Gerraldo White v. State of Tennessee

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs April 10, 2012
GERRALDO1 WHITE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 04-07181 W. Otis Higgs, Judge
No. W2011-02295-CCA-R3-PC - Filed August 1, 2012
The petitioner, Gerraldo White, appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief.
The petitioner asserts that the post-conviction court erred in dismissing his petition without
appointing an attorney to represent him, without holding an evidentiary hearing on the issues
raised, and without allowing him an opportunity to respond to the State’s brief opposing his
petition. After a thorough review of the record, we conclude that the petitioner has asserted
no colorable claim to relief, and we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C AMILLE R.
M CM ULLEN and J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J.J., joined.
Gerraldo White, pro se.
Robert E. Cooper, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Counsel; Amy P.
Weirich, District Attorney General; and Anita Spinetta, Assistant District Attorney General,
for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
The petitioner’s convictions arose out of the robbery and murder of Deangelo Shaw.
As detailed in this Court’s opinion on direct appeal, the petitioner and Joshua Taylor were
riding in a car driven by Quincie Washington on the night the crimes were committed. State
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The petitioner’s name on direct appeal is spelled “Gerraldo White.” In the materials submitted to
the post-conviction court, which were apparently prepared with the assistance of an inmate legal aide, the
petitioner’s name appears alternately as “Geraldo White” and “Gerraldo White.” We have respectfully
chosen to use the spelling “Gerraldo White” to avoid confusion regarding the identity of the petitioner.
v. White, No. W2008-02579-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 271271(Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 25,
2010). Quincie Washington was thirty-one years old at the time of the trial, which took
place four years after the murder, and the petitioner and Joshua Taylor were both fifteen
years old at the time the crimes were committed. The petitioner, Mr. Washington, and
Mr.Taylor saw the victim walking and forced him into the car, where the petitioner
demanded the victim’s property at gunpoint. They drove to a secluded location and got out
of the car. The victim was shot once, carried, struggling, to a field, and shot several more
times; his body was then doused in gasoline and set on fire. At trial, Mr. Taylor testified that
the petitioner had a nine millimeter pistol, that Mr. Washington had a .38 pistol, that Mr.
Washington fired all the shots, and that the petitioner doused the body in gasoline at Mr.
Washington’s direction and Mr. Washington set it on fire. According to the petitioner’s
statement, introduced at trial, the petitioner was carrying a .38 revolver that Mr. Washington
had given him, Mr. Washington had a nine millimeter pistol or a “forty,” and the petitioner
fired the first shot at the victim, hitting him in the leg. The petitioner’s statement claimed
Mr. Washington fired the remaining shots and that Mr. Taylor and Mr. Washington poured
gasoline on the body and set it on fire. The petitioner averred he was afraid of Mr.
Washington and did not intend for the victim to get killed. The bullet fragments recovered
from the body – none of which were from the leg – could not have been fired by a .38
revolver. The petitioner was convicted of felony murder, especially aggravated robbery, and
second degree murder, and sentenced to fifteen years for the robbery conviction, fifteen years
for the second degree murder conviction, and life in prison for felony murder. On appeal,
this Court ordered the second degree murder conviction to be merged with the felony murder
conviction and modified the conviction for especially aggravated robbery to a conviction for
aggravated robbery. The cause was remanded for resentencing, and the petitioner
subsequently filed a post-conviction petition. The date and nature of the new sentence
imposed are not included in the record, but the petitioner states that his resentencing took
place in September 2010.
The petitioner’s pro se petition raised two grounds for relief: (1) the petitioner asserts
that his counsel was ineffective in failing to investigate or present mitigating evidence at
sentencing, including his age, the relative age and dominance of Mr. Washington, his
potential for rehabilitation, his lack of familiarity with the criminal justice system, his mental
immaturity, and his affliction with ADHD and bipolar disorder; and (2) the petitioner claims
a due process and equal protection violation based his assertion that Mr. Washington agreed
to plead guilty to facilitation of first degree murder and received only an eight-year sentence,
despite the fact that he believes the evidence shows that Mr. Washington was the sole
shooter.
The State filed a response to the petition on September 23, 2011, arguing that the
petitioner’s allegations did not require the appointment of counsel or an evidentiary hearing.
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Characterizing the petitioner’s challenges as disputing his sentence as excessive and
disputing the sufficiency of the evidence, the State argued that the trial court had imposed
the mandatory minimum sentence and had no discretion to apply mitigating factors to lessen
the sentence and that the sufficiency of the evidence had already been litigated and the
petitioner had admitted to the elements of the crime in his petition. On the same date, the
post-conviction court dismissed the petition without holding an evidentiary hearing or
appointing counsel. The post-conviction court found that the petitioner had not asserted a
cognizable claim under the Post-Conviction Procedure Act. The petitioner filed a motion
for reconsideration, noting he had not received or had a chance to respond to the State’s brief.
The petitioner then filed a timely notice of appeal. On appeal, the petitioner asserts that the
post-conviction court erred in dismissing his petition without affording him an opportunity
to review or respond to the State’s brief, without appointing an attorney to represent him, and
without holding an evidentiary hearing.
Analysis
A petitioner is entitled to post-conviction relief if he is able to establish that his
conviction or sentence is void or voidable due to the abridgment of a constitutional right.
T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2010). To prevail, the petitioner bears the burden of proving the
allegations of fact in his petition by clear and convincing evidence. T.C.A. § 40-30-110.
Appellate review of a post-conviction court’s legal conclusions is de novo with no
presumption of correctness. Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106, 115 (Tenn. 2006). The
summary dismissal of a petition for post-conviction relief is thus reviewed de novo. Arnold
v. State, 143 S.W.3d 784, 786 (Tenn. 2004).
A. Dismissal Without Appointment of Counsel, a Hearing, or Opportunity to
Respond to the State’s Answer
The petitioner asserts the post-conviction court erred in dismissing his petition without
appointing counsel or affording him an opportunity to present evidence at a hearing or
respond to the State’s answer. When a post-conviction petition for relief is filed, the post-
conviction court initially determines if there is a colorable claim for relief. If the post-
conviction court determines the petition presents a colorable claim for relief, counsel shall
be appointed to represent an indigent petitioner. Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 28 § 6(B)(3)(a).
However, if the court determines that the petition has not made out a colorable claim, it must
either dismiss the petition or allow it to be amended. Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 28 § 6(B)(4)(a).
A colorable claim is one which “if taken as true, in the light most favorable to the petitioner,
would entitle petitioner to relief under the Post-Conviction Procedure Act.” Tenn. Sup. Ct.
Rule 28 § 2(H). Dismissal without a hearing is appropriate if the petition fails to state the
reasons that the claim has not been waived or if the petition does not entitle the petitioner to
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relief even if taken as true. Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 28 § 5(F)(4)-(5); T.C.A. § 40-30-106(f) (“If
the facts alleged, taken as true, fail to show that the petitioner is entitled to relief or fail to
show that the claims for relief have not been waived or previously determined, the petition
shall be dismissed.”). Furthermore, the post-conviction court may dismiss the petition
without appointing counsel if it finds that the petition has failed to state a colorable claim.
Pewitt v. State, 1 S.W.3d 674, 676 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999).
Although the petitioner challenges the dismissal of his petition prior to the
appointment of counsel, an evidentiary hearing, or the opportunity to respond to the State’s
answer, the Post-Conviction Procedure Act contemplates dismissal when the post-conviction
court is able to determine that the petitioner would not be entitled to relief based on the
allegations in the petition. Initially, the post-conviction court reviews the petition and
determines whether the petitioner has presented a colorable claim for relief. Burnett v. State,
92 S.W.3d 403, 406 (Tenn. 2002). The post-conviction court may dismiss the petition at this
stage. Id. On the other hand, it may appoint counsel, allow for the petition to be amended,
and, after reviewing the record, including the State’s response, nevertheless conclusively
determine that the petition presents no colorable claim and dismiss the petition without a
hearing. Id. at 407. We conclude that, if the petition did not state a colorable claim, the post-
conviction court was not required to hold an evidentiary hearing or to appoint counsel.
Furthermore, there is no statutory right for the petitioner to reply to the State’s answer.
T.C.A. § 40-30-109 (“If, on reviewing the petition, the response, files, and records, the court
determines conclusively that the petitioner is entitled to no relief, the court shall dismiss the
petition.”); T.C.A. § 40-30-108 (detailing content of State’s answer but omitting to mention
petitioner’s reply); Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 28 § 5(G)-(H) (same); see also Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule
28 § 6(C) (detailing petitioner’s and State’s obligations); Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 28 § 2
(definitions include “petition,” “answer,” and “motion to reopen,” but omit petitioner’s
reply). Dismissal is based on whether the petition itself has stated a colorable claim entitling
the petitioner to relief. Although the post-conviction court may await a reply from the
petitioner, see Parton v. State, 483 S.W.2d 753, 755 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1972) (“Judicial
action may be postponed until the respondent has filed a response and the petitioner has had
time to reply.”), the post-conviction court may also dismiss the petition sua sponte, prior to
any answer from the State. Because the post-conviction court’s dismissal hinges on its
conclusive determination that the petition states no colorable claim, it was not obligated to
wait for either the State’s answer to the petition or the petitioner’s reply prior to dismissal.
We note that, in the event of the dismissal of a post-conviction petition, the Rules also
require the post-conviction court to
enter an order specifying its findings of fact and conclusions of
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law in support of the determination that the petition does not
state a colorable claim. The order shall state specifically the
facts which support dismissal including whether the petition is
barred by the statute of limitation, was filed in a court without
jurisdiction, or whether the petition fails to specify the grounds
for relief, the facts supporting those grounds, or fails to establish
that the claim(s) have not been waived or previously determined.
Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 28 § 6(B)(4)(c). See also T.C.A. § 40-30-111(b) (“Upon the final
disposition of every petition, the court shall enter a final order, and except where proceedings
for delayed appeal are allowed, shall set forth in the order or a written memorandum of the
case all grounds presented, and shall state the findings of fact and conclusions of law with
regard to each ground.”); T.C.A. § 40-30-106(f) (“The order of dismissal shall set forth the
court’s conclusions of law.”). Although the post-conviction court failed to set forth its
findings and legal conclusions, reversal is not necessary if the record is sufficient for
meaningful appellate review. See Rickman v. State, 972 S.W.2d 687, 692 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1997); State v. Swanson, 680 S.W.2d 487, 489 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1984); see also Wallen v.
State, No. E2000-02052-CCA-R3-PC, 2001 WL 839533, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 25,
2001) (finding the record allowed for meaningful appellate review where the “issue is
resolved in this appeal by the language of the petition”). The post-conviction court,
apparently persuaded by the State’s characterization of the claims as challenging the
sufficiency of the evidence and length of the petitioner’s sentence, summarily dismissed the
petition with only the statement that the petitioner had “not asserted a cognizable claim.”
Because the petition’s dismissal is a question of law reviewed de novo and because the
record includes all materials before the post-conviction court, we conclude that the record
is sufficient for meaningful appellate review.
B. Colorable Claim
Whether the post-conviction court erred in dismissing the petition without appointing
counsel or holding an evidentiary hearing, therefore, hinges on whether the petitioner
asserted a colorable claim to relief. “[I]f the facts alleged, taken as true, fail to show that the
petitioner is entitled to relief, or in other words, fail to state a colorable claim, the petition
shall be dismissed.” Burnett v. State, 92 S.W.3d at 406.
Contrary to the State’s assertion in both its response to the post-conviction petition
and in its appellate brief, the petitioner’s claims are not merely challenges to the sufficiency
of the evidence or to an excessive sentence. While the headings in the petition do not assert
constitutional violations, a brief review of the petition itself reveals that the petitioner alleges
that his constitutional rights were violated in that his counsel was ineffective in failing to
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present mitigating circumstances to the trial court at sentencing and in that his sentence was
disproportionate. Accordingly, we examine whether either challenge presents a colorable
claim for relief.
1. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The petitioner’s right to representation by counsel is guaranteed by the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and by article I, section 9 of the Tennessee
Constitution. This is the right to the reasonably effective assistance of counsel. Pylant v.
State, 263 S.W.3d 854, 868 (Tenn. 2008). In order to prevail in his claim that his counsel’s
performance was an abridgment of his constitutional rights, the petitioner must show both
that his counsel’s performance was deficient and that this deficiency resulted in prejudice.
Id. Counsel is effective if counsel’s performance falls within the range of competence
required of criminal defense attorneys. Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996).
Prejudice does not require showing that the deficient performance more than likely affected
the outcome of trial; instead, the petitioner must show “a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984). Because the petitioner must prove both
deficiency and prejudice, the court can deny the petition based on a failure to show either
prong; it need not address both components. Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370.
In this case, the petitioner argues that his counsel was ineffective in failing to present
certain mitigating evidence for the trial court to consider during sentencing. The petitioner
was convicted of aggravated robbery and first degree murder. He received a sentence of life
imprisonment for the first degree murder conviction for an effective life sentence. Under
statute, a conviction for first degree murder is punishable by death, life imprisonment without
the possibility of parole, or life imprisonment. T.C.A. § 39-13-202(c). Because the
petitioner received the minimum sentence for his conviction and because the trial court
lacked discretion to alter his sentence, the petitioner will not be able to show prejudice. We
conclude that the post-conviction court did not err in dismissing this allegation for failure to
state a colorable claim.
2. Proportionality Review
The petitioner next challenges his sentence’s comparative proportionality. Insofar as
the petition asserts a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence showing the petitioner’s
participation in the crimes of which he was convicted, that issue has been previously
determined on direct appeal and is not cognizable as a post-conviction claim. Myers v. State,
462 S.W.2d 265, 267 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1970). However, the petitioner also asserts that
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Quincie Washington’s greater role in the murder and comparative age and influence,
combined with the fact that Mr. Washington pled guilty to facilitation of first degree murder
and was sentenced to only eight years in prison, is a violation of his right to due process and
equal protection. A pro se post-conviction petition is held to less stringent standards than one
prepared with the assistance of counsel, Allen v. State, 854 S.W.2d 873, 875 (Tenn. 1993),
and we interpret this claim as a challenge to the comparative proportionality of the
petitioner’s sentence under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the
broader protection afforded by article I, section 16 of the Tennessee Constitution. While the
trial court, as noted above, had no discretion to impose a lesser sentence, the petitioner may
challenge the mandatory minimum sentence required by statute.
Except under certain circumstances not relevant here, a ground for relief is waived if
the petitioner personally or through an attorney failed to present it for determination in any
proceeding before a court of competent jurisdiction in which the ground could have been
presented. T.C.A. § 40-30-106(g). Furthermore, a post-conviction petition is subject to
dismissal without a hearing if it “does not state the reasons that the claim is not barred by the
statute of limitations, waived, or previously determined.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 28 § 5(F)(4).
Accordingly, “when a trial court determines . . . that a claim has been waived, the trial court
may, in its discretion, summarily dismiss the petition without the appointment of counsel.
Almost any ground for relief, except ineffective assistance of counsel, could be raised during
trial, and failure to do so will be deemed a waiver.” Blair v. State, 969 S.W.2d 423, 425
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). The petition does not include any reason that this claim was not
raised on direct review; accordingly, the claim is waived. Moreover, the Tennessee Supreme
Court has noted that “[o]utside the context of capital punishment, successful challenges to
the proportionality of particular sentences [will be] exceedingly rare.” State v. Harris, 844
S.W.2d 601, 602 (Tenn. 1992) (quoting Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 289-90 (1983)). In
this case, the petitioner’s challenge would not survive the threshold inquiry of non-capital
proportionality review – whether the sentence is grossly disproportionate to the crime
committed, id. at 603 – and review would not extend to a comparative analysis of the
sentences imposed for the similar crimes. The petitioner’s challenge, furthermore, is based
on his co-defendant’s guilty plea to a different crime – facilitation of first degree murder.
See also State v. Pruitt, 2011 WL 2417856, at *40-41 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 13, 2011)
(concluding that death sentence was not grossly disproportionate to the offense of felony
murder). Because the petitioner has waived this issue by failing to present it on direct
review, the post-conviction court did not err in finding that the petitioner presented no
colorable claim.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the post-conviction petition does not state a colorable claim to relief
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under the Post-Conviction Procedure Act, and accordingly affirm the post-conviction court’s
summary dismissal.
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JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE
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