State v. Brian Hunter

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON FILED
MAY SESSION, 1998 August 14, 1998
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
Appellate C ourt Clerk
STATE OF TE NNE SSE E, ) C.C.A. NO. 02C01-9708-CR-00309
)
Appellee, )
) SHELBY COUNTY
V. )
)
) HON. W. FRED AXLEY, JUDGE
BRIAN J. HUN TER , )
)
Appe llant. ) (INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL)
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
W. MARK WARD JOHN KNOX WALKUP
201 Poplar Avenue, Suite 2-01 Attorney General & Reporter
Memphis, TN 38103
PETER M. COUGHLAN
GARLAND ERGUDEN Assistant Attorney General
242 Poplar Avenue 2nd Floor, Cordell Hull Building
Memphis, TN 38103 425 Fifth Avenu e North
Nashville, TN 37243
JOH N W. P IERO TTI
District Attorn ey Ge neral
JOHNNY R. McFARLAND
Assistant District Attorney General
Criminal Justice Center, Suite 301
201 Poplar Avenue
Memphis, TN 38103
OPINION FILED ________________________
AFFIRMED
THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE
OPINION
The Appellant, Brian J. Hunter, appeals by permission pursuant to Rule 9 of
the Tenn essee Rules o f Appella te Proce dure. A ppellant w as indicted for second
degree murde r and wa s tried by a ju ry in the Sh elby Co unty Criminal Court. At the
end of the State’s proof, the Appellant moved for a judgment of acquittal which was
overruled by the trial court. Following the conclusion of the evidenc e, the trial cou rt,
over the objection of Appellant, charged the jury on the lesser grade offense of
voluntary manslaughter. The State did not request the trial court to charge the
lesser grade o ffense of voluntary mans laughte r. The jury w as ultima tely unab le to
reach a verdict. Wh en polled , the jury state d that they found A ppellant n ot guilty of
second degree murder, but were unable to reach a verdict as to whether he was
guilty of voluntary man slaughter. The trial court declared a mistrial on the voluntary
mans laughte r charge .
The State was prepared to retry Appellant on the voluntary manslaughter
charge, however, Appellant filed a Motion to Dismiss the indictment. Appellant
argued the following three issue s in his Motion to D ismiss: (1) the trial court erred
in charg ing voluntary manslaughter; (2) the trial court erred in charging a lesser
grade offense since Appellant waived the right to charge lesser grade offenses; and
(3) a re-trial on the lesser grade offense of voluntary m anslau ghter wo uld cons titute
doub le jeopardy. After taking Appellant’s motion under advisement, the trial court,
in a written o rder with find ings of fac t and con clusions of law, den ied the m otion.
Appellant subsequently filed a Motion to Reconsider Dismissal Based on
Dou ble Jeopa rdy and/o r Motion fo r Interlocuto ry Appeal. After taking that motion
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under advisem ent, the trial court denied Appellant’s Motion to Reconsider Dismissal
but grante d App ellants ’s Motio n for Inte rlocuto ry App eal. Th is Cou rt subs eque ntly
granted Appellant’s app lication for an interlocutory appeal by order entered
Septem ber 16, 1 997.
In Appe llant’s Design ation as to Appella te Record, Appellant states that “the
only issue to be raised on ap peal is whether double jeopardy prevents the retrial of
the [Appellant] for the lesse r [grade] offense o f voluntary man slaughter.” How ever,
Appellant goes on to s ay that “[i]ncident to this inquiry, [Appellant] will challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence presented at the first trial to support voluntary
manslaughter and whether the trial judge was obligated to and erred in instructing
the jury as to voluntary m anslaughte r.”
An appeal is approp riate und er Rule 9 of the Te nness ee Ru les of Ap pellate
Procedu re if the appellant will suffer “irreparable injury,” if there will otherwise be
“needless, expensive and p rotrac ted litiga tion,” an d if there is a “need to develop a
uniform body of law.” Although p ermission to a ppeal was g ranted by this Co urt
pursuant to Rule 9, we are of the opinio n that it was improvid ently gran ted in part.
After reviewing the issues presented by Appellant, we will not address the issue
pertaining to the trial court charging the lesser grade offense of voluntary
manslau ghter. Issues relating solely to prior proceedings such as evidentiary
rulings, jury charges, and arguments by counsel, are generally not appropriate for
appellate review unde r Rule 9. Since there is no conviction for voluntary
manslaughter in the instant case, Appellant cannot appeal this type issue by way of
interlocutory appe al. In other words, the trial court’s ch arge on volun tary
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manslaughter is not presently an issue in the pending case before us, and we
therefore decline to addres s it.
As to the sufficiency of the evidence of the voluntary manslaughter charge, we
find that the evidence was not insufficient as a matter of law to suppo rt a conviction
for volunta ry ma nslau ghter. W e will brie fly sum mariz e the fa cts in th is case for the
purposes of our review. The Appellant and the victim, Bill Herrington , were
neighbors in an East Memphis apartment complex. On September 14, 1994, Ford
Beach was living with the Appellant, and Beach arrived at the apartment between
5:00 and 5:30 p.m. Herringto n, Appellant, and another friend, S teve Fortini, were
already there drinking and talking. Late that afternoon, there was a scuffle between
Herrington and the Appellant in the kitchen. Herrington and the Appellant then
visited Herrington’s apartment and again be came involved in a heated argum ent,
during which H errington ’s wife told A ppellant to go hom e after their pushing and
shoving cause d wine to b e spilled.
That same evening, after Herrington had eaten dinner and taken a nap, he
returned to the Appellant’s apartment after Beach had gone to sleep on the couch.
Upon entering the apartment, Herrington told Beach that he wanted to “straighten
things out” with the Appellant. Appellant and Herrington went back into the
Appe llant’s bedroom so that Beach could sleep. Beach heard nothing further from
the bedroom until he was awakened by the “click, clock” noise of an automatic pistol
being “racke d.” Be ach h eard th ree sh ots in rapid succession as he ran out of the
apartm ent.
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Appellant described Herrington that evening as “hostile and irate,” angry that
Appellant had poss ibly told a secret entruste d to him by H errington and angry
regarding Appellant’s lack of c once rn ove r his m edica l cond ition. Du ring the ir
discussion in the bedroom, Appellant excused himself to use the bathroom. When
he returned, he saw Herrington holding a Beretta which Appellant kept und erneath
his bed. While the gun was aimed away from the Appellant, Herrington was
describing his “perfect plan” to kill the Appellant. Herrington stuck the gun against
Appe llant’s ear and threatened his life. After A ppella nt beg ged fo r his life, Herrington
dropped the gun into Appellant’s lap and leaned back against the bed. When
Appellant tried to put the gun away on top of the desk, Herrington said, “Someone
is going to die to night,” a nd a s truggle ensued. Three shots were fired in succession
during this struggle, then the Appellant ran to call 911 and stayed there until the
police arrive d.
Voluntary manslaughter is the unlawful and intentional or knowing killing of a
victim as a result of a state of passion produced by adequate provocation. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 3 9-13-21 1. It is clear from the evidence presented that a rational trier
of fact could have found Appellant guilty of voluntary manslaughter. As a side note,
it can then be said that the trial court did not err by charg ing voluntary ma nslaughter.
W e will now address the merits of whether double jeopardy prohibits retrial for
voluntary manslaughter when the jury acquitted the Appellant of second degree
murder. Over objection by Appellant’s trial counsel, the trial court charged the jury
on voluntary man slaug hter in addition to secon d degree m urder. W hile the trial court
stated upon th e record he believe d the Ap pellant to be guilty of murder in the second
degree or nothing else, he held that State v. Sum mera ll, 926 S.W.2d 272, 278-79
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(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995), required the trial court to instruct the jury on the charge of
voluntary manslaughter based upon the evidence. Appellant argues that by virtue
of the jury’s verdict of not guilty as to second degree murder, the jury rejected at
least one of the essential elements nece ssary to su pport a find ing of guilt as to
voluntary man slaughter.
Second degree murder is the unlawful and knowing killing of the victim. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-13-210. As mentioned previously, voluntary manslaughter is the
unlawful and intentional or knowing killing of a victim as a result of a state of passion
produced by adequate provocation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-211. Appellant
argues that the case of Wh itwell v. State, 520 S .W .2d 33 8 (Te nn. 19 75) is
controlling. In W hitwell, the defendants were indicted and tried for the grand larceny
of cattle and receiving and concealing stolen property. Defendants were acquitted
by the jury o f grand larc eny and the jury exp ressly de termine d that the d efenda nts
did not know that they were stealing the cattle. The jury was unable to reach a
verdict on the charges of receiving and concealing stolen property or the lesser
charges of petit larcen y. A mistrial was declared by the trial court. Th e defen dants
appealed on the basis that the jury’s verdict nullified the criminal intent element
essential for their conviction and, therefore, double jeopardy principles would be
violated if they we re retrie d. The Ten ness ee Su prem e Cou rt held th at “the ju ry’s
finding a lack of intent to steal clearly exonerates defendants of an essential element
of petit larceny,” and remanded the case to the trial court to dismiss all charges. Id.
at 344.
Appe llant’s case differs from tha t of W hitwell in that th e only d ifferenc e in the
eleme nts of the offenses of grand and petit larceny at that time was the m onetary
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amount of prope rty taken b y the defe ndants . There is not a se parate eleme nt as
there is in the case sub judice. As the State co rrectly points out in its brief, the jury
could have found that both elements of second degree m urder were m et and still
acqu it of second degree murder, so long as the jury found the Appellant acted in a
state of passion produced by adequate provocation. This additional element of
passion produced by adequate provocation reduces second degree murder to
voluntary manslau ghter, even thou gh all elemen ts of second d egree m urder have
been met. Also, Appellant justified his actions as self-defense at trial. Self-defense
implies Appellant had at least a “knowing” menta l state in orde r to com mit a killing
of another human being. The verdict of acquittal as to second degre e mu rder in th is
case does n ot man date a finding that the jury determined the element of a “knowing”
killing to be a bsent.
A more recent case distinguishes W hitwell and holds that “the double jeopardy
clauses of the state and federal constitutions do not preclude retrial of a defendant
after a mist rial was decla red at a n earlier trial because the jury could not reach a
verdict on de fenda nt’s gu ilt of lesse r offens es inclu ded in the crime for which he was
indicted.” State v. Seagroves, 691 S.W.2d 537, 541 (Te nn. 1985). T he court
pointed out in Seagroves that the defendant in W hitwell was either guilty of the
greater offense of no offense at all. Such is not the true in the case sub judice.
Accordingly, we find no violation of App ellant’s cons titutiona l rights a gains t doub le
jeopard y.
We affirm the ju dgme nt of the trial co urt.
____________________________________
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THOMAS T. W OODALL, Judge
CONCUR:
___________________________________
JOHN H. PEAY, Judge
___________________________________
DAVID G. HAYES, Judge
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