Andrew Mann v. State of Tennessee

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs February 19, 2015
ANDREW MANN v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
No. 100942 Mary Beth Leibowitz, Judge
No. E2014-01524-CCA-R3-PC – Filed June 12, 2015
The Petitioner, Andrew Mann, appeals as of right from the Knox County Criminal
Court’s denial of his petition for post-conviction relief. The Petitioner contends that he
received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel due to trial counsel’s advice that he
testify in his own defense. Discerning no error, we affirm the judgment of the post-
conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which NORMA MCGEE
OGLE and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.
J. Liddell Kirk, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Andrew Mann.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Ahmed A. Safeeullah, Assistant
Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Leslie Nassios,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In June 2007, the then twenty-one-year-old Petitioner shot and killed the father
and stepmother of his then fifteen-year-old girlfriend, Amanda McGhee, at her behest.
State v. Andrew Mann, No. E2010-00601-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 184157 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Jan. 23, 2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. June 20, 2012). Following a jury trial, the
Petitioner was convicted of two counts of first degree premeditated murder and was
sentenced to two consecutive life terms. Ms. McGhee ultimately pled guilty to two
counts of second degree murder and received an effective sentence of forty-five years.
The evidence at trial established that Ms. McGhee and the Petitioner planned to kill the
victims after Ms. McGhee discovered she was pregnant with the Petitioner’s child. Id.
Ms. McGhee’s father’s body was found in his bed with a gunshot wound to the
back of his head. Mann, 2012 WL 184157, at *3. Ms. McGhee’s stepmother’s body was
found in a hallway with gunshot wounds to her back and arm. One of Ms. McGhee’s
friends testified at trial that she had been given “a Crown Royal bag” by Ms. McGhee to
give to the Petitioner. Id. at *2. The friend further testified that when she gave the bag to
the Petitioner, he revealed to her that it contained a gun. According to Ms. McGhee’s
friend, she asked the Petitioner “if he intended to kill [Ms. McGhee’s] parents,” and the
Petitioner “just smiled.” The friend further testified that the Petitioner told her that he
was going to kill Ms. McGhee’s parents because “he did not want to go to jail,” which
she took to mean that the Petitioner was afraid Ms. McGhee’s parents “would press a
statutory rape charge against him.” Id.
The Petitioner’s friend, Christopher Kirkland, testified at trial that a few days
before the murders, the Petitioner “expressed his anger at [Ms. McGhee’s] parents for
trying to keep . . . them apart because of their age and stated that he wanted to shoot and
kill them.” Mann, 2012 WL 184157, at *2. The Petitioner and Mr. Kirkland then had a
conversation about how best to kill the victims, and Mr. Kirkland agreed to “help in
killing the victims.” Mr. Kirkland testified that on the morning of the murders, he
received a phone call from the Petitioner. The Petitioner told him that he was in Ms.
McGhee’s father’s bedroom and that her father was asleep, “facing away from” him. The
Petitioner wanted to know if he should shoot Ms. McGhee’s father “in the back of the
head because he could not shoot him in the front of the head.” Mr. Kirkland testified that
he told the Petitioner, “I don’t know,” and hung up the phone. Id.
Mr. Kirkland further testified that the Petitioner called him later that day and
requested that he come to Ms. McGhee’s house to see her father’s body. Mann, 2012
WL 184157, at *2. According to Mr. Kirkland, he met the Petitioner and Ms. McGhee,
who told him that they planned on killing Ms. McGhee’s stepmother “when she returned
home from work . . . because otherwise she would be a witness to the murder[].” Mr.
Kirkland testified that it seemed to him that killing Ms. McGhee’s stepmother was the
Petitioner’s idea and that Ms. McGhee “did not want to do it.” Mr. Kirkland believed
that the Petitioner was “calling the shots.” Mr. Kirkland stated that when he saw the
body, he “freaked out” and fled the house. Mr. Kirkland further stated that he met with
the Petitioner and Ms. McGhee again later that night, and “they acted as if nothing had
happened.” Mr. Kirkland testified that the Petitioner tried to get him to help dispose of
the bodies. Id.
Mr. Kirkland testified on cross-examination that the Petitioner had told him that
Ms. McGhee “was being physically abused by her father and that the [Petitioner] was
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worried for her safety.” Mann, 2012 WL 184157, at *3. Mr. Kirkland also admitted that
the Petitioner had told him about an incident where Ms. McGhee’s father had threatened
the Petitioner with a gun and taken the Petitioner’s identification. In addition to the
foregoing evidence, two recorded confessions made by the Petitioner were played for the
jury. Id. at *1. At the close of the State’s proof, the Petitioner sought to have two experts
testify regarding his mental capacity at the time of the murders. Id. at *3. The State
objected to the experts’ testimony because “neither expert could testify with a reasonable
degree of scientific or medical certainty” that the Petitioner lacked the mental capacity to
form premeditation. The trial court took the issue under advisement, and the Petitioner
was called to testify.1 Id.
Before the Petitioner testified in front of the jury, the trial court had him sworn in
and conducted a brief hearing.2 The trial court informed the Petitioner of his right to
testify and the converse right to remain silent, and explained the potential consequences
of each option. The following exchange then occurred:
[Trial court]: I’ve told you about your two options. This is the last thing I
need to tell you about, and this is very important. And that is that this is
your decision. Okay? This isn’t [trial counsel’s] decision . . . . It’s your
decision.
[The Petitioner]: Yes, sir.
[Trial court]: All right. So if [trial counsel] says I think you ought to get
up here on the stand and you disagree with him, you don’t think you ought
to do that for whatever reason, you’re the one that makes the decision.
Okay.
[The Petitioner]: Yes, sir.
[Trial court]: And if you guys disagree, you prevail. You understand?
[The Petitioner]: Yes, sir.
1
The trial court ultimately ruled that the experts’ testimony was not relevant, and they did not testify at
the Petitioner’s trial.
2
The trial court was conducting a hearing pursuant to Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152 (Tenn. 1999),
which outlined a prophylactic procedure designed to insure that a defendant’s waiver of his right to testify
is voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. See Mobley v. State, 397 S.W.3d 70, 90-91 (Tenn. 2013).
However, said procedure was not required prior to the Petitioner’s testimony as our supreme court has
“respectfully decline[d] to extend the reach of the prophylactic procedure in Momon to instances in which
a criminal defendant elects to testify.” Id. at 90.
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[Trial court]: So I don’t want to hear you, you know, a year from now
come up here and say, now, Judge, I didn’t want to testify but he made me.
Okay. Because this is your chance to -- you’re the one that gets to call the
shots here. All right. So you understand that?
[The Petitioner]: Yes, I do.
[Trial Court]: Okay. Now, have you thought about this and talked to your
lawyers? The other thing I want to tell you is, obviously I want you to
consult with your lawyers, they know what they’re doing, and I certainly
want you to talk to them and consult with them, and listen to what they’ve
got to say, but I just want you to know that you’re the one that gets to make
the final decision here. Okay?
[The Petitioner]: Yes, sir.
[Trial court]: So you understand all that?
[The Petitioner]: Yes sir, I do.
[Trial court]: Okay. Have you had an opportunity to think about it? Have
you made a decision about what you want to do?
[The Petitioner]: Yes, sir.
[Trial court]: And what is that decision?
[The Petitioner]: I need to testify.
[Trial court]: You’re going to testify?
[The Petitioner]: Yes, sir.
After this brief hearing, the Petitioner testified that Ms. McGhee “had repeatedly
told him that she was being physically abused by her father,” begged the Petitioner to kill
her father, and threatened to kill herself if the Petitioner did not kill him. Mann, 2012
WL 184157, at *4. The Petitioner recalled an incident where Ms. McGhee’s father
threatened him with a gun and took his identification. The Petitioner testified that after
that incident, Ms. McGhee told him that she was pregnant with his child. The Petitioner
claimed that Ms. McGhee also told him that her father was hitting her “every single day”
and that she was afraid she was going to have a miscarriage. The Petitioner further
claimed that Ms. McGhee told him not to call the police and that once her father found
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out that she was pregnant, “he would put the [Petitioner] in jail for statutory rape and
force her to have an abortion.” Id.
The Petitioner testified that Ms. McGhee came up with the plan to kill her father
and her stepmother. Mann, 2012 WL 184157, at *4. The Petitioner claimed that he was
reluctant to go through with it, but did so because he “did not want to lose” Ms. McGhee.
The Petitioner testified that on the day of the murders, Ms. McGhee called him “every
thirty seconds” and repeatedly told him that it had “to be done.” The Petitioner further
testified that he went to Ms. McGhee’s house to tell her that he could not go through with
the killings, but he ended up in the bedroom where Mr. McGhee’s father was sleeping.
The Petitioner claimed that he called Mr. Kirkland to ask how to kill Ms. McGhee’s
father, and Mr. Kirkland told him to shoot Ms. McGhee’s father in the back of the head,
so he did. The Petitioner further claimed that after the shooting, Ms. McGhee came to
him and said that they were “one step down, one step to go.” Id.
The Petitioner testified that he left the house and returned later that day. Mann,
2012 WL 184157, at *4. According to the Petitioner, Ms. McGhee called her stepmother
to ask when she would be home and told her “that she loved her.” The Petitioner claimed
that he again told Ms. McGhee that he could not “do this,” but she told him that it was
“too late” and that he had “to do it.” The Petitioner testified that he and Ms. McGhee
argued about killing her stepmother until her stepmother came home from work. The
Petitioner claimed that he asked Ms. McGhee’s stepmother to sit down and talk, hoping
that she “would pull out a phone and call the police.” Instead, Ms. McGhee’s stepmother
ran toward the kitchen, and the Petitioner shot her twice in the back. The Petitioner
claimed that after he shot Ms. McGhee’s stepmother, Ms. McGhee started laughing and
said that they would be “together forever.” Id.
The jury convicted the Petitioner of two counts of first degree premeditated
murder, and the trial court sentenced him to consecutive life sentences. The Petitioner
appealed to this court, which upheld his convictions and sentences. Mann, 2012 WL
184157, at *1. Our supreme court declined to review this court’s opinion. The Petitioner
thereafter filed a timely pro se petition seeking post-conviction relief. Counsel was
appointed and an amended petition was filed claiming that trial counsel was ineffective
for advising the Petitioner to testify at trial. After the amended petition was filed, the
Petitioner filed a second pro se petition.3 On June 3, 2014, the post-conviction court held
a hearing at which both the Petitioner and trial counsel testified.
3
The Petitioner’s pro se petitions raised several other issues which were addressed by the post-conviction
court. However, the Petitioner has not raised those issues in his appellate brief; therefore, he has waived
review of those issues in this court.
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The Petitioner testified that at trial he was represented by the Knox County Public
Defender and two other attorneys from his office. The Petitioner further testified that the
attorneys met with him and discussed the evidence against him, as well as potential trial
strategies. The Petitioner recalled that he spoke with his attorneys about the possibility of
his testifying at trial but that they “were trying to work on this psychological evaluation,”
which was to be “the focus of the trial.” The Petitioner testified that once the trial court
ruled that his expert witnesses would not be allowed to testify, his attorneys advised him
to testify on his own behalf. The Petitioner testified that prior to trial he “really didn’t”
want to testify but that his attorneys advised him that “it would be in [his] best interest to
testify.”
The Petitioner admitted that his attorneys did not force him to testify or tell him
that he did not have “any choice in the matter.” The Petitioner also admitted that his two
recorded confessions had been admitted at trial and that they were “bad for” him because
he “acknowledged planning and executing” the murders in both confessions. The
Petitioner testified that after his statements were admitted and his expert witnesses were
not allowed to testify, he got the sense that his attorneys felt his testimony was “all [they]
had . . . to try to . . . steer away from a first degree murder” conviction. The Petitioner
testified that he felt his testimony ended up hurting his defense despite the fact that the
State presented “a very strong case against” him.
Trial counsel testified that he was the Knox County Public Defender and that he
and “a defense team” represented the Petitioner. Trial counsel explained that the defense
team consisted of himself, two Assistant Public Defenders, an administrative assistant, an
investigator, and a social worker. Trial counsel testified that he filed a motion to
suppress the Petitioner’s confessions but that the motion was overruled prior to trial.
Trial counsel testified that the Petitioner’s confessions were “very, very troubling in
terms of the issue[] of premeditation.” Trial counsel also testified that he had the
Petitioner evaluated by mental health experts to determine if there was a possible insanity
defense or that the Petitioner lacked the mental capacity to form premeditation or intent.
According to trial counsel, the experts were not able to conclude that the Petitioner was
insane or lacked the mental capacity to form premeditation at the time of the murders.
Trial counsel testified that he attempted to have the expert witnesses testify
anyway to establish the Petitioner’s “mental limitations” that caused him to be “more
easily lead astray and more vulnerable.” However, the trial court ultimately ruled that the
experts could not testify. Trial counsel testified that losing his expert witnesses was very
problematic given that the Petitioner’s confessions “were rich in terms of premeditation
and planning” and that there was evidence of “disregard for what [the Petitioner and Ms.
McGhee had done] afterwards using credit cards and shopping and eating and that sort of
stuff.” Trial counsel testified that he felt “the best thing [he] could do at that point” was
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to have the Petitioner testify to “try to get the jury to see his limitations and his
susceptibility.” Trial counsel explained that he felt “that was a better strategy than just
leaving those statements out there and letting it go.”
Trial counsel opined that even if the Petitioner did not testify at trial, “there would
[not] have been any difference” because, given the evidence against the Petitioner, “the
outcome was inevitable.” Trial counsel testified that the defense team met with the
Petitioner forty-nine times prior to trial and that he emphasized to the Petitioner that the
decision to testify was “his and his alone to make.” Trial counsel also testified that in
murder cases, the defense team will typically do a mock direct and cross-examination
with a defendant three times to “get a sense of what it’s going to be like.” Trial counsel
could not specifically recall doing that with the Petitioner, but he “would imagine [they]
did it with” the Petitioner. Trial counsel testified that everyone on the defense team
believed that the Petitioner should have testified at trial.
At the conclusion of the post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner’s counsel stated
that he was “not arguing and [could not] argue that the State could not have proved this
case had [the Petitioner] not testified. But his testimony did nothing but reinforce the
State’s case.” The post-conviction court entered a written order denying the petition on
July 8, 2014. The post-conviction court found that the Petitioner “had outstanding and
holistic representation in this case” and that trial counsel’s “competence far exceeded”
the minimum standards of effective assistance required by the Sixth Amendment. The
post-conviction court held that the Petitioner “made his own decision to testify and
cannot now withdraw it” and that, in advising the Petitioner to testify, trial counsel was
attempting “to present the only mitigating evidence available.” The post-conviction court
also held that had the Petitioner not testified, it would not “have made any difference in
the outcome of the trial” given the overwhelming evidence of his guilt.
ANALYSIS
The Petitioner contends that the post-conviction court erred in denying his
petition. The Petitioner argues that his testimony at trial “only reinforced the State’s
allegations against him”; therefore, trial counsel was ineffective in advising him to
testify. The State responds that the Petitioner’s argument is merely an attempt to second-
guess trial counsel’s strategic and tactical decisions. The State also responds that the
Petitioner has failed to show how he was prejudiced by his decision to testify at trial.
Post-conviction relief is available when a “conviction or sentence is void or
voidable because of the abridgment of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of
Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103.
Criminal defendants are constitutionally guaranteed the right to effective assistance of
counsel. Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d 282, 293 (Tenn. 2009) (citing U.S. Const.
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amend. VI; Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 344 (1980)). When a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel is made under the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, the burden is on the petitioner to show (1) that counsel’s performance was
deficient and (2) that the deficiency was prejudicial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687 (1984); see Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 368-72 (1993).
Deficient performance requires a showing that “counsel’s representation fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness,” despite the fact that reviewing courts
“must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-89. Prejudice requires
proof of “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “Because a petitioner must
establish both prongs of the test, a failure to prove either deficiency or prejudice provides
a sufficient basis to deny relief on the ineffective assistance claim.” Goad v. State, 938
S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996). The Strickland standard has been applied to the right to
counsel under article I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. State v. Melson, 772
S.W.2d 417, 419 n.2 (Tenn. 1989).
The burden in a post-conviction proceeding is on the petitioner to prove his
allegations of fact supporting his grounds for relief by clear and convincing evidence.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f); see Dellinger, 279 S.W.3d at 293-94. On appeal, we
are bound by the post-conviction court’s findings of fact unless we conclude that the
evidence in the record preponderates against those findings. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d
450, 456 (Tenn. 2001). Additionally, “questions concerning the credibility of witnesses,
the weight and value to be given their testimony, and the factual issues raised by the
evidence are to be resolved” by the post-conviction court. Id. Because they relate to
mixed questions of law and fact, we review the post-conviction court’s conclusions as to
whether counsel’s performance was deficient and whether that deficiency was prejudicial
under a de novo standard with no presumption of correctness. Id. at 457.
At the outset, we note that the Petitioner freely and voluntarily decided to invoke
his right to testify at trial. The Petitioner stated as much to the trial court, under oath,
after a thorough explanation of his rights and immediately prior to his testimony. At the
post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner again testified that he decided to testify at trial and
that his attorneys did not coerce him. Likewise, trial counsel testified that he discussed
with the Petitioner his right to testify and explained that the decision was “his and his
alone to make.” Trial counsel also testified that the defense team worked with the
Petitioner prior to trial to prepare him to testify. With regard to the Petitioner’s claim that
trial counsel’s advice that he testify at trial amounted to deficient performance, we note
that the Petitioner’s testimony provided some of the only evidence at trial that mitigated
the State’s overwhelming proof regarding premeditation.
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Trial counsel testified that he attempted to suppress the Petitioner’s confessions to
the police, which were “very, very troubling” regarding the element of premeditation.
Trial counsel also attempted to present mental health experts in an effort to establish that
the Petitioner’s “mental limitations” caused him to be “more easily lead astray and more
vulnerable.” With the Petitioner’s confessions admitted into evidence and his experts not
allowed to testify, trial counsel believed that the Petitioner’s testimony would allow “the
jury to see [the Petitioner’s] limitations and his susceptibility” and was “the best thing
[he] could do at that point.” This was a reasonable strategic decision by trial counsel, and
the Petitioner is not entitled to the benefit of hindsight to second-guess it on post-
conviction review. See Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d 334, 347 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994).
Furthermore, the Petitioner has not established that he was prejudiced by his
decision to testify at trial. The Petitioner’s counsel admitted as much at the post-
conviction hearing, stating that he could not “argue that the State could not have proved
this case had [the Petitioner] not testified.” The evidence of premeditation was
overwhelming, including two confessions by the Petitioner, testimony from Ms.
McGhee’s friend, and testimony from Mr. Kirkland. In particular, Mr. Kirkland testified
that he believed the Petitioner was “calling the shots” on the day of the murders.
Accordingly, we cannot conclude that a reasonable probability exists that, but for the
Petitioner’s testimony, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Therefore,
we affirm the post-conviction court’s denial of the Petitioner’s petition for post-
conviction relief.
CONCLUSION
Upon consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment of
the post-conviction court is affirmed.
_________________________________
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE
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