Kalyn Marie Polochak v. State of Tennessee

11/04/2019
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs October 16, 2019
KALYN POLOCHAK v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Overton County
No. 2011-CR-45 David Patterson, Judge
No. M2018-01524-CCA-R3-PC
The petitioner, Kalyn Polochak, appeals the denial of her petition for post-conviction
relief, which petition challenged her 2012 Overton County Criminal Court jury
convictions of first degree premeditated murder, first degree felony murder, conspiracy to
commit first degree murder, especially aggravated robbery, and theft of property valued
at $1,000 or more but less than $10,000. Discerning no error, we affirm the denial of
post-conviction relief.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT L.
HOLLOWAY, JR., and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.
J. Patrick Hayes, Cookeville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kalyn Polochak.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Garrett D. Ward, Assistant
Attorney General; Bryant C. Dunaway, District Attorney General; and Owen Burnette,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
An Overton County Criminal Court jury convicted the petitioner of first
degree premeditated murder, felony murder in the perpetration of aggravated robbery,
conspiracy to commit first degree murder, especially aggravated robbery, and theft of
property valued at $1,000 or more but less than $10,000 for her role in the 2010 murder
of 72-year-old Hassie Pearl Breeding. See State v. Kalyn Marie Polochak, No. M2013-
02712-CCA-R3-CD, slip op. at 1-2 (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Jan. 16, 2015), perm.
app. denied (Tenn. May 14, 2015).
The evidence adduced at the petitioner’s trial established that the victim,
who was the grandmother of the petitioner’s boyfriend, co-defendant Benjamin Bowers,
died from “asphyxia due to strangulation and smothering.” Id., slip op. at 15. At the time
of the offenses, the petitioner and Mr. Bowers lived with the victim. See id., slip op. at 2.
The victim had expressed dissatisfaction with the living arrangement, telling her daughter
that the petitioner had yelled at her and that Mr. Bowers had pushed her. After she was
unable to reach her mother over the course of a day, the victim’s daughter, Teresa
Breeding, drove to the victim’s house. The victim’s 2006 Toyota Scion was not in the
driveway. Ms. Breeding found the victim’s body on the floor of the bedroom shared by
the petitioner and Mr. Bowers covered with a blanket. A cord was wrapped around the
victim’s neck, and a pillow covered her face. A $20 bill was found protruding from the
victim’s sock, and other evidence established that it was the victim’s custom to carry her
money inside her sock. See id., slip op. at 2-4.
The petitioner and Mr. Bowers, who were suspects very early in the
investigation, were eventually located in Indiana. Two days after the murder, paramedics
in Grant County, Indiana “responded to a possible drug overdose call” and “learned that
the [petitioner] ‘shot up . . . nicotine water in a syringe.’” Id., slip op. at 10. The
petitioner “was upset and was wearing soaking wet clothes.” Id. When asked why her
clothes were wet, the petitioner said “that she had been in the bathtub at her grandparents’
house with her boyfriend and” indicated that she and Mr. Bowers had “put electronic
devices in the bathtub attempting to electrocute” themselves. Id. She said that she and
Mr. Bowers had attempted suicide “because ‘they . . . wanted to be together forever.’”
Id. The petitioner told paramedics “that she lived at her boyfriend’s grandmother’s house
with her mother’s consent but that . . . . her mother threatened to have her boyfriend
arrested for statutory rape if the [petitioner] did not return home.” Id., slip op. at 10-11.
The petitioner then said, “‘[I]t’s never going to be okay, I shouldn’t have done it, I
shouldn’t have hurt her, I just wish I hadn’t done it.’” Id., slip op. at 11. The petitioner
added, “‘[W]e killed her, oh my God, I wish I hadn’t done that, oh my God, I wish I
hadn’t done that.’” Id. The petitioner said Mr. Bowers got behind the victim “‘took a
dog leash and strangled her and I put a pillow on her face and smothered her, oh my God,
oh my God, I just wish I hadn’t done it.’” Id. The petitioner admitted that she had “put
the pillow on the victim’s face and smothered the victim.” Id.
The petitioner provided a statement to the police, and it was read to the jury
and summarized on appeal:
When asked for identifying information, the
[petitioner] said she had “been [giving] it all day long.” She
asked if her mother knew what was happening. Sergeant
Collins told the [petitioner] that her mother had been told it
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was important for the authorities to speak to the [petitioner].
The [petitioner] had been living with Mr. Bowers at his
grandmother’s house. On December 10, 2010, her mother
called and was upset after receiving a notification she would
not receive food stamp benefits if the [petitioner] did not live
with her. The [petitioner]’s mother said that she would have
Mr. Bowers arrested for statutory rape and that the
[petitioner] would be in trouble with the authorities. The
[petitioner] might have been pregnant. After the call, the
[petitioner] and Mr. Bowers got high by injecting Dilaudid.
They discussed going “out with a bang.” Mr. Bowers
mentioned killing his grandmother. The [petitioner] did not
want to see blood and recommended they use a dog leash as a
weapon. When the victim came home from work, Mr.
Bowers choked her with the leash, and the [petitioner] pushed
a pillow on the victim’s face. The victim made unusual
noises and died after about two minutes. They dragged the
victim’s body into a bedroom and covered it with bed linens
and a pillow. Mr. Bowers took $200 from the victim’s body,
and they took the victim’s car to Indiana to visit the
[petitioner]’s relatives. The [petitioner] said she was sorry
she had damaged the lives of Mr. Bowers, herself, and her
unborn child. On the day she was taken into custody, she had
tried to commit suicide three times. She and Mr. Bowers sat
in a bathtub and put appliances in the water. They also tried
to kill themselves in a car through carbon monoxide
inhalation and by injecting nicotine water. She wished she
were dead. Near the end of the interview, she asked if she
could still have a lawyer.
Id., slip op. at 12.
The petitioner and Mr. Bowers had been driving the victim’s Toyota Scion.
Inside the vehicle, authorities discovered a black backpack, “a black purse containing
keys, a pink cell phone, and a gold watch” along with “a handwritten note signed by” the
petitioner in which she declared that Mr. Bowers “is the only person who has . . . ever
had my heart like this[.] I love him so much. If you have found this you obviously know
what has happened. I want his last name on my grave & I want to be cremated w[ith]
him.” Id., slip op. at 5 (alterations in original).
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The police “theory of the case” was that “Mr. Bowers placed his foot on the
victim’s back and pulled the dog cord tight around the victim’s neck,” and statements
provided by both the petitioner and Mr. Bowers “supported the theory” as did the
discovery of wire cutters and a length of the same “dog cord” used to strangle the victim
inside the bedroom shared by the petitioner and Mr. Bowers. See id., slip op. at 6.
Forensic testing established the presence of DNA belonging to both the petitioner and
Mr. Bowers on the pillow used to suffocate the victim. Mr. Bowers’ statement to the
police was admitted into evidence and read to the jury:
In the statement, Mr. Bowers stated that his grandmother
allowed him and the [petitioner] to live with her and that the
victim treated them well. They used the bedroom across from
the bathroom, which had the holes in the walls. He admitted
stealing from the victim previously and knew the victim kept
her money in a black pouch tucked in her sock. Mr. Bowers’
only concerns in life, though, were his drug addiction and the
[petitioner].
On the day of the killing, Mr. Bowers said he and the
[petitioner] stayed home, and they talked about how they
“could be together.” He said, “We figured we would kill my
Grandmother and take her money.” They packed their
belongings before the victim arrived home, and he said the
[petitioner] thought of choking the victim with a dog leash.
He said the plan was for Mr. Bowers to approach the victim
from behind and place the leash around her neck. He said he
practiced on the [petitioner] to determine how best to do it.
He cut the leash with the wire cutters and left them in their
bedroom. He stated, “I guess . . . me and [the petitioner]
planned this out even premeditated what we did.” When the
victim arrived home at 5:30 p.m., Mr. Bowers approached her
from behind, placed the leash around her neck, and choked
her. He said he wore the black gloves during the attack. He
yelled for the [petitioner]’s assistance. The [petitioner] came
from their bedroom with a pillow and placed it over the
victim’s face. The victim fell to the floor as Mr. Bowers
applied pressure. As he pulled the leash as tight as possible,
the [petitioner] held the pillow over the victim’s face. The
victim attempted to fight, and Mr. Bowers heard “a little sigh
and gurgle.” The [petitioner] laid her entire body on the
victim and applied pressure on the pillow. After the victim
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was dead, Mr. Bowers took money from the victim’s purse.
He removed $420 from the victim’s right sock. Mr. Bowers
and the [petitioner] placed their belongings in the victim’s car
and left. Mr. Bowers and the [petitioner] bought gas, drove to
Sparta to buy $200 worth of drugs, and drove to Indiana.
Mr. Bowers noted the [petitioner] spoke with her
mother earlier that day. The [petitioner]’s mother threatened
to call the police “to get Kalyn home.” Mr. Bowers threw the
wire cutters into the bedroom door. He admitted breaking the
window in the Blazer when he attempted to remove the
window to unlock the door and take the battery. He wanted
to put the battery in his car, which would not start. He
concluded his statement by saying “this was the only way me
and Kalyn could think of being together.” He claimed he
would have done anything for the [petitioner].
Id., slip op. at 8. A statement provided by the petitioner “referenced the same date and
time of the killing, Mr. Bowers’ placing the dog cord around the victim’s neck, the
[petitioner]’s placing a pillow over the victim’s face, and the motive for obtaining money
and a car to get out of town.” Id. The petitioner’s statement also indicated that she and
Mr. Bowers had murdered the victim “because the [petitioner]’s mother threatened to
report Mr. Bowers to the police.” Id.
Other evidence established that the petitioner, who was 17 years old at the
time of the offense, suffered from attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, substance
abuse disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder that was related to the abuse she
suffered at the hands of her father. The petitioner reported that Mr. Bowers abused and
threatened her and that she was afraid of him. Witnesses testified that the victim was also
afraid of Mr. Bowers. Id., slip op. at 16-24.
This court affirmed the petitioner’s convictions and accompanying total
effective sentence of life imprisonment. See id., slip op. at 55. The petitioner filed a
timely petition for post-conviction relief, alleging that she was deprived of the effective
assistance of counsel at trial. Among her challenges to trial counsel’s performance, she
complained “that written statements by Mr. Bowers should not have been read as
evidence as it violated her Sixth Amendment Right to cross-examination.”
Although the petitioner raised myriad instances of allegedly deficient
performance, she indicated at the June 2018 evidentiary hearing that she intended to
focus on claims that counsel did not allow her to testify at the suppression hearing, that
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counsel failed to procure the testimony of an expert in abusive relationships, that counsel
failed to request DNA analysis of certain evidence, that counsel did not object to the
State’s violating evidence rule 615, that counsel failed to offer evidence of the
petitioner’s intoxication during her interrogation, that Mr. Bowers’ statement should not
have been read to the jury, and that counsel should have requested an independent
autopsy. Because the sole issue on appeal is the admission of Mr. Bowers’ statement, we
will confine our recitation of the evidence offered at the hearing to this issue.
The petitioner did not testify at the evidentiary hearing. Trial counsel
testified that he had “a vague remembrance of” the admission of Mr. Bowers’ statement
but that he could not recall “exactly what those statements said.” He also could not recall
whether he had objected to the statement’s admission. He explained that “the main intent
of our strategy” was to blame Mr. Bowers for the murder and that the more evidence
counsel could present to “show that he was responsible, the better for our case.” In
consequence, he said, “I would have to review the exact statement, see exactly what it
was to say why I objected or why I didn’t object. I don’t know the answer to that right
now.” During cross-examination by the State, trial counsel added:
I would assume, without now remembering what the
statement said, that he basically admitted to the crime. If he
did inculpate her, I think one thing we tried to bring up was
that he wanted to take her down with him and he would have
every reason to do that.
After being allowed to review the portions of Mr. Bowers’ statement that had been read
to the jury, trial counsel said that he believed the statement supported the theory of the
defense, explaining,
It also supported the fact that [the petitioner] had made the
statement . . . that Mr. Bowers and she had gone over what to
say when he was threatening to kill her and those kinds of
things. So what, what she said he told her to say was in the
statement as to what happened. It corroborated it from that
extent.
He said there were “[m]ultiple reasons” for allowing the statement into evidence.
The post-conviction court denied relief, finding that the petitioner had
failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence facts to support her claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel. Relevant to this appeal, the post-conviction court found that trial
counsel “did not object to the use of [Mr. Bowers’] statement to law enforcement during
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trial. It was a defense strategy to shift blame to [Mr. Bowers] and the use of [his]
statement served that purpose.”
In this timely appeal, the petitioner asserts that the admission of Mr.
Bowers’ statement violated her Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses against
her. The State argues that this claim qualifies as waived under the terms of the Post-
Conviction Procedure Act and that the petitioner further waived this issue by failing to
present it to the post-conviction court.
Post-conviction relief is available only “when the conviction or sentence is
void or voidable because of the abridgment of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of
Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.” T.C.A. § 40-30-103. A post-
conviction petitioner bears the burden of proving his or her factual allegations by clear
and convincing evidence. Id. § 40-30-110(f). On appeal, the appellate court accords to
the post-conviction court’s findings of fact the weight of a jury verdict, and these findings
are conclusive on appeal unless the evidence preponderates against them. Henley v.
State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn. 1997); Bates v. State, 973 S.W.2d 615, 631 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1997). By contrast, the post-conviction court’s conclusions of law receive no
deference or presumption of correctness on appeal. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 453
(Tenn. 2001).
“A ground for relief is waived if the petitioner personally or through an
attorney failed to present it for determination in any proceeding before a court of
competent jurisdiction in which the ground could have been presented.” T.C.A. § 40-30-
106(g). As the State correctly points out, the petitioner did not challenge the admission
of Mr. Bowers’ statement on Sixth Amendment grounds either at trial or on direct appeal,
and, in consequence, it is waived. The State also correctly asserts that the petitioner
waived this court’s consideration of her claim by failing to present the freestanding Sixth
Amendment claim to the post-conviction court. See Cauthern v. State, 145 S.W.3d 571,
599 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (“[A]n issue raised for the first time on appeal is waived.”).
Finally, we observe that the petitioner’s appellate brief contains only a single page of
argument that is supported by only a citation of the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution. This hardly satisfies the requirements of Tennessee Rule of
Appellate Procedure 27, see Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7) (stating that the appellant’s brief
must contain an argument “setting forth . . . the contentions of the appellant with respect
to the issues presented, and the reasons therefor . . . with citations to the authorities . . .
relied on”), or Rule 10 of the Rules of this court, see Tenn. R. Ct. Crim. App. 10(b)
(“Issues which are not supported by argument, citation to authorities, or appropriate
references to the record will be treated as waived in this court.”), resulting in a waiver of
the issue on appeal.
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Because the single issue presented for review has been waived, we affirm
the judgment of the post-conviction court.
_________________________________
JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE
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