State of Tennessee v. Dib Driver

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs June 22, 2011
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DIB DRIVER
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Rutherford County
No. F-63528 David M. Bragg, Judge
No. M2010-01570-CCA-R3-CD - Filed November 8, 2011
The Defendant, Dib Driver, was found guilty by a Rutherford County Circuit Court jury of
solicitation of sexual exploitation of a minor, a Class B felony; six counts of attempted
solicitation of sexual exploitation of a minor, a Class C felony; two counts of sexual battery
by an authority figure, a Class C felony; two counts of attempted sexual battery by an
authority figure, a Class D felony; attempted sexual battery, a Class A misdemeanor; and two
counts of attempted assault, a Class C misdemeanor. See T.C.A. §§ 39-12-101 (2010)
(attempt), 39-13-101 (2006) (amended 2009, 2010) (assault), 39-13-505 (2010) (sexual
battery), 39-13-527 (2010) (sexual battery by an authority figure), 39-13-529 (2010)
(solicitation of sexual exploitation of a minor). He was sentenced as a Range I, standard
offender to serve ten years for solicitation of sexual exploitation of a minor, five years for
two counts of sexual battery by an authority figure, four years for six counts of attempted
solicitation of sexual exploitation of a minor, three years for two counts of attempted sexual
battery by an authority figure, eleven months and twenty-nine days for attempted sexual
battery, and thirty days for two counts of attempted assault. The trial court imposed partially
consecutive sentences yielding an effective fifteen-year sentence for these offenses. After
the convictions, the Defendant pled guilty to attempted especially aggravated kidnapping, a
Class B felony, pertaining to a count of the indictment that was severed from the counts
charging sexual offenses. See id., § 39-13-305 (2010) (especially aggravated kidnapping).
The court imposed a twelve-year sentence consecutively to the effective fifteen-year sentence
for the other convictions, for a final effective sentence of twenty-seven years. On appeal, the
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his two motions for a mistrial. We
affirm the judgments of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed
J OSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which R OBERT W.
W EDEMEYER and C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.
Derek R. Howard (at trial and on appeal) and Darwin H. Colston (on appeal), Murfreesboro,
Tennessee, for the appellant, Dib Driver.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Assistant Attorney
General; William Whitesell, District Attorney General; and Laural Hemenway, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
The Defendant’s convictions arose from sexual offenses against the victim, M.G. She
was legally adopted by her biological grandmother, who lived with the Defendant. This
opinion will refer to her as the victim’s mother. There was conflicting proof at the trial about
whether the victim’s mother and the Defendant were married. The Defendant’s sexual
assaults of the victim spanned various time periods between July 2007 and February 2008.
The victim testified that she turned nineteen on February 1, 2010, meaning the offenses took
place when she was sixteen to eighteen years old.
The victim testified that for a time, she participated in extracurricular activities at
school but later was not allowed to do so. She said the Defendant promised to talk to her
mother about allowing her to resume participation in the extracurricular activities if she
would allow him to “do things” to her. She said that the Defendant wanted her to “let him
put his penis between [her] legs and rub there for a minute or two” and that she agreed. She
said that she and the Defendant were in the master bedroom and that she pulled down her
pants and watched a clock as the Defendant rubbed against her and ejaculated. She said that
she was sixteen at the time and that the date was approximately July 16, 2007. She said there
were four other encounters in July 2007, the second being the day after the July 16 incident.
She said that she began sleeping in blue jeans to make it more difficult for her pants to be
removed and that there were about six other incidents after she began sleeping in blue jeans
that summer.
The victim testified that after she came home from school one day, the Defendant
asked her to help him move a fish tank and furniture in the master bedroom. She said that
as she went up the stairs, the Defendant grabbed her waist, pulled her, and threw her into the
bedroom. She said the Defendant told her that either she could allow him to put his penis
between her legs or he would rape her. She screamed and began having an asthma attack.
The Defendant yelled for her to “forget it” and did not continue the assault. The victim said
that there had been no inappropriate contact for some time before this incident and that she
became fearful after it.
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The victim testified that on one occasion, the Defendant told her to wash herself, then
knocked on the bathroom door and said she had a telephone call. She said that when she
came out of the bathroom in a towel, the Defendant slammed her to the bed and told her not
to scream or he would rape her. She said she grabbed a knife she had hidden and cut the
Defendant on his stomach.
The victim testified that on another occasion, the Defendant took her to gather fire
wood and pushed her down while they were in his truck. She pulled a pocket knife, and he
grabbed it. She said that she screamed and resisted and that the Defendant told her to stop
but eventually left her alone. She said the Defendant claimed he was only trying to hug her
and said he did not understand her reaction. The victim said that after the attack in the truck,
she and the Defendant had an agreement that he would no longer ask her to do anything
sexual, that they did not have to be in the same room, that he would stay on the other side of
the room if they were in the same room, and that he would not talk to her before her mother
came home from work.
The victim testified that when she came home from school on February 12, 2008, the
Defendant was in the kitchen cooking a pizza and asked her to come into the kitchen to check
the pizza. She thought this was strange and told him she had a large amount of homework.
She said that the Defendant began yelling and that he scared her. She left the house through
a back door. She said the Defendant called her cell phone several times after she left, but she
did not answer. She called her mother to pick her up. After she was with her mother, she
revealed the sexual offenses. She said she had not told her mother previously because the
Defendant claimed the stress would be dangerous to her mother’s health.
The victim’s mother testified that while she was at work on February 12, 2008, the
victim called her and revealed the Defendant’s actions. She said that while she was in her
truck, the Defendant called, and she informed him of the victim’s allegations. She said the
Defendant accused the victim of lying. She said the victim screamed at the Defendant on the
telephone that he knew he had done the things the victim claimed. She and the victim went
to the Sheriff’s Department concerning the allegations. She said she told the Defendant that
she was bringing the victim home to change clothes and that she did not want the victim to
be in his presence.
The victim’s mother testified that when she and the victim arrived home, the
Defendant said that she and the victim were trying to ruin his life. She told the Defendant
to go to her brother-in-law’s home nearby. The Defendant left but called to ask if she would
bring him some food. She told him he could return to the house to get food.
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The victim’s mother testified that after the Defendant went to her brother-in-law’s
house, she noticed that a handgun and $3450 in cash were missing from the home. She said
she called her brother-in-law and asked him to question the Defendant about the gun’s
whereabouts. Outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel moved for a mistrial on the
basis that the evidence about the Defendant’s taking a gun was prejudicial and was contrary
to an earlier ruling of the court. The trial court denied the motion for a mistrial and found
that the evidence did not show a bad act by the Defendant, and therefore, the Defendant was
not prejudiced. The court reminded counsel for both parties:
[T]his court has previously ruled that the statement that Mr.
Driver made [about killing the victim’s mother and the victim]
when he came back to the house is admissible as his statement,
and that what [the victim’s mother] is not . . . allowed to do is to
talk about using the handgun in a threatening manner or pointing
the handgun at her.
So, Counsel, for . . . the State as well as for the
Defendant, will have to be cautious when they answer questions
concerning that.
The victim’s mother testified that during the telephone call, she stubbed her toe and
found a loaded STS rifle under the bedroom carpet. She said the Defendant told her that he
put the gun and money in another drawer for safekeeping and that he and the victim were
going to use the rifle to kill stray dogs. She said she looked through the drawers where the
Defendant claimed to have put the handgun and the money but did not find either.
The victim’s mother testified that she heard a knock on the door and that she sent the
victim to the victim’s bedroom. She allowed the Defendant to come inside to get the food.
She said that the Defendant was not argumentative and that she took the food from the
refrigerator and a cabinet. She said that as she tied the grocery bag containing the food, the
Defendant spun her around and said he was going to kill the victim and her because he was
not going to jail. She said the Defendant told her that “double murder would carry the same
amount of time as rape.” She said the Defendant also stated that he could not go to jail
because “his brother had a contract on him.” The victim’s mother said, “He asked me to call
[the victim] in. I said, . . . why are you doing this[?] Put the gun down. Do you know how
guilty you’re making yourself look? The man actually showed me –.” Outside the presence
of the jury, defense counsel again objected that the testimony was contrary to the court’s
ruling. The trial court denied the motion for a mistrial and cautioned:
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The Court would take this opportunity, again, to remind
Counsel that this Court has stated that Mr. Driver’s statement
that he made to [the victim’s mother] concerning – or actually
the statement that’s already come into evidence is allowed into
evidence. But nothing else concerning a gun or what he did
with the gun or any other events related to the charges that arose
out of the events on February 12th is admissible in this case.
The court then instructed the witness:
COURT: Now . . . having said that, let me give you
some direction, okay.
WITNESS: Yes, sir.
COURT: You are allowed to make the statement
which you have already made that [the Defendant]
made to you concerning his threat, and that he
would do more time or [the] same amount of time
for a double murder . . . [than] he would do for a
rape.
WITNESS: Yes, sir.
COURT: That he couldn’t go to jail. That his
brother had a hit or a contract out on him, and he
couldn’t go to jail. All right.
WITNESS: Yes, sir.
COURT: You are not to testify at all about him
holding a gun to your head or him having a gun.
You are not to make any statement at all
concerning a gun. All right?
WITNESS: Okay, Your Honor.
The court explained to the witness that there were pending charges related to the February
12 incident that had been severed from the charges being tried. When the court asked if the
witness was aware of the severance, she acknowledged that it had been “mentioned” to her.
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The court reviewed the witness’s testimony with her and advised her that she could not tell
the jury that the Defendant made statements that she was not allowed to repeat to them or that
she told the Defendant that she was going to check on the victim and he could shoot her in
the back if he wanted to do so. The court said again, “[Y]ou cannot say anything about a gun
or getting shot or getting threatened with a gun. All right? Because [the Defendant] is also
charged with that. And we’re going to have a trial on those charges.” The court also told
the witness not to mention anything the Defendant said he would do if the police came for
him.
The jury returned to the courtroom, and the trial court instructed them:
Ladies and gentlemen, before we took our break during [the
witness’s] testimony, she made a statement. And during that
statement, she made mention of a gun. There is nothing in this
case related to a gun. And I have ruled that that statement is
irrelevant to the charges related to this case and is inadmissible.
And, therefore, you are to strike from your minds any
mention of that word. And you are also not to consider that or
make use of that statement that involved a gun during your
deliberations in this case.
The State resumed its questioning of the victim’s mother, who testified that the
Defendant looked through the house for the victim and stated his desire to kill the victim and
her mother and that he wanted the victim to watch. She said the Defendant continued to
swear on his mother’s life that he had not done anything to the victim. She said he called her
a “scrawny little girl” and compared her to his nieces. She said that she informed the
Defendant “that he and I were over” and that she told him she was going to check on her
daughter. She said that she left the house and went across the street to the house where the
victim was and that she called 9-1-1.
Willie Gilbert testified that the victim’s mother called him on February 12, 2008, and
asked if the Defendant could stay overnight at his house. He agreed, and the Defendant came
to his house. While the Defendant was there, he overheard the Defendant talking on the
telephone with the victim’s mother and said the conversation was “something about the gun.”
He said that the Defendant stated he was going home to get the meal the Defendant had
cooked and that the Defendant did not return to his house.
Rutherford County Sheriff’s Detective Dwayne “D.J.” Jackson testified that he
investigated the victim’s allegations. He said the Defendant admitted he might have brushed
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against the victim’s bottom or breasts while wrestling with her but denied rubbing his penis
against her thighs or touching her vagina.
The Defendant testified that although he was not the victim’s father, he loved her and
served as her father figure. He said he was involved in disciplining her, although he later said
the victim’s mother disciplined her and he only gave advice. He denied that he ever placed
his penis between the victim’s thighs or that he ever talked to the victim about doing so. He
said he never had any type of sexual encounter with the victim. He said that he broke two
bones in his leg in September 2007 and that he was still on crutches in February 2008.
The Defendant testified that the victim kissed him and said goodbye to him before she
left for school on February 12, 2008. He said that when she came home that afternoon, he
was cooking pizza for her. He said that he told her to come to the kitchen to get the pizza
and that he could not carry the pizza while using crutches. He said that the victim told him
she would be there in a minute but that when he walked into the room where she had been,
she was gone. He said he went outside but did not find her. He said that he called the
victim’s mother to report the victim’s absence and that she said she would call him back.
About fifteen to twenty minutes later, the victim’s mother called and told him to leave the
house. He said she said the victim “told me what you have been doing to her.” He said that
he told her he had not inappropriately touched the victim and that he suggested both he and
the victim take polygraph examinations.
The Defendant testified that the victim and her mother came home and that the victim
went to her room while he and her mother talked. He said that at the victim’s mother’s
insistence, he went to Willie Gilbert’s house. He said she called Mr. Gilbert’s house, spoke
with Mr. Gilbert, and spoke with the Defendant. He said she asked him where the gun was
and invited him to return to the house to get food. He said she began gathering food for him
but then started yelling at him. He said that she left through the back door and that he did not
see her again until he was in court. He denied saying that he was going to kill her and the
victim. He denied saying he could not go to jail because his brother had a contract on his life
and claimed he talked to his brother at least once a month. He said he would never harm the
victim or put his penis between her legs and that “somebody put her up to say that” or the
victim was mad at him. He said the only thing he might have done to make the victim that
angry was trying to stop her from seeing her boyfriend. He said he never showed the victim
his penis. He said he did not grab the victim’s waist and throw her onto a bed or “tackle” her
in a truck. He said that he did not have her help move a dresser and that the only dresser in
the room was so heavy that “it would take two good men to even budge it.”
The Defendant testified that he was not good with dates. He could not recall the dates
he received various injuries. He acknowledged that he was able to move around the house
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and do farmwork before September 2007. He admitted the victim sometimes accompanied
him when he did farmwork. He claimed that on February 12, he walked through a field to
and from Willie Gilbert’s house on crutches. He said he was not seen walking on crutches
on the video recording of his statement because the police took the crutches away. He said
he used a cane while he was on the telephone that night because he could not hold the
telephone while on crutches. He denied that he drove to Tunica after the September 2007
injury.
The victim’s mother testified on rebuttal that the Defendant was not using crutches
on February 12. She said that he drove to Tunica on a family trip after he was injured and
that he drove on weekend rides. She said the Defendant drove her red truck. She said the
Defendant and the victim obtained wood for a stove in her home. She said that they went to
the woods, that the Defendant cut the wood, that the Defendant and the victim brought it to
the house, and that she helped them unload it. She said this was after the September 2007
injury. She said the Defendant claimed that his brother had a contract on his life because he
testified at his brother’s trial. She said that the victim was examined after running away from
home in 2005 and that the “practitioner” determined that the victim had not been sexually
active. She denied that she had the victim make false allegations against the Defendant. She
said that she did not stand to gain financially from the Defendant leaving her home and that
she suffered financial losses after the allegations came to light. She said she obtained a
second mortgage on her home to buy the property next door jointly with the Defendant. She
said that a truck titled in her name but driven by the Defendant burned in the woods, that the
insurance company paid the bank for the truck loan, and that another truck the Defendant
drove was returned to the dealer. She said a lien was placed on the jointly owned real
property because the Defendant failed to appear in court about the truck that was returned
to the dealer.
On rebuttal, the victim testified that she did not fabricate allegations against the
Defendant at anyone’s insistence. She said she did not have sexual relations with a boy she
spent the night with in a ball field in December 2006. She was certain the night at the ball
field was in 2006, not 2005. She said that she was expelled from school in February 2007,
that the Defendant’s inappropriate conduct began in July 2007, that the Defendant’s accident
was in September 2008, that she skipped school with her boyfriend in February 2008, and
that she told her mother about the Defendant’s misconduct on February 12, 2008.
The State recalled Willie Gilbert, who testified that the Defendant did not have
crutches when he came to Mr. Gilbert’s home on February 12, 2008. He did not know
whether the Defendant left the crutches outside. He acknowledged he had said previously
that the Defendant never brought his crutches inside if he had them. He said the Defendant
used a crutch a week or so after he had a rod put in his leg and used it “off and on” thereafter.
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He said that after the Defendant’s injury, he saw the Defendant mowing, feeding horses, and
completing similar tasks. He said the Defendant was able to do things around the farm.
The jury found as follows:
COUNT CHARGE VERDICT
2 Solicitation of Sexual Exploitation of a Guilty of Attempted Solicitation of Sexual
Minor Exploitation of a Minor
3 Solicitation of Sexual Exploitation of a Guilty of Attempted Solicitation of Sexual
Minor Exploitation of a Minor
4 Solicitation of Sexual Exploitation of a Guilty of Attempted Solicitation of Sexual
Minor Exploitation of a Minor
5 Solicitation of Sexual Exploitation of a Guilty of Attempted Solicitation of Sexual
Minor Exploitation of a Minor
6 Solicitation of Sexual Exploitation of a Guilty of Attempted Solicitation of Sexual
Minor Exploitation of a Minor
7 Solicitation of Sexual Exploitation of a Guilty of Charged Offense
Minor
9 Attempted Rape Guilty of Attempted Misdemeanor Assault
10 Attempted Rape Guilty of Attempted Misdemeanor Assault
11 Attempted Rape Guilty of Attempted Sexual Battery
13 Attempted Solicitation of Sexual Not Guilty
Exploitation of a Minor
14 Attempted Solicitation of Sexual Guilty of Charged Offense
Exploitation of a Minor
15 Attempted Solicitation of Sexual Not Guilty
Exploitation of a Minor
16 Attempted Solicitation of Sexual Not Guilty
Exploitation of a Minor
18 Sexual Battery by an Authority Figure Guilty of Charged Offense
19 Sexual Battery by an Authority Figure Guilty of Charged Offense
20 Sexual Battery by an Authority Figure Not Guilty
21 Sexual Battery by an Authority Figure Not Guilty
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22 Sexual Battery by an Authority Figure Not Guilty
23 Sexual Battery by an Authority Figure Guilty of Charged Offense
24 Sexual Battery by an Authority Figure Not Guilty
25 Attempted Sexual Battery by an Not Guilty
Authority Figure
26 Attempted Sexual Battery by an Not Guilty
Authority Figure
27 Attempted Sexual Battery by an Guilty of Charged Offense
Authority Figure
The court sentenced the Defendant to an effective fifteen-year sentence for the
offenses. The Defendant later pled guilty to attempted especially aggravated kidnapping and
received a twelve-year sentence to be served consecutively to the effective fifteen-year
sentence. This appeal followed.
The Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motions for a mistrial.
The State counters that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motions. We
agree with the State.
A mistrial should be declared only if there is a manifest necessity for such action.
Arnold v. State, 563 S.W.2d 792, 794 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1977). A manifest necessity exists
when there is “no feasible alternative to halting the proceedings.” State v. Knight, 616
S.W.2d 593, 596 (Tenn. 1981). The decision of whether to grant a mistrial is within the
sound discretion of the trial court. State v. McKinney, 929 S.W.2d 404, 405 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1996). This court will not disturb that decision unless there is an abuse of discretion.
State v. Adkins, 786 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tenn. 1990); State v. Williams, 929 S.W.2d 385, 388
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). “In reviewing for an abuse of discretion, this court has held that
the following three factors should be considered: (1) whether the State elicited the testimony,
(2) whether the trial court gave a curative instruction, and (3) the relative strength or
weakness of the State’s proof.” State v. Welcome, 280 S.W.3d 215, 222 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2007).
With respect to the first motion for a mistrial, we note that the evidence was elicited,
at least indirectly, by the State’s open-ended questioning of the victim’s mother. The
prosecutor asked, “[A]fter [the Defendant] went to [Mr. Gilbert’s house], then what
happened?” The victim’s mother responded with a lengthy narrative that included, “when
I went looking for [the paperwork for preparing a tax return], I found out the gun was
missing. The handgun was not in the drawer. So I called [Mr. Gilbert]. I asked him, please
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ask [the Defendant] where the handgun is.” At this point, defense counsel objected and
requested a mistrial. In denying the motion for a mistrial, the trial court reminded the parties,
“What [she] is not . . . allowed to do is to talk about using the handgun in a threatening
manner or pointing the handgun at her.”
Despite the admonitions the trial court gave, the victim’s mother again violated the
court’s ruling when the State asked another open-ended question and she responded with a
narrative. With respect to this instance, we note that her response was beyond the scope of
the question. The prosecutor asked, “And did [the Defendant] say anything else?” The
witness answered the question and then continued, “I said, [to the Defendant] why are you
doing this. Put the gun down. Do you know how guilty you’re making yourself look? The
man actually showed me –.” We also note that the witness had just been cautioned about the
parameters of her testimony. We conclude that on this occasion, the evidence was not
elicited by the State.
The record reflects that the trial court gave an appropriate instruction that the jury
disregard the evidence. We presume the jury followed the trial court’s instruction. See State
v. Reid, 164 S.W.3d 286, 346 (Tenn. 2005).
We have also considered the relative strength or weakness of the State’s proof. See
Welcome, 280 S.W.3d at 222. In that regard, we note that the victim testified in detail about
the allegations. The Defendant flatly denied them. Both the victim and the Defendant were
subject to thorough cross-examination and impeachment. Although the defense impeached
the victim’s credibility in some respects, the State’s cross-examination and rebuttal proof
provided a significant attack to the Defendant’s credibility. The jury’s verdicts reflect that
it accepted neither the full measure of the victim’s nor the Defendant’s testimony. The jury
acquitted the Defendant entirely of nine counts, acquitted him of the charged offense and
found him guilty of a lesser included offense for eight counts, and found him guilty of six
charged offenses.
Upon review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
the Defendant’s motions for a mistrial. The Defendant is not entitled to relief.
As a matter of plain error, we note a clerical error in the judgment for Count 9. The
box that should reflect that the Defendant was found guilty is unmarked. We likewise note
that the judgment for Count 1, the count to which the Defendant pled guilty, lists the Code
section for the conviction offense as section 39-13-202, although the correct section is 39-13-
305. The trial court should correct the clerical errors.
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In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgments of the trial
court are affirmed.
____________________________________
JOSEPH M. TIPTON, PRESIDING JUDGE
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