State of Tennessee v. John H. Childress

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JOHN H. CHILDRESS
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
No. 99-T-30 Frank G. Clement, Judge
No. M1999-00843-CCA-R3-CD - Decided July 7, 2000
The Defendant was found guilty by a Davidson County jury of driving with a blood alcohol
concentration of .10 percent or more (D.U.I. per se) and driving on a revoked license. In this appeal
as of right, he argues that the trial court erred by admitting the results of his breathalyzer test because
the admission of this evidence in a D.U.I per se case violates a defendant’s confrontation rights. We
hold that the trial court did not err by admitting the Defendant’s breath test results. Accordingly, we
affirm the Defendant’s conviction.
Tenn. R. App. P. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Trial Court Affirmed.
WELLES, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SMITH, J., and Williams, J., joined.
Hollis Moore, Assistant Public Defender, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, John H. Childress.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney General,
Victor S. Johnson, District Attorney General, Ed Ryan, Assistant District Attorney General, for the
appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
The Defendant, John H. Childress, was charged in a three-count indictment with third-
offense driving under the influence; driving with a blood alcohol concentration of .10 percent or
more (D.U.I. per se); and driving on a revoked, suspended or cancelled license. A Davidson County
jury found the Defendant guilty of D.U.I. per se and driving on a revoked license. Because the jury
could not reach a verdict as to Count I of the indictment, driving under the influence, the trial court
declared a mistrial with regard to that count. For the D.U.I. per se conviction, the trial court
sentenced the Defendant to eleven months, twenty-nine days incarceration, suspending all but 150
days of the sentence. The trial court also revoked the Defendant's license for three years, required
him to undergo alcohol treatment as deemed appropriate by a professional therapist, and fined him
$1,100. For the driving on a revoked license conviction, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to
six months, suspending all but thirty days of the sentence. The trial court ordered that the two
sentences be served consecutively, resulting in an effective sentence of 180 days incarceration. The
Defendant now appeals from the judgment of the trial court, presenting only one issue on appeal:
whether the trial court erred by admitting his breathalyzer test results. We affirm the judgment of
the trial court.
The proof presented at trial revealed that on October 30, 1998, Officer Robert Barry of the
Nashville Metropolitan Police Department stopped the Defendant on Dickerson Road at
approximately 8:20 p.m. Barry testified that he did so because the Defendant was driving without
his lights on. When Barry approached the Defendant's car, he detected an odor of alcohol. He also
noted that the Defendant's eyes were watery and bloodshot and that his speech was "somewhat
slurred." The Defendant could not produce a valid driver's license. He informed Barry that he had
drunk one quart of beer and one twenty-four ounce beer. Officer Barry administered two field
sobriety tests to the Defendant: the walk-and-turn test and the horizontal gaze test. Barry explained
that the walk-and-turn test requires that the subject take nine steps heel-to-toe, turn, and take nine
more steps in the opposite direction. Barry testified that the Defendant took eleven steps initially
and "missed 7 times"; after he turned, he took nine steps but "missed 5 times." Following the tests,
Officer Barry advised the Defendant that he was under arrest, read him his rights, and informed him
of the implied consent law. Barry stated that at no time during the arrest process did the Defendant
request a blood alcohol test.
Officer Barry summoned Officer Wallace Taylor, also of the Metro Police Department, to
conduct a breathalyzer test. Officer Taylor testified at trial that he was certified to perform breath
alcohol testing by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, and he explained the procedures involved
in running and testing the breathalyzer machine used to measure alcohol content. He stated that
when he arrived at the scene, the Defendant smelled strongly of alcohol, his eyes were watery and
red, and his speech was slurred. He recalled that the Defendant told him he had drunk a twenty-four
ounce beer and a quart of beer at a bar and in his vehicle. Taylor testified that he read the implied
consent form to the Defendant and that the Defendant agreed to take a breath test. The test results
indicated that the Defendant had a blood alcohol concentration of .11 percent.
The Defendant testified on his own behalf and admitted that he had drunk a twenty-four
ounce beer and a quart of beer. However, he claimed that he consumed the beer at a friend’s house
at approximately 3:00 p.m. and did not consume any alcohol after that time. He maintained that he
was not drunk at the time of his arrest. Contrary to Officer Barry’s testimony, the Defendant
reported that he was certain his headlights were on at the time he was stopped because “when [he]
cut the key off, it made the buzzing noise.” He stated that he could not hear out of one ear and that
it sometimes affected his balance. He further testified that when Officer Taylor administered the
breath test, he had to blow into the machine three or four times, and he claimed that Taylor would
not show him the results of the test. Finally, he testified that he asked both officers to allow him to
take a blood test to show that he was not drunk, and both officers refused. With regard to his
driver’s license, the Defendant reported that although his license was revoked at the time of his
arrest, he had paid all fines owed to reinstate his license and planned to have his license reinstated
the following morning.
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The Defendant now argues that the trial court erred by admitting the results of his
breathalyzer test. He presents a novel issue for our consideration: He contends that admission of
breathalyzer test results in a D.U.I. per se case violates a defendant’s confrontation rights.1 He
argues that in a D.U.I. per se case, the State is required only to prove that the defendant was driving
with a blood alcohol concentration of .10 percent or more, a fact often ascertained solely from a
breathalyzer machine, and he maintains that one “cannot cross examine a machine.”
In State v. Sensing, 843 S.W.2d 412 (Tenn. 1992), the Tennessee Supreme Court set forth
the proper “foundation to be laid for the admission of evidentiary breath tester results.” Id. at 416.
The court held that a testing officer must be able to testify
(1) that the tests were performed in accordance with the standards and operating
procedure promulgated by the forensic services division of the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation, (2) that he was certified in accordance with those standards, (3) that the
evidentiary breath testing instrument was certified by the forensic services division,
was tested regularly for accuracy and was working properly when the breath test was
performed, (4) that the motorist was observed for the requisite 20 minutes prior to the
test, and during this period, he did not have foreign matter in his mouth, did not
consume any alcoholic beverage, smoke, or regurgitate, (5) . . . . evidence that he
followed the prescribed operational procedure, and (6) be able to identify the printout
record offered in evidence as the result of the test given to the person tested.
Id. The court then emphasized that the “breath test result merely creates a rebuttable presumption
of intoxication,” id., and stated that the defense is “free to rebut the State’s evidence by calling
witnesses to challenge the accuracy of the particular machine, the qualifications of the operator, and
the degree to which established testing procedures were followed.” Id.
In State v. Deloit, 964 S.W.2d 909 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997), this Court concluded that the
State may proceed under Sensing or the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, specifically Rules 702 and
703, to establish the admissibility of evidentiary breath test results. Id. at 913-14. The court stated,
Our view is that if the state complies with the requirements of Sensing, it is
entitled to the presumption that the test results are reliable and the results may be
admitted into evidence without the benefit of an expert. If not, the state may still use
traditional rules of evidence to lay the foundation for admitting the evidence but there
is no presumption of reliability.
1
A defendant’s confrontation rights are guaranteed by both the United States and Tennessee
Constitutions. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides as follows: “In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . .”
U.S. Const. amend. XI. Similarly, the Tennessee Constitution provides that “in all criminal prosecutions,
the accused hath the right . . . to meet the witnesses face to face . . . .” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9.
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Id. at 913 (citing Tenn. R. Evid. 702, 703).
Here, the Defendant concedes that the six Sensing requirements were met before introduction
of his breath test results. However, he contends that the Sensing factors should not be applied in a
D.U.I per se case. He argues that in a D.U.I. per se case, “[a]ll that the jury considers is the DUI Per
Se. If the results are over .10, the defendant is guilty. There is no rebuttable presumption. It is
hardly a trial. Obviously Sensing cannot apply to DUI Per Se.” Thus, he claims that once his breath
test results were admitted, he was precluded from mounting a defense because he could not cross-
examine the breathalyzer machine. In addition, he argues that in a D.U.I. per se case, the State
should be required to proceed under the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, specifically Rules 702, 703,
and 403.
We disagree. As a preliminary matter, we note that this Court has previously determined that
breathalyzer test results may be admitted either by the method prescribed in Sensing or by laying a
foundation pursuant to rules 702 and 703 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence. Id. We next
conclude that the admission of the Defendant’s breath test results in this case did not violate his
confrontation rights. In Sensing, the supreme court concluded that breath test results merely create
a rebuttable presumption of intoxication which the defense may rebut “by calling witnesses to
challenge the accuracy of the particular machine, the qualifications of the operator, and the degree
to which established testing procedures were followed.” 843 S.W.2d at 416. Five of the six Sensing
factors concern the qualifications of the officer conducting the test and the degree to which standard
testing procedures were followed. As suggested in Sensing, a defendant may cross-examine the
testing officer with regard to any of these factors or call other witnesses to rebut the evidence
presented by the State.
The remaining Sensing factor concerns the certification and testing of the breathalyzer
machine itself. The Sensing court concluded that the certification and testing of the breathalyzer
machines conform with Rule 803(8) of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence, an exception to the hearsay
rule regarding public records and reports. 843 S.W.2d at 416; see Tenn. R. Evid. 803(8). Reliable
hearsay which comports with an exception to the hearsay rule does not violate a defendant’s
confrontation rights. State v. Causby, 706 S.W.2d 628, 631 (Tenn. 1986) (citing Ohio v. Roberts,
448 U.S. 56, 65 (1980)). Therefore, admission of breath test results by the method prescribed in
Sensing does not violate a defendant’s confrontation rights.
In this case, Officer Taylor testified that he was certified by the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation to administer breathalyzer tests, and he provided a copy of his certification as an
exhibit at trial. He also testified that the machine he used to test the Defendant on October 30, 1998
was certified and had been tested on September 3, 1998 in compliance with the Tennessee Bureau
of Investigation requirement that all machines be tested every ninety days. He explained the
procedure he followed to test the Defendant and stated that he observed the Defendant for the
requisite twenty minutes prior to the test. He then identified the printout from the breathalyzer
machine which indicated the Defendant’s breath alcohol content. Thus, the State laid the proper
foundation as required by Sensing before introducing the results of the Defendant’s breath test. After
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introduction of the test results, the Defendant was free to cross-examine Officer Taylor or to call
other witnesses to challenge the breathalyzer machine’s accuracy, Officer Taylor’s qualifications,
and the extent to which proper testing procedures were followed in his case. Because we find no
violation of the Defendant’s confrontation rights by introduction of the test results, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
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