Christopher Kyle v. State of Tennessee

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
April 13, 2010 Session
CHRISTOPHER KYLE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 03-08001 Lee V. Coffee, Judge
No. W2009-00260-CCA-R3-PC - Filed February 1, 2011
Following his convictions for second degree murder and theft, the Petitioner, Christopher
Kyle, filed a petition for post-conviction relief, alleging that his trial and appellate counsel
were ineffective, specifically in failing to challenge the accuracy of the autopsy report and
the sentencing procedure employed by the trial court. After a hearing, the post-conviction
court denied the petition, and the Petitioner now appeals. Upon review, we affirm the
judgment of the post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court is Affirmed.
N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. G LENN and
R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, JJ., joined.
Robert Brooks, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Christopher Kyle.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clarence E. Lutz, Assistant Attorney
General; William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Doug Carriker, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee.
OPINION
I. Factual Background
The Petitioner was originally indicted for first degree premeditated murder, first
degree felony murder, and especially aggravated robbery. State v. Christopher Kyle, No.
W2005-01339-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 2935799, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Oct.
13, 2006). The proof adduced at trial revealed that the Petitioner, Linda Wade, and the
victim, Lurinzo Cosey, Jr., went to a casino in Tunica, Mississippi. Id. While at the casino,
they exchanged counterfeit money for cash. Id. On the return trip to Memphis, the Petitioner
shot the victim and took some items, including a radio, from the victim’s car before
abandoning the car in a parking lot. Id. at **1-2. The Petitioner later sold the radio. Id. at
*2. The Petitioner said he shot the victim in self-defense after the victim threatened him with
a gun. Id. at *3. However, a Shelby County Criminal Court Jury rejected the claim of self-
defense and convicted the Petitioner of second degree murder and theft of property, for
which he received a total effective sentence of twenty-three years in the Tennessee
Department of Correction. Id. at *1. The Petitioner appealed his convictions and sentences,
and this court affirmed the judgments of the trial court. Id.
Thereafter, the Petitioner timely filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief. The
Petitioner alleged his trial counsel was ineffective because she should have employed an
expert witness to challenge the finding in the autopsy report that the victim was “shot eight
or nine times[] when in fact he was only shot four times at most.” The Petitioner maintained
that the number of shots was a “critical factor in [his] defense.” The Petitioner also
contended both trial and appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to challenge the
sentencing procedures employed by the trial court, alleging a violation of Blakely v.
Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303 (2004), which provides that the “‘statutory maximum’ for
Apprendi[v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)] purposes is the maximum sentence a judge
may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the
defendant.” The post-conviction court appointed counsel to assist the Petitioner, but no
amended petition was filed.
At the post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner testified that he and trial counsel went
over discovery materials, including the autopsy report, prior to trial. The Petitioner stated
that the autopsy report reflected that the victim had eight gunshot wounds, but he maintained
that he did not fire that many shots. He told trial counsel of this discrepancy. The Petitioner
recalled that trial counsel spoke with Dr. O.C. Smith, the medical examiner who performed
the autopsy. According to trial counsel, Dr. Smith said that some of the gunshot wounds
could have been from bullets exiting the body and reentering the body at a different place.
The Petitioner believed Dr. Smith’s trial testimony would be consistent with his earlier
statements to counsel. Therefore, he never asked counsel to hire an expert to challenge the
autopsy report. However, at trial, Dr. Teresa Campbell was called to testify about the
autopsy report, and she never discussed the possibility that some of the wounds were reentry
wounds. The Petitioner said that the report called into question his assertion of self-defense,
maintaining that he could explain four gunshot wounds but that eight gunshot wounds made
him “seem like a lunatic.” The Petitioner said he had no other complaints about trial counsel.
Dr. O.C. Smith testified as a forensic pathology expert at the post-conviction hearing.
He could not specifically recall meeting with trial counsel about the Petitioner’s case.
However, he stated that he had worked with her on several cases and that they generally
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would have several pretrial conferences.
Dr. Smith said that the eight gunshot wounds to the victim could have come from no
fewer than six bullets but no more than eight bullets. He said that of the “eight wound
tracks,” two had atypical entrance patterns which could indicate they were caused by bullets
reentering the victim. He said he and counsel would have discussed the number of bullets.
The Petitioner’s trial counsel said she met with the Petitioner prior to trial and
discussed trial strategy and the discovery provided by the State. Trial counsel stated that she
could not recall the specific details of her meeting with Dr. Smith prior to trial. However,
her normal practice was to review an autopsy report prior to meeting with Dr. Smith in order
to discuss the findings. She also could not recall the details of her conversation with Dr.
Smith about the number of bullets. Trial counsel said that she had never hired an expert
witness to challenge an autopsy report and that the Petitioner did not make a request for an
expert to be hired.
Trial counsel said that her trial strategy was to pursue self-defense or, in the
alternative, to seek a conviction of a lesser-included offense. She stated her strategy was
successful in that the Petitioner was convicted of second degree murder instead of the
charged offense of first degree murder.
Trial counsel acknowledged that she did not raise a Blakely issue regarding the
sentence imposed by the trial court. She said that she could not recall why she did not make
a complaint regarding Blakely.
The Petitioner’s appellate counsel said that the trial court, applying two enhancement
factors and no mitigating factors, enhanced the Petitioner’s sentence for second degree
murder to twenty-three years from the statutory minimum of twenty years. However, counsel
did not raise an issue regarding Blakely on appeal. She stated that her reasons were two-fold.
First, at the time of Petitioner’s trial, the Tennessee Supreme Court’s opinion, State v.
Gomez, 163 S.W.3d 632, 661 (Tenn. 2005), stated that Tennessee’s sentencing scheme did
not violate Blakely. Appellate counsel acknowledged that she, and many members of the
legal community, disagreed. However, she stated that her primary reason for not challenging
the Petitioner’s sentence was that during his trial testimony, the Petitioner admitted the two
enhancement factors applied by the trial court. Specifically, the Petitioner admitted to
dealing drugs and passing counterfeit money, justifying the application of enhancement
factor (1), and he admitted using a gun during the offense, which justified the trial court’s
application of enhancement factor (10). See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1) and (10).
Appellate counsel said that admissions were an exception to Blakely. Accordingly, appellate
counsel could find no good faith basis for challenging the Petitioner’s sentence on appeal.
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At the conclusion of the hearing, the post-conviction court denied the petition. It
found that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to call Dr. Smith or another expert to
challenge the autopsy report. Specifically, the court noted that the Petitioner claimed at trial
that he fired three or four shots at most, killing the victim in self-defense. The court found
that Dr. Smith’s testimony reflected that the victim was shot no less than six times, refuting
the Petitioner’s version of events. The court found that the result of the trial would not have
been different if Dr. Smith had testified at trial. Additionally, the court found that neither
trial nor appellate counsel were ineffective by failing to raise a Blakely claim because the
Petitioner admitted the existence of the two enhancement factors during his trial testimony.
On appeal, the Petitioner challenges the post-conviction court’s ruling.
II. Analysis
To be successful in his claim for post-conviction relief, the petitioner must prove all
factual allegations contained in his post-conviction petition by clear and convincing
evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f). “‘Clear and convincing evidence means
evidence in which there is no serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the
conclusions drawn from the evidence.’” State v. Holder, 15 S.W.3d 905, 911 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1999) (quoting Hodges v. S.C. Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896, 901 n.3 (Tenn. 1992)).
Issues regarding the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be accorded their
testimony, and the factual questions raised by the evidence adduced at trial are to be resolved
by the post-conviction court as the trier of fact. See Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 579
(Tenn. 1997). Therefore, the post-conviction court’s findings of fact are entitled to
substantial deference on appeal unless the evidence preponderates against those findings. See
Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001).
A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of law and fact. See
State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). We will review the post-conviction court’s
findings of fact de novo with a presumption that those findings are correct. See Fields v.
State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001). However, we will review the post-conviction
court’s conclusions of law purely de novo. Id.
When a petitioner seeks post-conviction relief on the basis of ineffective assistance
of counsel, “the petitioner bears the burden of proving both that counsel’s performance was
deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363,
369 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). To establish
deficient performance, the petitioner must show that counsel’s performance was below “the
range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d
930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). To establish prejudice, the petitioner must show that “there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
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proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Moreover,
[b]ecause a petitioner must establish both prongs of the
test, a failure to prove either deficiency or prejudice provides a
sufficient basis to deny relief on the ineffective assistance claim.
Indeed, a court need not address the components in any
particular order or even address both if the [petitioner] makes an
insufficient showing of one component.
Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697).
As we noted earlier, the Petitioner complained about the failure to call Dr. Smith or
another expert to challenge the accuracy of the autopsy report and appellate counsel’s failure
to raise a Blakely claim. The post-conviction court found that trial counsel was not
ineffective by failing to challenge the autopsy report, particularly in light of Dr. Smith’s
testimony that the victim was shot by no less than six bullets, which refuted the Petitioner’s
claim that only three or four shots were fired. We agree with the post-conviction court.
Additionally, the post-conviction court found that appellate counsel was not ineffective by
failing to raise a Blakely claim because the enhancement factors utilized by the trial court
were admitted by the Petitioner. Again, we agree. Blakely provides that a trial court may
use an enhancement factor admitted by the defendant. See Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303. In the
instant case, the Petitioner admitted both that he had engaged in criminal behavior in the past,
namely drug dealing and passing counterfeit money, and that a gun was used during the
commission of the offense. Kyle, No. W2005-01339-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 2935799, at
**9-10. Moreover, despite appellate counsel’s failure to raise a Blakely claim, this court
acknowledged on direct appeal that Gomez,163 S.W.3d at 661, which held that “Tennessee’s
sentencing structure does not violate the Sixth Amendment,” was the law in Tennessee at the
time of the Petitioner’s sentencing. Id. at *8. Therefore, the Petitioner failed to prove his
post-conviction claims.
III. Conclusion
In sum, we conclude that the post-conviction court correctly found that neither trial
counsel nor appellate counsel were ineffective. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the
post-conviction court.
_________________________________
NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE
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