Texas is a community-property state, and under
Her request falls within o Did not file a joint return for the taxable year, *290 and o omitted from gross income an item of community income that should have been included but that would have been allocated to the other spouse, and o proves that he or she did not know or have reason to know of the omitted item, if it would also, o given the facts and circumstances, be inequitable to include that item in the requesting spouse's income.
The Commissioner does not dispute that Sharon Felt meets the first two requirements, but he argues that she knew of the omitted items and that, given the facts and circumstances, it would not be inequitable to include the items in her income.
We choose to start with
The Felts never argue that Sharon's standard of living fell below "normal support," or that the items of income Felt earned were diverted to anything but family expenses (i.e., "normal support"). Sharon credibly testified that her lifestyle didn't change much until 1992, when their mortgage was foreclosed and they no longer could afford domestic staff; this is a strong indication that she is not entitled to
The Felts stipulated some items of income, and this opinion upholds the Commissioner's *293 determination of other items, in the following amounts for 1994-98:
Year | Source | Amount |
1994 | NationsBank | $ 5,311.00 |
Tower | 5,455.00 | |
Total | 10,766.00 | |
1995 | NationsBank | 14,048.00 |
Tower | 19,995.00 | |
Total | 34,043.00 | |
1996 | NationsBank | 9,623.00 |
Tower | 13,989.00 | |
Self-employment | 6,405.00 | |
Self-employment | 21,842.00 | |
income adjustment | ||
Birdie Felt | 74,262.23 | |
Total | 126,121.23 | |
1997 | NationsBank | 3,516.00 |
Tower | 42,981.00 | |
J&N | 143,636.04 | |
Birdie Felt | 50,563.38 | |
Total | 240,696.42 | |
1998 | NationsBank | 1,131.00 |
Tower | 35,074.00 | |
J&N | 27,775.00 | |
Birdie Felt | 108,148.70 | |
AGI-Nev | 245,000.00 | |
Total | 417,128.70 |
There is evidence that the Felts had a lower income in 1994 and 1995. There are bank records for those years showing that Felt diverted income between his businesses and his mother, suggesting that Sharon may not have gotten the benefit of some income items. For those years, we are willing to assume that Sharon did not receive "normal support" from the income.
That leaves us to decide whether she meets the last prong of the traditional relief test,
Almost half of the conceded income for each year was in Sharon's bank account, over which she had sole signatory power. We find that she had actual knowledge of that money. The rest of the money came from the Tower bank account. She testified that she had heard the name Tower but didn't know what Tower did. However, Sharon deposited checks from Tower into her own bank account in 1994 and 1995, leading us to find that she knew David had a business called Tower that generated family income. Knowledge of the source of income is sufficient to find knowledge of the items of income themselves. We find that Sharon knew of the items giving rise to the deficiencies, and that she fails *295 the test for traditional relief under
We can't stop yet, however, because Sharon also asks for equitable relief under the flush language of 66(c). 13*296 The last sentence of the flush language of Under procedures prescribed by the Secretary, if, taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold the individual liable for any unpaid tax or any deficiency (or any portion of either) attributable to any item for which relief is not available under the preceding sentence, the Secretary may relieve such individual of such liability.
Unlike the traditional test, which asks *297 whether it would be inequitable to include a specific item in one spouse's past income, the equitable relief provision looks to the present -- would it be inequitable to make that spouse pay the liability today? 14 We have in the past found that we have jurisdiction to hear
First, the procedural issues. Affirmative defenses must be raised in the pleadings.
The Commissioner on brief argues only that Sharon is not entitled to section 66(c) equitable relief because she failed to file a Form 8857, which he claims is "the most fundamental of all the threshold requirements." Although he cites
The only document in the record signed by Sharon Felt is the Tax Court petition, which never mentions innocent-spouse relief or anything like it. By failing to provide the Commissioner notice of the section 66 argument, the Felts effectively prevented the Commissioner from making a pretrial determination as to whether Sharon was entitled to equitable relief; therefore, there is no determination to review. We find that the Felts failed to provide proper notice of this claim, and therefore we will not consider the issue. 15*299
Although this seems harsh for Sharon Felt, all hope may not be lost; it is at least possible that she might be able to raise section 66(c) equitable relief as a defense in any collection hearing under
The final issues are all the additions to tax that the Commissioner asserts under
Her second argument is stronger. She argues that because she was unaware of the income from Felt's businesses, she lacked sufficient information to file income tax returns. She relies on two cases from the early *301 1980s. In
The second addition, under
The Commissioner also asserted an addition to tax under
1. There is no explanation in the record for the different deficiencies for the two Felts in 1987 and 1996.
2. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code for the years at issue; all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
3. Gross income includes "all income from whatever source derived," including income from the discharge of indebtedness.
4. We therefore find it unnecessary to decide the parties' arguments about whether an unlisted debt is discharged in bankruptcy; this debt was forgiven before Felt's bankruptcy.↩
5. AGI could have gotten this right back by paying its franchise tax. Because we find that the identifiable event is not later than AGI's forfeiture, we need not analyze when AGI finally lost all rights to conduct business or dissolved.↩
6. Felt's bankruptcy schedules in 1992 showed an outstanding balance of $ 1.2 million on the house, for which the Felts took mortgage deductions of $ 80,000-$ 100,000 in the years in which they did file tax returns. Yet the Felts provided no evidence of their equity in the house for any of the years at issue, much less 1987.↩
7. Felt owed AGI $ 2,148,973. The Commissioner asserted only $ 2 million in cancellation-of-indebtedness income in the notice of deficiency, and he never moved to amend his pleadings to assert any increase in deficiency this might cause. There are so many other adjustments from our findings and the parties' various concessions and compromises that we can't predict whether this will have the effect of limiting the amount in our final decision. We direct the parties to be aware of this possible problem in trying to reach agreement under
8. Indeed, IRS records presented at trial show that Birdie owed no taxes for 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, or 1998. She owed $ 836 for 1988, $ 1,222 for 1989, and $ 450 for 1990. Like her son, Birdie only occasionally filed tax returns. Unlike her son, she may have earned so little that she didn't have to.
10. Instead, the Felts claim they "did not have the authority" to request this information. They did have the authority, however, to obtain records from Capital Trading Partners (the organization responsible for wiring Birdie's money) and introduce such evidence.↩
11. The regulation, of course, does provide that lack of significant benefit is only one factor to be considered in what is supposed to be an all-the-facts-and-circumstances test. The only other specific factors that it mentions are "desertion, divorce or separation,"
12. See
13. Although the Commissioner didn't raise the issue, there is a real question about the timeliness of Sharon's
14. Despite the past-present distinction, both sections of the regulations guiding our determination of what is "inequitable" inexplicably direct us to the same revenue procedure.↩
15. There is also a potential problem in deciding the appropriate standard of review. In cases like
Wheeler v. Commissioner , 521 F.3d 1289 ( 2008 )
A. & A. Tool & Supply Co. v. Commissioner of Internal ... , 182 F.2d 300 ( 1950 )
Dorothy Olster v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue Service , 751 F.2d 1168 ( 1985 )
Ramon Portillo and Dolores Portillo v. Commissioner of ... , 932 F.2d 1128 ( 1991 )
Texas Commerce Bank-Fort Worth, N.A., Plaintiff-Appellee/... , 896 F.2d 152 ( 1990 )
Dzikowski v. Northern Trust Bank of Florida, N.A. (In Re ... , 478 F.3d 1291 ( 2007 )
North American Oil Consolidated v. Burnet , 52 S. Ct. 613 ( 1932 )
Kadillak v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue , 534 F.3d 1197 ( 2008 )
Carey K. Parker Mary E. Parker v. Commissioner of Internal ... , 117 F.3d 785 ( 1997 )
Archie Dale Carson v. United States , 560 F.2d 693 ( 1977 )
frank-cowden-sr-and-wife-gladys-cowden-petitioner-respondent-v , 289 F.2d 20 ( 1961 )
Commissioner v. Duberstein , 80 S. Ct. 1190 ( 1960 )
Citizens Bank of Md. v. Strumpf , 116 S. Ct. 286 ( 1995 )
Cowden v. Commissioner , 10 Oil & Gas Rep. 865 ( 1959 )
Carriage Square, Inc. v. Commissioner , 69 T.C. 119 ( 1977 )
Texas Commerce Bank-Hurst, N.A. v. United States , 703 F. Supp. 592 ( 1988 )