State of Tennessee v. Jerry McGaha

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs May 24, 2011
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JERRY MCGAHA
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Cocke County
No. 30,871 Ben W. Hooper, II, Judge
No. E2009-02553-CCA-R3-PC - Filed December 7, 2011
Petitioner, Jerry McGaha, pled guilty in the Cocke County Circuit Court to nine counts of
rape of a child. He was sentenced to twenty-five years on each count. After imposing
consecutive sentences, Petitioner received an effective sentence of fifty years. After his
direct appeal to this Court, his effective sentence was reduced to forty-six years. State v.
Jerry McGaha, No. E2001-01547-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 499273, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
at Knoxville, Apr. 3, 2002). After a delayed appeal to the supreme court, which was
achieved through the filing of a petition for post-conviction relief, Petitioner filed a
subsequent petition for post-conviction relief arguing that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to raise the issue that the enhancement of his sentence was illegal under Apprendi v.
New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). The post-conviction court denied the petition. On appeal,
Appellant argues that he was afforded ineffective assistance of counsel because trial counsel
failed to raise Apprendi. We conclude that he must fail on this issue because at the time of
the sentencing hearing our supreme court had held that Apprendi did not affect the Tennessee
sentencing scheme. Therefore, trial counsel could not be ineffective for failing to raise the
issue. Petitioner also argues that it was plain error for the trial court to not raise Apprendi.
Because this issue was not a basis for relief included in his petition, this issue is waived.
Therefore, we affirm the post-conviction court’s denial of the petition for post-conviction
relief.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court is Affirmed.
J ERRY L. S MITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER and
D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., JJ., Joined.
Carter S. Moore, Newport, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jerry McGaha.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter, Nicholas W. Spangler, Assistant
Attorney General; James Dunn, District Attorney General, and Browlow Marsh, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Factual Background
The underlying facts were set out in Petitioner’s direct appeal as follows:
The statement of facts presented by the State at the plea hearing
revealed that, on at least nine different occasions during the summer of 1999
and January of 2000, the thirty-four-year old Defendant forced the victim, his
ten year old cousin, to perform oral sex on him and digitally penetrated the
victim’s anus. The Defendant threatened to kill the victim and the victim’s
family if he told anyone of the abuse. Once discovered, the Defendant
confessed to the crimes.
The Defendant pleaded guilty to nine counts of rape of a child. The
plea agreement provided that the sentences for counts one through seven
would run concurrently with one another and that the sentences for counts
eight and nine would run concurrently with one another. The trial court was
to determine the length of the sentences and whether the sentences for counts
eight and nine should run consecutively to the sentences for counts one
through seven.
State v. Jerry McGaha, No. E2001-01547-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 499273, at *1 (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Knoxville, Apr. 3, 2002). At a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced
Petitioner to twenty-five years for each count with counts eight and nine running concurrently
to each other, but consecutively to counts one through seven. See id. Therefore, Petitioner
was sentenced to an effective sentence of fifty years.
On direct appeal, Petitioner argued that the trial court erred in applying two
enhancement factors, the victim was particularly vulnerable because of age and the defendant
abused a position of private trust, and in ordering that the sentences be served consecutively.
Id. at *2-3. This Court held that the trial court erred in applying one of the enhancement
factors, the victim was particularly vulnerable because of age, but the trial court was correct
-2-
in ordering consecutive sentences. Id. As a result, this Court modified Petitioner’s sentence
to twenty-three years for each conviction, and ordered the same sentences to be run
concurrently and consecutively. Id. at *3. Therefore, Petitioner’s effective sentence after
appeal was forty-six years.
At this point, the procedural history becomes convoluted. This Court’s opinion in the
direct appeal was filed April 3, 2002. Apparently, Petitioner’s appellate counsel on direct
appeal did not attempt an appeal to our supreme court.1 Petitioner subsequently filed a
petition for post-conviction relief on May 19, 2005. On January 19, 2007, the trial court filed
an order granting Petitioner’s petition for post-conviction relief and granting permission to
late-file an appeal to the supreme court. On May 14, 2007, our supreme court denied
Petitioner’s application for permission to appeal.
On October 11, 2007, Petitioner filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief. On
December 10, 2007, the post-conviction court filed an order entitled “Preliminary Order
(Colorable Claim).” In this order, the post-conviction court stated that although this was
Petitioner’s second petition, the post-conviction court considered the claims presented as
colorable because “the only relief afforded under the first petition was the granting of a
delayed appeal.”
On February 18, 2009, the post-conviction court held an evidentiary hearing. The
hearing covered Petitioner’s argument that he was afforded ineffective assistance of counsel
because trial counsel did not raise the issue that his sentence was illegal under the United
States Supreme Court opinion of Apprendi.2 Trial counsel testified at the evidentiary
hearing. He stated that at the time that Petitioner entered his guilty plea he was not aware of
Apprendi. He admitted that he did not raise it at the time. Trial counsel stated that he was
1
The technical record on appeal consists of all the documents filed in the post-conviction court
following his petition for a delayed appeal to our supreme court. For the information between his direct
appeal and the subsequent petition, we rely on the proceedings at the post-conviction evidentiary hearing at
hand and the record on direct appeal, of which we can take judicial notice.
2
In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court held that, “[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction,
any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted
to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 490. In Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 587 (2002),
the Court applied Apprendi to hold that because Arizona conditioned eligibility for the death penalty upon
the presence of an aggravating fact that was not an element of first degree murder, the Sixth Amendment
guaranteed the defendant a right to a jury determination of that fact. Subsequently, in Blakely v. Washington,
542 U.S. 296 (2004), the Supreme Court determined that the “statutory maximum” sentence for Apprendi
purposes is “the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury
verdict or admitted by the defendant.” 542 U.S. at 301.
-3-
unsure of the time frame of Apprendi, but he believes that if it was in effect that he would
have had an obligation to raise the issue because it would have been the law of the land.
Trial counsel was of the opinion that trial court could not have enhanced Petitioner’s
sentence under Apprendi with any enhancement factor other than his prior criminal history
of which he had none.
Trial counsel stated that the only problem he had representing Petitioner was an
inability to “run him down” and “getting him into the office to interview him.” However,
he stated that eventually he was able to meet with him. Trial counsel and his staff
investigated all leads given to them by Petitioner. They interviewed between five and ten
witnesses in an attempt to locate an alibi witness. Trial counsel stated that he specifically
told Petitioner that he was looking at a sentence of fifteen to fifty years.
Petitioner also testified at the hearing. He stated that trial counsel told him that his
potential sentence was fifteen to twenty-five years and that trial counsel did not tell him that
there was a potential for consecutive sentences. Petitioner thought his maximum sentence
would be twenty-five years. He did admit that trial counsel explained that his sentence would
be served at 100 percent service.
Petitioner also stated that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to notify him
regarding filing his appeals. Petitioner admitted this mistake was later remedied by the
delayed appeal. Petitioner stated that he believed trial counsel was ineffective for not raising
a plain error issue when the case was initially appealed.
Petitioner also stated that he had problems with reading and writing. He did not go
to school past the eighth grade.
Following the hearing, the post-conviction court denied the petition by an order filed
March 9, 2009. The order stated the following:
1. Petitioner’s Second Petition for Post-Conviction was timely filed; and
2. Petitioner’s allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel is not supported
by the proof; and
3. The sentences handed down by this Court were, and still are, proper
sentences in light of Apprendi, Blakely, and Gomez; and
4. That the Petition for Post-Conviction Relief should be denied.
-4-
Petitioner filed a pro se notice of appeal on December 10, 2009.
ANALYSIS
State’s Issues Concerning Petition Being Second Petition
We first address the State’s argument that the post-conviction court properly
dismissed the petition because the petition was the second petition for post-conviction relief.
Initially, we point out that this fact was not the basis of the post-conviction court’s dismissal
of the petition. In fact, as quoted above, the post-conviction court specifically stated that the
first petition requested a delayed appeal, which was granted and, therefore, there was no
other relief granted other than the delayed appeal.
In State v. Gibson, 7 S.W.3d 47 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998), this Court stated that when
a petitioner files a petition for post-conviction relief asking for a delayed appeal, a
subsequent petition is not barred by statute. This Court stated the following:
In those situations where an appellant seeks post-conviction relief both
in the form of a new trial and a delayed appeal, we believe the better procedure
is for the trial court to grant the delayed appeal, when warranted, and dismiss
the collateral attack upon the conviction without prejudice. We are cognizant
of the statutory provision which contemplates the filing of only one petition for
post-conviction relief from a single judgment. Tenn. Code Ann. §
40–30–202(c). This statute provides that if a petition has been resolved on its
merits, a subsequent petition must be summarily dismissed. Tenn Code Ann.
§§ 40–30–202(c); 40–30–206(b). Conversely, we interpret this to mean that
those petitions not resolved “on their merits” are not subject to dismissal. Id.
This procedure would allow the appellant to pursue his post-conviction relief
after review from the supreme court. The order of the supreme court denying
an application for permission to appeal pursuant to Rule 11 shall be deemed
a final judgment and the petition for post-conviction relief must be filed within
one year of the date of this order; otherwise, the petition is barred. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40–30–202.
Gibson, 7 S.W.3d at 50.
-5-
Therefore, the petition at issue in this appeal would not be considered a second
petition subject to summary dismissal.
The State also argues that Petitioner’s argument regarding ineffective assistance of
counsel should be waived for failure to provide an adequate record as required by Rule 24
of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. The State points out that the record does not
contain a copy of the first petition for post-conviction relief. The State argues that this Court
cannot determine whether the ineffective assistance of counsel argument has been previously
ruled upon by the post-conviction court. However, as stated above, the post-conviction court
specifically stated that the only issue ruled upon with the first petition was the delayed
appeal. We conclude that the first petition asking for a delayed appeal is not necessary for
review of the issue at hand and that the post-conviction court’s statement is sufficient to
demonstrate what was requested in the first petition. Therefore, Petitioner’s issue is not
waived for this reason.
Dismissal for Failure to Timely File Notice of Appeal
The State also argues that Petitioner’s appeal from the denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief should be dismissed because Petitioner filed his notice of appeal on
December 10, 2009, when the petition was denied on March 9, 2009, and he had thirty days
from that date to file his notice of appeal.
On March 14, 2010, this Court filed an order responding to a motion to proceed pro
se in his appeal from the post-conviction court’s denial of his petition. In that order, we
recited facts asserted by Petitioner in his motion including complaints concerning his
dissatisfaction with his post-conviction attorney. Petitioner asserted that he repeatedly
attempted to communicate with his attorney before the hearing on his petition, but he had no
communication until the day of the hearing. After the hearing, he wrote her asking about the
status of his appeal and received no response. On December 3, 2009, Petitioner discovered
that a notice of appeal had not been filed on his behalf by contacting the appellate court clerk.
On December 10, 2009, he filed a pro se notice of appeal to begin the appeals process. On
March 22, 2010, Petitioner’s post-conviction counsel filed a notice of appeal.
In response to Petitioner’s request, this Court stated the following:
The limited record available to this court is insufficient to determine
whether the appellant’s allegations regarding the total lack of communication
between him and [post-conviction counsel] have merit, and whether [post-
conviction counsel’s] failure to file a Notice of Appeal timely was the result
-6-
of gross negligence or some other cause. What is clear is that the appellant has
clearly and unequivocally expressed dissatisfaction with [post-conviction
counsel’s] representation at the outset of this appeal and, at the same time, has
expressed a desire to represent himself. Under these circumstances, this court
is compelled to remand this case to the post-conviction court for consideration
of the appellant’s motion to represent himself.
(citations omitted).
On June 10, 2010, the post-conviction court filed an order concerning the issues this
Court ordered to be addressed on remand. The post-conviction court held that Petitioner had
not waived his right to counsel knowingly and intelligently and that counsel should be
appointed. The post-conviction court appointed counsel who is representing Petitioner on
this appeal.
The State argues that the notice of appeal was nine months late and, therefore, the
appeal should be dismissed. The State is correct in its assertion that Tennessee Rule of
Appellate Procedure 4(a) mandates that a notice of appeal to this court shall be filed “within
30 days after the date of entry of the judgment appealed from . . . .” However, in criminal
cases, “the ‘notice of appeal’ document is not jurisdictional and the filing of such document
may be waived in the interests of justice.” T.C.A. § 27-1-123; see also Tenn. R. App. P. 4.
In the case at hand, we conclude that timely filing of the notice of appeal should be
waived. As stated above, this Court remanded the case to the post-conviction court for
findings regarding the actions of Petitioner’s post-conviction counsel and whether Petitioner
should be allowed to proceed with his appeal pro se. The post-conviction court filed an order
appointing counsel for Petitioner’s appeal. Therefore, we conclude that this Court’s remand
and the lower court’s subsequent appointment of counsel necessitates the waiver of the
timely filing of the notice of appeal.
Post–Conviction Standard of Review
The post-conviction court’s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal unless the
evidence preponderates otherwise. See State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999).
During our review of the issues raised, we will afford those findings of fact the weight of a
jury verdict, and this Court is bound by the post-conviction court’s findings unless the
evidence in the record preponderates against those findings. See Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d
572, 578 (Tenn. 1997); Alley v. State, 958 S.W.2d 138, 147 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). This
Court may not re-weigh or re-evaluate the evidence, nor substitute its inferences for those
-7-
drawn by the post-conviction court. See State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 766 (Tenn.
2001). However, the post-conviction court’s conclusions of law are reviewed under a purely
de novo standard with no presumption of correctness. See Shields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450,
458 (Tenn. 2001).
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
When a petitioner seeks post-conviction relief on the basis of ineffective assistance
of counsel, the petitioner bears the burden of showing that (a) the services rendered by trial
counsel were deficient and (b) that the deficient performance was prejudicial. See Powers
v. State, 942 S.W.2d 551, 558 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). In order to demonstrate deficient
performance, the petitioner must show that the services rendered or the advice given was
below “the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Baxter v. Rose,
523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). In order to demonstrate prejudice, the petitioner must
show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 694 (1984). “Because a petitioner must establish both prongs of the test to prevail on
a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, failure to prove either deficient performance or
resulting prejudice provides a sufficient basis to deny relief on the claim.” Henley v. State,
960 S.W.2d 572, 580 (Tenn. 1997).
As noted above, this Court will afford the post-conviction court’s factual findings a
presumption of correctness, rendering them conclusive on appeal unless the record
preponderates against the court’s findings. See id. at 578. However, our supreme court has
“determined that issues of deficient performance by counsel and possible prejudice to the
defense are mixed questions of law and fact . . . ; thus, [appellate] review of [these issues]
is de novo” with no presumption of correctness. Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 461.
Furthermore, on claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner is not
entitled to the benefit of hindsight. See Adkins v. State, 911 S.W.2d 334, 347 (Tenn. 1994).
This Court may not second-guess a reasonably-based trial strategy, and we cannot grant relief
based on a sound, but unsuccessful, tactical decision made during the course of the
proceedings. See id. However, such deference to the tactical decisions of counsel applies
only if counsel makes those decisions after adequate preparation for the case. See Cooper
v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).
Petitioner argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to raise Apprendi, which
was decided in 2000, at either the sentencing hearing held on June 25, 2001, or on direct
appeal which was completed on April 3, 2002. He argues that his sentences would not have
been enhanced under Apprendi because the trial court could not have legally applied the
-8-
enhancement factors used at sentencing or ordered consecutive sentences. The State argues
that Apprendi did not affect Tennessee’s sentencing scheme until Blakely v. Washington, 542
U.S. 296 (2004).
This Court has previously held in a similar situation that trial counsel was not
ineffective for failing to raise Apprendi at a sentencing hearing held on October 22, 2001.
Johnny Lee Lewis v. State, No. M2009-01471-CCA-R3-PC, 2010 WL 4545805, at *10-11
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Nov. 12, 2010), perm. app. denied, (Tenn. Mar. 9, 2011).
This Court stated the following:
[A]n examination of the holding of Apprendi leads us to conclude that Trial
Counsel cannot be found deficient for failing to raise this issue at the
Petitioner’s sentencing hearing.
In Apprendi, the Supreme Court held, “Other than the fact of a prior
conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the
prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond
a reasonable doubt.” 530 U.S. at 490. It was not until Blakely and
Cunningham [v. California, 549 U.S. 270 (2007)] that the Supreme Court
explained what it meant by the “statutory maximum” sentence that Apprendi
referred to. In Apprendi, the defendant pleaded guilty a crime that was
punishable by five to ten years in prison. Id. at 469-70. However, he received
an enhanced sentence of twelve years based on the application of a hate-crime
statute. Id. at 471. Given the facts of Apprendi, it would be reasonable to
conclude that when the Court referred to a “statutory maximum,” it was
referring to the ten years of possible incarceration for the crime to which the
defendant pleaded guilty. In fact, our supreme court interpreted Apprendi in
just that way.
In 1991, Thomas Eugene Graham was convicted of aggravated rape, a
Class A felony, aggravated kidnapping, a Class A felony, and aggravated
burglary, a Class C felony. See State v. Thomas Eugene Graham, No.
03C01–9112–CR–00391, 1993 WL 218264, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
Knoxville, June 22, 1993). Graham was given the maximum Range I
sentences for each offense-twenty-five years for the Class A felonies and six
years for the Class C felony. Id. In 2002, the Tennessee Supreme Court
examined Graham’s case after lower courts had denied his motion to reopen
a previous petition for post-conviction relief. See Graham v. State, 90 S.W.3d
687, 688-89 (Tenn. 2002). Our supreme court examined whether the
-9-
maximum sentences imposed by the trial court, after it made a “finding of
several enhancement factors,” violated Apprendi because the enhancement
factors had not been found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. See id. at
691-92. Our supreme court held that because Graham “received a sentence
within the statutory maximum for each crime[,] . . . the trial court was well
within its constitutional and statutory authority to consider enhancing factors
for the purpose of sentencing without the assistance of the jury.” Id. at 692
(emphasis in original). Given that, before Blakely and Cunningham, the
Tennessee Supreme Court interpreted Apprendi in such a way that precludes
a finding that the Petitioner’s trial counsel was deficient in failing to raise the
issue, we conclude that the Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Id.
Therefore, because this Court has previously determined that trial counsel was not
deficient for failing to raise Apprendi at a sentencing hearing before the United States
Supreme Court’s opinion in Blakely, we are constrained to determine that Petitioner’s trial
counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise Apprendi in the sentencing hearing.
Plain Error
Petitioner also argues that “it was plain error for the court to not consider Apprendi
v. New Jersey in the sentencing hearing.” The issue, as presented, does not argue that trial
or appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the Apprendi issue pursuant to plain
error.
This issue must be waived. In the lower court, Petitioner argued that he was afforded
ineffective assistance of counsel because of trial counsel’s failure to raise the Apprendi issue.
Likewise, any issue as to whether the failure to apply Apprendi at the sentencing hearing
must be restricted to whether trial counsel raised the issue. When a petitioner raises an issue
for the first time on appeal, that issue is waived. See Black v. Blount, 938 S.W.2d 394, 403
(Tenn. 1996). In addition, a petitioner may not change theories between the lower court and
the appellate court. State v. Alder, 71 S.W.3d 299, 303 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). Because
Petitioner did not allege this issue in his post-conviction petition, the post-conviction court
did not address this issue in its order. Therefore, this issue is waived.
-10-
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the post-conviction court’s denial of the petition
for post-conviction relief.
___________________________________
JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE
-11-