State of Tennessee v. James Castile

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
January 24, 2006 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JAMES CASTILE
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County
No. 40200680 Michael R. Jones, Judge
No. M2004-02572-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 28, 2006
The appellant, James Castile, was indicted with charges of manufacturing methamphetamine,
possession of methamphetamine with intent to sell, possession of methamphetamine with intent to
deliver and criminal impersonation. Prior to trial, the trial court denied a motion to suppress the
evidence which alleged that the evidence seized as a result of a search of his person and a search of
his hotel room was unconstitutional. After a jury trial, the appellant was found guilty of
manufacturing methamphetamine, possession of methamphetamine with the intent to deliver, simple
possession of methamphetamine and criminal impersonation. At a sentencing hearing, the trial court
disregarded the simple possession conviction as a lesser-included offense of the manufacturing and
possession counts and sentenced the appellant as a Range II offender to an eight-year sentence for
manufacturing methamphetamine, an eight-year sentence for possession of methamphetamine with
intent to deliver and a six-month probationary sentence for criminal impersonation. The trial court
ordered the sentences to run concurrently to each other, but consecutively to a previously imposed
sentence for which the appellant was on probation from the State of Kentucky. After the denial of
a motion for new trial, the appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. On appeal, the appellant argues
that: (1) the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress; (2) the evidence was insufficient to
support the verdict; (3) the trial court erred by sentencing the appellant as a Range II offender and;
(4) the trial court erred by ordering the sentence to be served consecutively to the Kentucky sentence.
For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Trial Court is Affirmed.
JERRY L. SMITH , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL and ROBERT
W. WEDEMEYER , JJ., joined.
Roger E. Nell, District Public Defender, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, James Castile.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General & Reporter; Brent C. Cherry, Assistant Attorney General; John
Carney, District Attorney General, and Helen Young, Assistant District Attorney General, for the
appellant, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Factual Background
In December of 2002, the Montgomery County Grand Jury indicted the appellant with
manufacturing methamphetamine, possession of methamphetamine with the intent to sell, possession
of methamphetamine with the intent to deliver and criminal impersonation for events occurring on
October 21, 2002. In February of 2003, the appellant filed a motion to suppress the evidence,
arguing that the evidence received as a result of a search of his person and all evidence obtained from
his hotel room as a result of the execution of a search warrant were procured in violation of “his
rights under the state and federal constitution.”
Evidence at the Hearing on the Motion to Suppress
The trial court held a hearing on the motion to suppress on March 20, 2003. At the hearing,
Officer Bobby Hill of the Clarksville Police Department testified that he was dispatched to the
Ramada Limited Hotel after the front desk clerk called 911 to report a “chemical smell coming from
one of the rooms.” Officer Jeffrey Jackson arrived at the scene around the same time as Officer Hill.
The officers stopped by the front desk to assess the situation. The front desk clerk told the officers
that the chemical smell was first reported by the person staying in the room above the appellant’s
room.
The officers approached the room and knocked on the door. The appellant answered the
door, stepped outside and closed the door behind him. Officer Hill testified that he could actually
smell the chemical smell emanating from the room before the appellant ever opened the door. The
appellant identified himself as “Brian Bozell” from Florida and claimed that he did not have any kind
of identification on him. The appellant explained that the smell coming from the room was “White
Castles” that he was eating for dinner. The appellant denied the officers’s request to search the room
at that time.
The officers continued to talk to the appellant for several minutes until Lieutenant Phillip
Ashby of the Clarksville Police Department arrived on the scene. Lieutenant Ashby asked the
appellant if he could search the room. The appellant again denied this request. Lieutenant Ashby
noticed a “strong” chemical smell coming from the appellant’s hotel room that he described as an
“extremely strong odor of ether.” The appellant told Lieutenant Ashby that he did not have a wallet
and did not know his own social security number.
Sometime thereafter, Drug Agent Donnie Robbins of the Clarksville Police Department
arrived on the scene. Upon his arrival, he noticed a “strong odor of ether emitting from room one
ten.” Agent Robbins then went to the room above the appellant’s where “the smell of ether was to
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the point that I asked him [the occupant] to leave.” Agent Robbins next went to speak with the
appellant who identified himself as Brian Bozell from Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The appellant again
denied consent to search the room. The appellant then gave Agent Robbins permission to “pat him
down.” During the pat-down, Agent Robbins “recovered a wallet” from the appellant’s “left rear
pants pocket.” At that point, the appellant started protesting. Agent Robbins retrieved the
identification from the wallet that identified the appellant as “James Castile.” After running the
appellant’s name through NCIC, the officers discovered that there was an outstanding warrant for
the appellant in Christian County, Kentucky. At that point, the appellant was placed in custody for
criminal impersonation and the outstanding warrant. Upon inspecting the wallet, Agent Robbins
discovered receipts for “precursors that are used in the manufacturing process of methamphetamine.”
Agent Robbins filled out the affidavit for a search warrant at that time. At the conclusion of the
hearing, in denying the motion to suppress, the trial court made the following findings of fact and
conclusions of law:
This particular case began with the call from the motel clerk that there was
a strong smell of ether coming from room one ten. The officers were dispatched.
They went to room one ten. There was a very strong odor of ether coming from room
one ten. The officers even went further, checked the other rooms to make sure that
there was no smell coming from another room. So, it was definitely isolated down
to room one ten.
When Officer Robbins arrived he found out that the Defendant had given the
name of Brian Bozwell [sic] from Fort Lauderdale, Florida; he also could - - at that
point still there was a strong odor of ether. He went to the room above and even got
the man or woman, whatever, to leave that room.
He then asked the Defendant again his name. He had no I-D. He knew at that
time from Lieutenant Ashby that the Defendant had said he didn’t have a wallet with
him, could not even remember his social security number. At that point Mr. Robbins
went back to the - - went to the clerk and got the registration which he believed, at
this point, to have a social security number.
....
Then to the front desk; got the registration. Came back and asked him if he
knew the registration - - the social security number in which he registered. He said
no. At that point is when the pat down or consent to search was asked.
You add those facts together and things changed as this scene progressed. It
got much suspicious as [the appellant] continued to stand there with the officers. So,
I think Mr. Robbins certainly had the right to ask him to allow him to pat down.
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The identity of the Defendant was certainly in question at that time. He had
denied to the officers that he had a wallet. When he found this wallet he seized it.
I think under the facts and circumstances of this case he certainly had the right to
seize it. It wasn’t a weapon. Didn’t think it was a weapon.
The Defendant had, under these circumstances, the strong smell of ether; the
Defendant providing very evasive answers to the officer he - - and particularly having
told him that he didn’t have a wallet and there was a wallet right there. At that time
Officer Robbins then saw that the identification was not the same, and at that point
is when the Defendant starts objecting you can’t go through my wallet.
Then a few minutes then there’s the - - an arrest for criminal impersonation
and arrest based on outstanding warrants. Certainly, incident to an arrest a billfold
would have been seized from the person as well - - all contents examined.
But what we’re really here on is the search warrant. Now the affidavit in the
search warrant says that - - part of it is your affiant was called to the room and
smelled a strong odor of other emitting from room one ten.
It’s my opinion that a strong smell of ether is sufficient for probable cause for
which the search warrant could be issued. I think you can reasonably interpret the
last sentence about the experience and training. Production of methamphetamine
would include the smell of ether. So, I believe that the search warrant is valid and
that everything that is seized as a result of that search is valid.
I, frankly, believe the officer could have, with the smell, walked right in right
then. I mean, that is danger - - very dangerous situation. Could have been other
people in the room. Certainly, the other people in the rooms above and around were
in danger of an explosion and they could have, you know.
At some point thereafter, counsel for the appellant reviewed the video tape from the patrol car and
requested a reconsideration of the denial of the motion to suppress. There is no transcript of the
hearing on the motion to reconsider, but a “Partial Statement of the Evidence” was filed by counsel
for the appellant and signed and approved by the trial court. The statement reads as follows:
On April 21, 2003, the Defendant’s Motion to Reconsider the Defendant’s Motion
to Suppress was addressed by the court. The parties introduced a videotape taken by
a stationary camera located in one of the patrol officer’s automobile[s] as an exhibit
to the motion. Counsel presented a short argument as to how the videotape related
to the amount of time between the initial contact with the Defendant and the
execution of the search warrant. The Court was given the opportunity to review the
tape and the matter was reset to be addressed in conjunction with the scheduled trial
date of April 24, 2003.
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On April 24, 2003, the Court ruled on the Motion to Reconsider. The Court,
in reviewing the video had used the times as reflected on the counter on the tape.
The Court made specific findings as it related to the Motion. The two patrol officers
who originally testified are overheard on the tape at the door to the Appellant’s motel
room. They had previously, according to their testimony, discussed a complaint
about a chemical odor with the front desk clerk. They also had a short conversation
which was mostly unintelligible with a person on the second floor balcony of the
hotel. As they approach the door, at 18:22, one patrol officer asks the other whether
he can smell anything. Both indicate that they cannot smell anything. They knock
on the door of the room and it is opened. The two officers question the Defendant
at some length, all of which is captured in real time on the video.
Lieutenant Phillip Ashby, who also testified at the Motion to Suppress,
arrives at the motel and is captured on video. He arrives at around 18:29 and
questions the Defendant and requests consent to search. He specifically tells the
Defendant he can smell ether. The Defendant is again questioned by Agent Donnie
Robbins seeking consent to search at 18:51. At 19:27, Lieutenant Ashby apparently
remembers the car camera. He asks if it is on, and receiving an affirmative answer,
tells the officer whose car it is to “turn it off.” The directive is complied with, and
for the next fifteen minutes, the scene progresses with video, but no audio. The
Court, in its ruling, relates that while troubled by that instruction by the lieutenant,
nothing is observed which the Court finds has a bearing on its ruling on the
suppression. Nothing that is observed on the tape, that causes the Court to reverse
its earlier ruling denying the Motion to Suppress. The Court is of the opinion that the
odor, standing alone, gave the officers grounds to search the room, and for that
reason the detention of an hour and a half prior to Agent Robbins leaving to obtain
the warrant does not invalidate the search.
Trial Testimony
At trial, the officers’s testimony was consistent with their testimony at the hearing on the
motion to suppress. The search of the appellant’s hotel room resulted in the recovery of numerous
items and substances associated with the manufacturing of methamphetamine, including eleven
packages of psuedoephedrine, a hot plate, a notebook containing a formula for methamphetamine,
water purifier, five thermometers, a coffee grinder, tubing, plastic baggies and three bags of
methamphetamine with a total weight of about 4.75 grams. Investigators also found chemicals
common to the methamphetamine manufacturing process, such as acetone, methyl alcohol, drain
opener, salt and two jars of a clear substance later identified as liquid ephedrine in a chemical
solvent.
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The appellant testified in his own defense. He testified that he had been using
methamphetamine for approximately four to five years prior to his arrest and that he is an addict.
He claimed that he manufactured methamphetamine for his personal use approximately fifty times
during the course of his addiction, using several grams a day in order to satisfy his need for the drug.
The appellant also described, in detail, the process of making methamphetamine. During his
discussion of the process, he noted that he did not have all of the items required to make
methamphetamine. He explained that he did not have the anhydrous ammonia or the lithium
required to complete the process. However, he admitted that he had completed the first step in the
process by extracting the pseudoephedrine in a solution that was contained in the jars found at the
hotel room.
During cross-examination, the appellant admitted that he smoked methamphetamine that he
made with friends who gave him rides to various places.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury found the appellant guilty of manufacturing
methamphetamine, possession of methamphetamine with the intent to deliver, criminal
impersonation and the lesser-included offense of simple possession of methamphetamine with
respect to the possession with intent to deliver count.
Sentencing
The trial court determined at the sentencing hearing that the appellant was a Range II
offender, having three previous felony convictions from the State of Kentucky. The trial court
sentenced the appellant to eight years for manufacturing methamphetamine, eight years for
possession of methamphetamine with the intent to deliver and six-months probation for criminal
impersonation. The trial court ordered that the sentences run concurrent to each other, but
consecutive to an unserved sentence on a conviction from Kentucky. The trial court based its
decision to run the sentences consecutive to the Kentucky sentence on the finding that the appellant
was a professional criminal with an extensive criminal history and a determination that the present
offenses occurred while the appellant was on probation.
The trial court denied a motion for new trial. On appeal, the appellant seeks resolution of
the following issues: (1) whether the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress the evidence;
(2) whether the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict; (3) whether the trial court erred by
finding the appellant to be a Range II offender; and (4) whether the trial court erred by ordering the
sentences to be served consecutively to the unserved Kentucky sentence.
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Analysis
Motion to Suppress
First, the appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the
evidence seized from his hotel room pursuant to a search warrant. Probable cause for the warrant
was based on the detection of the odor of ether coming from the appellant’s motel room, the
appellant’s criminal impersonation and the discovery of several receipts for purchases of precursors
of methamphetamine production in the appellant’s wallet. Specifically, the appellant contends that
the pat down search which resulted in the discovery of the wallet and receipts “exceeded the scope
of consent” and that the officers made “reckless misrepresentations of material fact” at the
suppression hearing by stating that they smelled ether in the room. As a result, the appellant
contends that the search warrant was “impeached” and the evidence should have been suppressed.
The State contends that Officer Robbins properly examined the appellant’s wallet after discovering
it during a consensual pat down and that probable cause to search the motel room was justified
“based on the smell of ether combined with [appellant’s] obvious attempt to conceal his identity, his
suspicious behavior, and the discovery of several receipts for materials used in the manufacture of
methamphetamine.”
Our standard of review for a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law on a motion
to suppress evidence is set forth in State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18 (Tenn. 1996). Under this
standard, “a trial court’s findings of fact in a suppression hearing will be upheld unless the evidence
preponderates otherwise.” Id. at 23. As is customary, “the prevailing party in the trial court is
afforded the ‘strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable and legitimate inferences
that may be drawn from that evidence.’” State v. Carter, 16 S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting
State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn. 1998)). Nevertheless, this Court reviews de novo the
trial court’s application of the law to the facts, without according any presumption of correctness to
those conclusions. See State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 775, 81 (Tenn. 2001); State v. Crutcher, 989
S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999). Once the trial court has ruled on a suppression motion, our standard
of appellate review requires acceptance of the trial court’s findings regarding “[q]uestions of
credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, and resolution of conflicts in the
evidence,” unless the evidence preponderates against the findings. Odom, 928 S.W.2d at 23; State
v. Cothran, 115 S.W.3d 513, 519 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 7 of the
Tennessee Constitution protect individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by law
enforcement officers. We begin our review by observing that “under both the federal and state
constitutions, a warrantless search or seizure is presumed unreasonable, and evidence discovered as
a result thereof is subject to suppression unless the State demonstrates that the search or seizure was
conducted pursuant to one of the narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant requirement.” State v.
Yeargan, 958 S .W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997). That is, a trial court necessarily indulges the
presumption that a warrantless search or seizure is unreasonable, and the burden is on the State to
demonstrate that one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement applied at the time of the search
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or seizure. Id. Hotel and motel guests’ right to privacy in their rooms is also protected by the Fourth
Amendment. State v. Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 840 (Tenn. 2001).
The main exceptions to the requirement for a search warrant are: (1) consent to search; (2)
a search incident to a lawful arrest; (3) probable cause to search with exigent circumstances; (4) in
hot pursuit; (5) a stop and frisk situation; and (6) plain view. See State v. Bartram, 925 S.W.2d 227
(Tenn. 1996). “If the circumstances of a challenged search and seizure come within one of the
recognized exceptions, the fruits of that search and seizure are not subject to operation of the
exclusionary rule and may be properly admitted into evidence.” State v. Shaw, 603 S.W.2d 741,
742-43 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980). “Exigent circumstances are limited to three situations: (1) when
officers are in ‘hot pursuit’ of a fleeing suspect; (2) when the suspect presents an immediate threat
to the arresting officers or the public; or (3) when immediate police action is necessary to prevent
the destruction of vital evidence or thwart the escape of known criminals.” State v. Givens, No.
M2001-00021-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 1517033 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Nov. 29, 2001),
perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 6, 2002). The mere existence of these circumstances does not
necessarily validate a warrantless search. The State is required to show that “the exigencies of the
situation made the search imperative.” State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 635 (Tenn. 1997).
It is well-established in Tennessee that the odor of an illegal substance, either alone or in
conjunction with other facts and circumstances, can provide sufficient probable cause, depending
on the situation, for either a warrantless search or the issuance of a search warrant. See Hart v. State,
568 S.W.2d 295, 296 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978) (holding that “officers’ search of the vehicle was
proper, based upon the independent probable cause ground of the marijuana odor” coming from the
vehicle); State v. Hughes, 544 S.W.2d 99, 101 (Tenn. 1976) (holding that the odor of marijuana
emanating from a vehicle constituted probable cause for a police officer to believe that the vehicle
contained contraband marijuana); Hicks v. State, 534 S.W.2d 872, 873-74 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1975)
(stating that “[t]he principal question presented here is whether or not the smell of marijuana
emanating from the defendant’s car furnished probable cause to enable an officer, who had stopped
the vehicle for a traffic offense, to search the vehicle. We hold that it did.”); State v. Bradley
Lonsinger, No. M2003-03101-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 49569 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Jan.
5, 2005) (determining that strong “chemical smell” emanating from defendant’s trailer observed
while officer were serving “papers” on defendant justified issuance of search warrant); State v. Paul
Anthony Wright, No. W2001-02574-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 1860526, at *9-10 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
at Jackson, Apr. 7, 2003) (holding that a search warrant affidavit reciting, inter alia, the affiant’s
experience, training, and observation of both “the distinct odors associated with the manufactor [sic]
of methamphetamine” and other items associated with such a manufacturing operation near the
defendant’s house and in his vehicle was sufficient to establish probable cause for the issuance of
a search warrant of defendant’s home); State v. Danny Davidson, No. W2001-00118-CCA-R3-CD,
2002 WL 1482720, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Feb. 26, 2002) (determining that evidence
was sufficient where valid search warrant of a home was issued based on an officer’s recognition of
a “strong chemical odor” as “that from a possible methamphetamine lab”), perm. app. denied, (Tenn.
July 8, 2002).
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Further, a recent federal case from the Eastern District of Tennessee upheld a warrantless
search of a hotel room where the officer noticed smoke coming out of the room’s window air
conditioner and the “strong unmistakable odor of methamphetamine” outside the defendant’s room.
U.S. v. Denson, No. 1:05 CR 088, 2006 WL 270287, at *1 (E.D. Tenn. Feb. 2, 2006). In so doing,
the court reviewed the requirements for a warrantless search under exigent circumstances. The court
determined that probable cause existed based on the officer’s “smelling the unmistakable odor of
methamphetamine and his training to recognize the smell, along with visible smoke and fumes
emanating from the room, and the finding of methamphetamine and coffee filters on defendant’s
person.” Id. at *3. After determining that probable cause existed to believe that methamphetamine
was illegally being processed in the defendant’s room, the court went on to find that exigent
circumstances existed justifying the warrantless search of the room. Id. The court commented:
The dangers of methamphetamine are well-established. As noted by the Sixth Circuit
and addressed by the House of Representatives, methamphetamine: “poses serious
dangers to both human life and to the environment . . . these chemicals and
substances are utilized in a manufacturing process that is unstable, volatile, and
highly combustible. Even small amounts of these chemicals, when mixed
improperly, can cause explosions and fires.” United States v. Layne, 324 F.3d 464,
468-49 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting H.R. Rep. 106-878, pt.1 at *22 (Sept. 21, 2000)); see
also U.S. v. Dick, 173 F. Supp. 2d 765, 769 (E.D. Tenn. 2001).
Id.
As stated above, our standard of review requires that the evidence preponderates against the
trial court’s findings of fact in this case. In the case herein, the appellant complains that the trial
court erred by denying the motion to suppress because his wallet, identification, and receipts were
illegally seized as a result of the pat down which exceeded the scope of his consent. However, we
determine that the officers could have justified a warrantless search of the room based on the smell
of methamphetamines alone without the seizure of the wallet and discovery of the receipts for
precursors based on the exigent circumstances created by the dangers associated with
methamphetamine production. Officers Hill and Jackson arrived on the scene after reports of the
smell of “ether” coming from the appellant’s room. When the appellant opened the door and
squeezed himself out, the officers could smell the strong chemical smell coming from the room. The
appellant told the officers they were smelling “White Castles.” According to the officers, the
appellant acted strange, telling them that he had come all the way from Florida with no wallet and
no identification. The appellant was also unable to recite his own social security number. Based
on the smell emanating from the room, Officer Hill called for a drug agent to come to the scene.
When Agent Robbins arrived on the scene, he smelled “a strong smell of a chemical smell, which
I believe was ether.” Agent Robbins testified that he had specialized training in the detection of
methamphetamine labs. The officers evacuated several hotel occupants staying in rooms near the
appellant’s room because they were concerned for the occupants’s safety. While the officers
procured a search warrant for the hotel room prior to their search which resulted in the discovery of
a multitude of items used in the production of methamphetamine and some actual methamphetamine,
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we conclude that they would have been justified in searching the room without a warrant based on
the dangerous exigent circumstances presented by an active methamphetamine laboratory. Had the
officers searched the room without a warrant, the appellant would have been taken into custody and
his wallet seized, whereby the officers would have eventually discovered the appellant’s true identity
and the receipts for the purchase of the precursors. The fact that his wallet was discovered prior to
the search of the room during a pat down is, we conclude, inconsequential. The evidence does not
preponderate against the decision of the trial court to deny the motion to suppress. This issue is
without merit.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Next, the appellant complains that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of
manufacturing methamphetamine. Specifically, the appellant contends that “the proof showed that
[the appellant] lacked two products required to produce methamphetamine from
ephedrine/pseudoephedrine.” The appellant argues that because he was not in possession of
anhydrous ammonia or lithium, he was incapable of manufacturing methamphetamine. The State
disagrees.
When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court is obliged to review
that claim according to certain well-settled principles. A verdict of guilty, rendered by a jury and
“approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the” State’s witnesses and resolves all
conflicts in the testimony in favor of the State. State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tenn. 1994);
State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). Thus, although the accused is originally cloaked
with a presumption of innocence, the jury verdict of guilty removes this presumption “and replaces
it with one of guilt.” State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). Hence, on appeal, the
burden of proof rests with the defendant to demonstrate the insufficiency of the convicting evidence.
Id. The relevant question the reviewing court must answer is whether any rational trier of fact could
have found the accused guilty of every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(e); Harris, 839 S.W.2d at 75. In making this decision, we are to accord the State “the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may
be drawn therefrom.” See Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at 914. As such, this Court is precluded from re-
weighing or reconsidering the evidence when evaluating the convicting proof. State v. Morgan, 929
S.W.2d 380, 383 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1990). Moreover, we may not substitute our own “inferences for those drawn by the trier of
fact from circumstantial evidence.” Matthews, 805 S.W.2d at 779.
The appellant was convicted of manufacturing a Schedule II controlled substance in violation
of Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-17- 417(a)(1), which states that it is a crime for a person
knowingly to manufacture a controlled substance. As provided by Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-17-408(d)(2) (2003), methamphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance.
“Manufacture” is defined as the “production, preparation, propagation, compounding, conversion
or processing of a controlled substance, either directly or indirectly by extraction from substances
of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, and includes any packaging or
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repackaging of the substance or labeling or relabeling of its container, except that ‘manufacture’ does
not include the preparation or compounding of a controlled substance by an individual for the
individual’s own use . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-402(14).
The appellant cites State v. David Long, No. W2003-02522-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 525267
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Mar. 4, 2005), to support his argument. In Long, the defendant was
stopped by police while driving a “Sperry Rail Service” truck containing various chemicals and
materials used in the production of methamphetamine. This Court reversed and dismissed the
defendant’s conviction, determining that:
The facts relevant to manufacturing establish that the Appellant as in possession of
a large quantity of cold remedy medications containing pseudoephedrine, three cans
of starting fluid, recipes for manufacturing methamphetamine, phosphorous matches,
and a small quantity of methamphetamine. The Appellant asserts that there was no
evidence whatsoever that he had begun the process of manufacturing. He concedes
that while he “may have fully intended to manufacture a controlled substance at some
future date,” he was not manufacturing when arrested.
....
The conduct prohibited by the statute is that of “manufacturing.” From the facts
before us, we cannot conclude that the Appellant did more than possess some, but not
all, of the ingredients necessary for the manufacture of methamphetamine.
Possession is not equivalent to manufacturing.
Id. at *6. The panel of this Court went on to note that there was “no proof” which “remotely
suggests” that the appellant was “propagating” any controlled substance. The arresting officer
admitted that he did not smell ether or ammonia at the scene or see any lab equipment utilized in the
manufacturing of methamphetamine. Further, none of the cold medicines had even been removed
from the blister packs or boxes in which they had been purchased. Id. Long is clearly
distinguishable from the case herein. The appellant herein not only had supplies and ingredients
necessary for the production of methamphetamines, but the precursor medications from which the
methamphetamines would ultimately be produced had been broken down and were soaking in a
solvent in preparation for the next step in production. The smell of ether was detected by all of the
officers on the scene and two jars of a clear substance later identified as liquid ephedrine were
discovered in the room. A small quantity of methamphetamine was also recovered from the hotel
room. Moreover, the appellant himself candidly explained the process of methamphetamine
production and outlined the actions he had taken to manufacture methamphetamine. Specifically,
the appellant testified that he had used a coffee grinder to grind the over-the-counter medications into
a powder and admitted that he had begun the process of ephedrine extraction by soaking the ground
medications in a solvent. From the testimony of the officers and the testimony of the appellant
himself, it is clear a reasonable jury could have concluded that the appellant was at least engaged in
the “preparation” “of a controlled substance.” See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-402(14). Accordingly,
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the evidence was sufficient to convict the appellant of manufacturing methamphetamine. This issue
is without merit.
Sentencing
A. Multiple Offender Status
Next, the appellant claims that the trial court improperly sentenced him as a multiple
offender. Specifically, the appellant argues that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
that the convictions for manufacturing methamphetamine and fleeing or evading police from
Kentucky would have been punishable in Tennessee as felonies. Therefore, the appellant argues, the
trial court was prohibited from considering those convictions for purposes of classification of the
appellant’s sentencing range. The State disagrees.
At the sentencing hearing, the trial court considered certified judgments from Christian
County, Kentucky, as evidence that the appellant had prior felony convictions necessary to justify
his classification as a Range II multiple offender. The State argued that the felony offenses of
manufacturing methamphetamine and first degree fleeing or evading police both constituted felonies
under Tennessee law to justify Range II classification. The State also argued that the appellant’s
conviction for first degree criminal mischief constituted a felony conviction. The trial court agreed
and determined that the appellant had three prior felonies, justifying his classification as a Range II
offender.
Under Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-106(a), a multiple offender is defined as “a
defendant who has received: (1) A minimum of two (2) but no more than four (4) prior convictions
within the conviction class, a higher class, or within the next two (2) lower felony classes . . . .”
Convictions for multiple felonies committed within twenty-four hours of each other and as part of
a single course of conduct constitute one conviction for the purpose of determining prior convictions.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-106(b)(4). However, convictions involving acts that result in bodily injury
or threatened bodily injury to the victim are excluded from this rule. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
106(b)(4). Furthermore, prior convictions:
[I]nclude convictions under the laws of any other state, government, or country
which, if committed in this state, would have constituted an offense cognizable by
the laws of this state. In the event that a felony from a jurisdiction other than
Tennessee is not a named felony in this state, the elements of the offense shall be
used by the Tennessee court to determine what classification the offense is given.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-106(b)(5). Submission of certified copies of the defendant’s prior
convictions is prima facie evidence of the defendant’s prior felony record. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-202(a). Thus, the elements of the out-of-state convictions, as set forth in the governing
jurisdiction’s statute, determine the classification for the prior felony offense, see State v. Duffel,
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631 S.W.2d 445 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981), and the law at the time of the offense controls this
determination, see State v. Brooks, 968 S.W.2d 312, 313 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).
Thus, in order to properly classify these out-of-state convictions, we must compare the
applicable Kentucky statutes defining the offenses with corresponding Tennessee statutes. At the
outset, we note that when the certified judgments from Kentucky were introduced by the State they
were examined by the trial judge who commented that the convictions for manufacturing
methamphetamine and fleeing or evading appeared to be felony convictions. Counsel for the
appellant agreed, stating, “They are both, in my opinion, felonies under Tennessee law.” There was
no further discussion on the application of the manufacturing methamphetamine conviction after the
acquiescence by counsel for the appellant. According to Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure
36(a), this Court is not obliged to grant relief to “a party responsible for an error or who failed to take
whatever action was reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.” The
appellant failed to object to the usage of the convictions for determination of the appellant’s range.
Thus, this issue is waived.
Regardless of the waiver, at least two of the appellant’s prior convictions could be classified
as felonies in Tennessee for sentencing purposes which would justify the appellant’s Range II status.
The appellant was convicted in Kentucky of first degree fleeing from or evading police. Kentucky
Revised Statute section 520.095(1)(a) makes it a Class D felony offense for an operator of a motor
vehicle to elude or flee from a police officer having directed the operator to stop when the person
is fleeing: (1) after having committed an act of domestic violence; (2) while driving under the
influence of alcohol of other enumerated substances; (3) while driving with a suspended license; or
(4) creates substantial risk or is cause of serious physical injury or death to any person or property.
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 520.095(1)(a)(2005). Likewise, under Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-
16-603(b)(1), it is a felony offense for a motor vehicle operator on any street, road, alley, or highway,
to intentionally flee from a law enforcement officer after having received any signal from such
officer to stop. Clearly, the appellant’s violation of the Kentucky statute would constitute a felony
offense under Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-16-603(b)(1) as the elements of the two crimes
are substantially similar.1 Moreover, the appellant concedes that “the only Kentucky felony proven
by the State to be a felony for range purposes beyond reasonable doubt is the first degree criminal
mischief conviction.” Utilizing the felony convictions for first degree criminal mischief and first
1
The appellant suggests on appeal that he could have been charged in Kentucky for fleeing or evading on foot
rather than in a motor vehicle and that a conviction under that section would not amount to a felony conviction in
Tennessee. W hile the record does not specify that the appellant was convicted under subsection (a) of section 520.095,
a careful examination of the record and the “Judgment and Sentence on Plea of Guilty” reveal that the various crimes
for which the appellant pled guilty included operating a motor vehicle under the influence of a controlled substance,
operating a vehicle on a suspended license and failure to wear a seat belt, among other things. Thus, the record indicates
that the appellant was fleeing from the authorities in Kentucky in a motor vehicle, rather than on foot.
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degree fleeing or evading police, the trial court was justified in sentencing the appellant as a Range
II offender under Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-106(a)(1).2
Consecutive Sentencing
Lastly, the appellant complains that the trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentencing.
Specifically, the appellant argues that the trial court “failed to consider all of the factors it should
have before ordering that the sentences herein be served consecutively to the unserved Kentucky
sentence” because the trial court did not apply the Wilkerson factors as found in State v. Wilkerson,
905 S.W.2d 933 (Tenn. 1995). The State contends that the appellant’s “extensive criminal history,
considered with his probationary status at the time of his criminal acts, justify the trial court’s
imposition of consecutive sentencing even without consideration of [the appellant’s] professional
status or lack thereof.”
“When reviewing sentencing issues . . . , the appellate court shall conduct a de novo review
on the record of such issues. Such review shall be conducted with a presumption that the
determinations made by the court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-401(d). “However, the presumption of correctness which accompanies the trial court’s action
is conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the
sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166,
169 (Tenn. 1991). In conducting our review, we must consider the defendant’s potential for
rehabilitation, the trial and sentencing hearing evidence, the pre-sentence report, the sentencing
principles, sentencing alternative arguments, the nature and character of the offense, the enhancing
and mitigating factors, and the defendant’s statements. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-103(5), -210(b);
Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. We are to also recognize that the defendant bears “the burden of
demonstrating that the sentence is improper.” Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.
The appellant herein was convicted of manufacturing methamphetamine, possession of
methamphetamine with the intent to deliver and criminal impersonation. Under Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115(a), if a defendant is convicted of more than one (1) offense, the trial
court shall order the sentence to run either consecutively or concurrently. The trial court may order
the sentences to run consecutively if the trial court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that
certain criteria enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b) are present. Those
factors include the following:
(1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted such
defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood;
(2) The defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive;
2
The appellant also argues that his convictions for manufacturing methamphetamine and fleeing or evading
police should be considered a single offense and thus constitute one conviction for purposes of determining prior
convictions for sentencing purposes because the two crimes have the same date of offense on the judgment form.
Because we have determined that the appellant had the requisite number of prior felony offenses to justify sentencing
as a Range II offender without utilizing the conviction for manufacturing methamphetamine, this issue is moot.
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(3) The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person . . . ;
(4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior indicates little or no regard
for human life, and no hesitation about committing a crime in which the risk to
human life is high;
(5) The defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses involving sexual
abuse of a minor . . . ;
(6) The defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while on probation; or
(7) The defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b). The decision to impose concurrent or consecutive sentences,
however, is a matter entrusted to the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Blouvet, 965 S.W.2d
489, 495 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).
In the case herein the trial court determined that consecutive sentencing was warranted,
making the following comments:
Now, under 40-35-115, the Court is required to find by preponderance of the
evidence, that the Defendant is a professional criminal who has devoted such
defendant’s life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood. Based on this
testimony in Court, he had done this about fifty times and manufacdturing [sic]
amphetamines [sic] and the Court might find that and based on his criminal history.
However, sub-section 2 is much more demanding in my opinion; that is, he has a
record of criminal activity, which goes far and beyond being extensive. And then we
turn the page, number six, the Defendant is sentenced for an offense while on
probation. So the - - do believe that this is a sentence that should be consecutive to
the Kentucky conviction.
Thus, the trial court relied on sections (1), ( 2), and (6) of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-
115 to justify the imposition of consecutive sentencing.
The appellant contends on appeal that the trial court had insufficient justification to support
the finding that he was a professional criminal. The State concedes that the record offers little
evidence that the appellant made any income from his criminal activity, but points to the fact that
the appellant had a conviction for trafficking marijuana and admitted during his testimony that he
had manufactured methamphetamine on approximately fifty occasions. We agree with the appellant
that the record does not support the trial court’s determination that the appellant was a professional
criminal. However, there is ample proof in the record that the appellant had an extensive criminal
history and committed the present offenses while on probation in Kentucky. In addition to the
offenses of manufacturing methamphetamine, felony evading arrest and first degree criminal
mischief considered by the trial court for purposes of sentencing range classification, the record
reveals that the appellant had a total of twenty additional prior convictions: eleven convictions for
traffic offenses, six convictions for drug offenses, two convictions for assault and one conviction for
underage possession and transportation of beer. Further, the appellant does not challenge the trial
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court’s determination that he was on probation at the time he committed the offenses herein. We
conclude that the trial court properly ordered the appellant’s sentence to be served consecutively to
his Kentucky sentence.
Lastly, the appellant argues that the trial court erred by not applying the Wilkerson factors
in determining whether to impose consecutive sentencing. With regard to the claims that the terms
of the appellant’s sentence do not reasonably relate to the severity of the offenses and that
consecutive sentences were not necessary to protect the public from further serious criminal conduct,
see State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 938 (Tenn.1995), the Tennessee Supreme Court has held
that the Wilkerson factors are limited to cases involving defendants found to be “dangerous
offenders” under Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b)(4). State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456,
461 (Tenn. 1999). The trial court herein did not find the appellant to be a “dangerous offender.”
Thus, this claim is without merit.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
___________________________________
JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE
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