State of Tennessee v. James Demario Nabors

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs September 14, 2010
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JAMES DEMARIO NABORS
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Tipton County
Nos. 5585, 6274, 6275, 6389, 6390 Joseph H. Walker, Judge
No. W2009-02373-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 14, 2011
While on probation, the defendant, James Demario Nabors, pleaded guilty to one count of
possession of marijuana, one count of possession of a Schedule II controlled substance with
intent to deliver .5 grams or more, and one count of introduction of contraband into a penal
institution in case number 6274. Simultaneously, he pleaded guilty to one count of delivery
of a Schedule II controlled substance less than .5 grams, possession of a Schedule II
controlled substance with intent to deliver .5 grams or more, one count of possession of a
firearm during a dangerous felony, and one count of felony possession of a firearm in case
number 6390. In exchange for conceding his probation violation and his guilty pleas, the
defendant received a total effective sentence of twenty-four years at 35% and, consecutively,
five years at 100%. On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying any
form of alternative sentencing and imposing confinement in cases 6274 and 6390. Following
our review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm the trial court’s sentencing
decision.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed
J.C. M CL IN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which A LAN E. G LENN and D. K ELLY
T HOMAS, J R., JJ., joined.
Gary F. Antrican (on appeal), District Public Defender, Covington, Tennessee, and Tracey
A. Brewer-Walker (at trial), Ripley, Tennessee, and Jake Erwin (at trial), Memphis,
Tennessee, for the appellant, James Demario Nabors.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Assistant Attorney
General; D. Michael Dunavant, District Attorney General; and P.N. Oldham and James
Walter Freeland, Jr., Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.
OPINION
Background
On November 28, 2007, the defendant, James Demario Nabors, pleaded guilty in case
number 5585 to delivery of less than .5 grams of a Schedule II controlled substance, a C
felony. The trial court sentenced him as a standard offender to three years of supervised
probation.
While he was on probation, a Tipton County grand jury indicted the defendant, in case
number 6274, on one count each of simple possession of marijuana, a Schedule VI controlled
substance; possession of cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance, with intent to deliver
.5 grams or more; and introduction of contraband into a penal facility. The offenses leading
to this indictment occurred on March 21, 2008. The defendant pleaded guilty to these
charges, and at the guilty plea submission hearing, the state summarized the underlying facts
as follows:
Deputy Sheriff McGee [while] on routine patrol observed a vehicle [traveling]
south on Wilkinsville, observed that [the defendant], . . . the driver, was not
wearing a seatbelt[, and] initiated a traffic stop.
[The defendant] was asked for proof of financial responsibility. [The
deputy checked] for locals and was advised . . . [that the defendant] had a
warrant out of Millington for assault. Corporal Thompson also made the
scene. [The defendant] was taken into custody for the warrant out of
Millington.
A search of the vehicle revealed a cigar which had a green leafy
substance inside which was analyzed to be marijuana. A search of [the
defendant’s] person found a film canister which had a white powder which
tested positive and later indicated to be . . . well over a half a gram.
After arriving at the jail, a bag containing approximately 16 rocks of
crack cocaine weighing over two grams was found on [the defendant’s] person
by the correctional officer. So that was inside the jail after [the defendant]
would have been warned that if he [had] anything else that it [needed] to be
brought to the attention of the correctional officer.
-2-
On July 6, 2009, while he was on probation in case number 5585 and out on bond in
case number 6274, a Tipton County grand jury indicted the defendant, in case number 6390,
on one count each of delivery of less than .5 grams of cocaine, a Schedule II controlled
substance; possession of cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance, with intent to deliver
.5 grams or more; possession of a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony; and
felony possession of a handgun. The delivery charge in this indictment occurred on July 5,
2008, and the remaining charges occurred on July 8, 2008.
The defendant pleaded guilty to the charges in case number 6390, and at the guilty
plea hearing, the state summarized the facts underlying these charges as follows:
July 5 was a sale utilizing undercover operatives who were given
audio/video recording devices [and] given $100 in prerecorded money. The
confidential sources were followed to Jerry’s Quick Stop by Investigator
Robbins of the drug task force, and they were then told to meet . . . the
defendant[] at Bluff Cove to exchange the $100 for crack cocaine.
Investigator Robbins followed the confidential source but stayed at a
safe distance. At approximately 6:13 p.m. he regained visual contact, the
officer did, with the confidential sources, and a few minutes later the
confidential sources turned over to Investigator Robbins the cocaine base and
the audio/video recording device which was the copy of the transaction.
This video indicated that in fact [the defendant] had delivered cocaine,
crack cocaine, or cocaine base, in an amount . . . less than half a gram. It was
a small amount. There was some confusion. The officer thought that more
had been delivered than actually was delivered, but it was analyzed by the
[Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI)] crime lab to be less than half a
gram. Certainly the purchase money was for something more than half a gram,
but the lab analyzed it to be less than half a gram.
The event of July 8 would be that on that date, again involving
Investigator Randall Robbins of the drug task force, [the defendant] was
arrested by agents of the drug task force on various cases, which arrest
occurred at the Circle K Store which is in Munford in south Tipton County.
At that time [the defendant] . . . was occupying a vehicle along with a
Rico Miller and a Jamie Gibbs. Once the three subjects were secured, a search
of the vehicle incident to arrest produced cocaine which was analyzed by the
TBI lab to be over half a gram. This was located in black plastic along with
-3-
a .22 caliber revolver loaded with nine rounds of .22 caliber hollow points that
had been X’d [sic] on the ends that was lying on the floorboard in front of the
passenger front seat. There was also a small amount of marijuana in a valve
located in the console area along with a box of .22 caliber ammunition.
And the officers would testify that [the defendant] stated that the
weapon along with the contraband, the drugs, [were] his and that the other
subjects had nothing to do with either the weapons or the contraband.
On April 27, 2009, the defendant’s probation officer filed a probation violation report
because authorities charged the defendant with the offenses committed on July 5 and 8, 2008.
The defendant’s probation officer filed a second probation violation report alleging that
authorities arrested the defendant and charged him with vandalism and assault1 and that the
defendant failed to obtain his probation officer’s permission before moving, failed to report
to the probation office as required, and failed to pay court costs.
On March 2, 2009, in case number 6275, a Tipton County grand jury indicted the
defendant for felony failure to appear. On June 7, 2009, a Tipton County grand jury indicted
the defendant for felony failure to appear in case number 6389. Ultimately, the prosecution
dismissed these charges.
On October 16, 2009, the defendant entered a blind plea of guilty to all of the charges
in cases 6274 and 6390. The trial court held a combined revocation and sentencing hearing
on November 4, 2009, for cases 5585, 6274, and 6390. At the hearing, the defendant
stipulated that the trial court should revoke his probation in case number 5585. Regarding
cases 6274 and 6390, the defendant stipulated to the accuracy of the Board of Probation and
Parole Investigation Report. The report reflected that the defendant had prior convictions
for evading arrest, criminal impersonation, fourteen traffic offenses, and five drug offenses.
The report also showed that the defendant had a community corrections sentence in 2000,
which the court twice revoked in 2002 and 2004. Moreover, the report stated that the
prosecution submitted as enhancement factors that:
[a]t the time the felony was committed, one (1) of the following classifications
was applicable to the defendant:
(A) Released on bail or pretrial release, if the defendant is ultimately convicted
of the prior misdemeanor or felony;
(B) Released on parole;
(C) Released on probation;
1
The court dismissed these charges.
-4-
(D) On work release;
(E) On community corrections;
(F) On some form of judicially ordered release;
(G) On any other type of release into the community under the direct or
indirect supervision of any state or local governmental authority or a private
entity contracting with the state or a local government . . . .
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (13).
The defendant reported to the Board of Probation and Parole that he did not have any
mental health problems or disabilities. He stated that he was in good physical health except
for high blood pressure, for which he takes medication. The defendant began using alcohol
and marijuana when he was eighteen years old and stated that he used them daily before his
incarceration. The defendant further stated that at age twenty-three, he began using cocaine
on weekends, and he continued to use it until January 2009. In February 2005, the defendant
completed substance abuse treatment at the Lighthouse in Memphis, Tennessee.
The defendant further reported that he and his wife were separated, and if the court
released him, he would live with his mother and children in Drummonds, Tennessee. The
defendant last worked in 2007. The defendant’s probation records show that the defendant
worked for his cousin, Fred Moore, in May 2005 and was unemployed for most of 2007. The
Board of Probation and Parole could not independently verify his employment history.
At the sentencing and revocation hearing, the defendant testified that he was thirty-one
years old. His mother, Diane Cook, and his three children lived in Tipton County,
Tennessee. The defendant agreed that most of his convictions were drug related and that he
had been using drugs since he was a teen. The defendant stated that he worked before his
last arrest, and his boss, Alex Johnson, told him that he still had his job. The defendant did
not make much money at his job, and he spent the money he made on his children and
mother. However, he stated that he did not get the drugs that he used free.
The defendant accepted responsibility for using drugs and said that he was “going to
stay away from the people that us[e] drugs.” He said that he was trying to stop using drugs,
and he wanted to get help for his drug use. He stated that he completed six months of
treatment at the Lighthouse in Jackson, Tennessee2 . After his stay at Lighthouse, the
2
The Board of Probation and Parole Investigation Report stated that the defendant attended the
Lighthouse program in Memphis, Tennessee; however, the defendant testified that he completed the program
in Jackson, Tennessee.
-5-
defendant began using drugs again. He stated that since he has been in jail, he has thought
about what he wants to do with his life. The defendant testified,
I just want to change my life and be a better person and be out there
with my kids and my mom. I just found out my mom has cancer, and I need
to be there with her. And . . . she got [sic] custody of my kids. If something
happen[s] to her, my kids will go back to the [s]tate.
He explained that his mother had cervical cancer, and if something were to happen to her,
his children would be in the state’s custody. He said that he “want[ed] to face [his] own
responsibility and do right and take care of [his] kids.” His mother did not work; however,
she was responsible for taking care of the defendant’s children and providing the defendant’s
legal assistance.
The defendant acknowledged that he was facing “decades of service” for his crime
and stated that instead of preparing for and going to trial, he wanted to accept responsibility
for his actions. The defendant stated that one charge for which he accepted responsibility
involved two other people, Jamie Gibbs and Rico Miller. The defendant explained that these
people were family members, and he did not attempt to direct “any misdeeds” toward them.
Regarding case number 6274, the defendant admitted that he had drugs on him when the
officer stopped him.
While incarcerated, the defendant had been speaking with various rehabilitation
programs. He spoke with a representative at the Synergy Treatment Center, and they agreed
to allow the defendant into their one year long-term treatment program. The defendant asked
the trial judge “to give [him] another chance to go to rehab, get [himself] together, so [he]
could be [a] better man and take care of [his] kids and be there for [his] mom.” The
defendant said that he had been incarcerated for nine months and had learned his lesson. The
defendant said that he could be a better person, resist drugs, and get his life together. He
understood that it was the court’s decision whether to grant him alternative sentencing. He
acknowledged that he had another charge “looming out there” and said that he would
consider accepting responsibility for the charge after he looked at the case.
He agreed that he had “time and time again” said that he would get his life together.
The defendant stated that when a judge had previously allowed him to go through
rehabilitation, he finished the program and did not go back. The defendant admitted that
authorities arrested him while he was on probation in case number 5585. He explained that
he had not learned his lesson then and was “[r]unning with the wrong crowd.” He also
admitted that he was using drugs due to the influence of “the wrong crowd.” He stated,
however, that he did not blame anybody but himself for his faults.
-6-
The defendant told the judge,
I know that I’ve made bad choices over the years, and I just want to see if I can
get a chance to get my life together and raise my kids and be there for my mom
through her cancer. And if . . . you would let me go to rehab and get myself
together, I won’t be back in your court. I’ll abide by the rules. I’ll be at my
visits, pay my fines, and I won’t fail no [sic] drug screens.
Diane Cook, the defendant’s mother, testified that she was fifty-two years old. She
had custody of the defendant’s children and said that she loved them. The children were
twelve years old, ten years old, and two months old. While the defendant was incarcerated,
Ms. Cook helped him in finding rehabilitation programs. She found the Synergy program
for the defendant and contacted them. Ms. Cook thought that the defendant could do well
in “a Synergy-type program where he’d have to stay a full year” and stated that it would be
“fine” if the court would “give him a little bit more” than a year. She stated that she needed
the defendant there with her because she feared that if something happened to her the
children would be separated and moved around. She stated that the children had come from
an abusive mother who had cut and choked them.
Regarding the defendant’s sentencing, Ms. Cook said to the trial judge,
Please, Judge, please, Your Honor, please have it so he can get some type [of]
help. I don’t care if it’s a year or two years. Because I have had a heart attack,
I have Lupus, my lungs rate 50 percent, I have CPO, and then my cancer. I
just want him to get his life together before it’s too late, while I am up on my
feet right now.
She stated that she would do whatever she could to help the defendant meet his
responsibilities because he was her only child. Ms. Cook had no criminal convictions. Ms.
Cook addressed the court again saying,
Your Honor, if you can just give my son another chance to get some help
instead of jail time. He’s been back there nine months. If you try him this
time and see how long he can stay away from drugs and alcohol or whatever,
I [sic] appreciate it, because I really need him home.
-7-
D.N.3 , the defendant’s twelve-year-old son, testified that he wrote a letter stating that
he wanted to testify at the defendant’s hearing. D.N. testified that he “wanted [his] dad to
get some help, and [he] wanted him to leave [jail].” He knew that his father had committed
crimes and had to accept responsibility for them, but he “just want[ed] to see if [his] dad
could have [sic] some help . . . .”
After hearing the evidence, the trial court revoked the defendant’s probation in case
number 5585. The court dismissed the charges in cases 6275 and 6389 on the motion of the
state. Regarding cases 6274 and 6390, the court, considering the Board of Probation and
Parole Investigation Report, the testimony at the hearing, and the principles of sentencing,
found that it should sentence the defendant as a multiple offender to the felony offenses. The
court further found that the defendant had convictions in addition to those necessary to
establish the appropriate range. As mitigation, the court found that the defendant’s conduct
neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury, that he had a substance abuse problem,
and that his offenses primarily have dealt with substance abuse.
Finding that the defendant did not qualify for probation and was not an appropriate
candidate for alternative sentencing, the court sentenced the defendant as follows:
Case Number 6274
Count Offense Sentence Conviction
Class
1 Possession of marijuana 11 months, 29 days A misdemeanor
2 Possession of cocaine with intent to 12 years B felony
deliver more than .5 grams
3 Introduction of contraband into a 6 years C felony
penal facility
Case Number 6390
Count Offense Sentence Conviction
Class
1 Delivery of cocaine less than .5 gram 6 years C felony
2 Possession of cocaine with intent to 12 years B felony
3
It is this court’s policy to refer to minors by their initials.
-8-
deliver more than .5 gram
3 Possession of a firearm during the 5 years at 100% D felony
commission of a dangerous felony
4 Felony possession of a handgun Merged with E felony
Count 3
In case number 6274, the court gave the defendant credit for time served on count one and
sentenced counts two and three concurrently for an effective sentence of twelve years at 35%.
In case number 6390, the court ordered the defendant to serve counts two and three
consecutively but concurrently with count one for an effective sentence of twelve years at
35% and five years at 100%. The defendant’s total effective sentence is twenty-four years
at 35% and, consecutive to that, five years at 100%. From these sentences, the defendant
appeals.
Analysis
On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying alternative
sentencing in cases 6274 and 63904 . The defendant asserts that, because of his drug abuse,
he qualifies for alternative sentencing under the “special needs” provision of Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-36-106(c). He contends that the evidence at the hearing showed that
his special needs could best be served and treated in the community. We disagree.
When an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a sentence, this court
conducts a de novo review of the record with a presumption that the trial court’s
determinations are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption of
correctness is conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court
considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances. State v. Pettus,
986 S.W.2d 540, 543-44 (Tenn. 1999). However, if the record shows that the trial court
failed to consider the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances, then
review of the challenged sentence is purely de novo without the presumption of correctness.
State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). On appeal, the party challenging the
sentence imposed by the trial court has the burden of establishing that the sentence is
erroneous. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Commission Comments.
A defendant is eligible for probation if the actual sentence imposed is ten years or less
and the offense for which the defendant is sentenced is not specifically excluded by statute.
4
The defendant does not appeal the court’s probation revocation in case number 5585.
-9-
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(a). A defendant should be considered a favorable
candidate for alternative sentencing if the defendant is an especially mitigated or standard
offender convicted of a Class C, D, or E felony and there exists no evidence to the contrary.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6), Sentencing Commission Comments. However, this
presumption is unavailable to a defendant who commits the most severe offenses, has a
criminal history showing clear disregard for the laws and morals of society, and has failed
past efforts at rehabilitation. Id. § 40-35-102(5); State v. Fields, 40 S.W.3d 435, 440 (Tenn.
2001). Also, the presumption in favor of alternative sentencing may be rebutted by facts
contained in the presentence report, evidence presented by the state, the testimony of the
accused or a defense witness, or any other source, provided it is made a part of the record.
State v. Parker, 932 S.W.2d 945, 958 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). Pursuant to Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-103, a trial court may determine whether incarceration rather than
alternative sentencing is appropriate if the evidence shows that:
(A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant who
has a long history of criminal conduct;
(B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective deterrence
to others likely to commit similar offenses; or
(C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently
been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant[.]
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1)(A)-(C). As part of its determination, the trial court may
also consider the defendant’s potential or lack of potential for rehabilitation. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-103(5). Additionally, the defendant’s lack of truthfulness or candor is an
appropriate consideration as it relates to the defendant’s potential for rehabilitation. State
v. Nunley, 22 S.W.3d 282, 289 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999).
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-36-106 governs which defendants are eligible
for a community corrections sentence. The statute provides, in pertinent part:
(a)(1) An offender who meets all of the following minimum criteria shall be
considered eligible for punishment in the community under the provisions of
this chapter:
(A) Persons who, without this option, would be incarcerated in
a correctional institution;
(B) Persons who are convicted of property-related, or drug- or
alcohol-related felony offenses or other felony offenses not
-10-
involving crimes against the person as provided in title 39,
chapter 13, parts 1-5;
(C) Persons who are convicted of nonviolent felony offenses;
(D) Persons who are convicted of felony offenses in which the
use or possession of a weapon was not involved;
(E) Persons who do not demonstrate a present or past pattern of
behavior indicating violence;
(F) Persons who do not demonstrate a pattern of committing
violent offenses [.]
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-36-106(a). Section (c) of this same statute, which is sometimes
referred to as the “special needs” provision, states:
Felony offenders not otherwise eligible under subsection (a), and who would
be usually considered unfit for probation due to histories of chronic alcohol or
drug abuse, or mental health problems, but whose special needs are treatable
and could be served best in the community rather than in a correctional
institution, may be considered eligible for punishment in the community under
the provisions of this chapter.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-36-106(c).
In other words, felons not otherwise eligible under the criteria of subsection (a) are
eligible under subsection (c) of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-36-106 if they are
unfit for probation due to a history of chronic alcohol abuse, drug abuse, or mental health
problems, but their special needs are better treatable in a community corrections program
than in incarceration. This court, in State v. Staten, 787 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1989), interpreted the words “who would be usually considered unfit for probation” to mean
that in order to be eligible for placement in the community corrections program pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-36-106(c), a defendant must be otherwise eligible for
probation under the sentencing act. See also State v. Cowan, 40 S.W.3d 85, 86 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2000); State v. Kendrick, 10 S.W.3d 650, 655 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999); State v. Boston,
938 S.W.2d 435, 438 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); State v. George C. Peery, III, No.
E2008-00086-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 537064, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Mar.
4, 2009); State v. Jennifer Leslie Pendleton, No. E2007-00578-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL
2805609 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, July 22, 2008). The rationale for the requirement
that a defendant must be otherwise eligible for probation under the sentencing act to be
eligible for community corrections is “that the waiver of fitness for probation [contained in
section 40-36-106(c) ] is meaningless, unless the normal statutory criteria for probation apply
to subsection (c) participants.” State v. Rhonda Lorraine Hanke, No.
-11-
03C01-9707-CC-00254, 1998 WL 695452, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Aug. 20,
1998) (citing Staten, 787 S.W.2d at 936).
Here, the trial court denied alternative sentencing because it found that the defendant
did not qualify for probation, and the defendant’s case was “not an appropriate case for
alternate sentencing.” The defendant pleaded guilty to possessing a firearm during the
commission of a dangerous felony, an offense which Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-
17-1324(e)(2) specifically excludes from probation and community corrections sentences.
Moreover, the defendant here is ineligible for probation because his sentence is not ten years
or less, and he is a multiple offender. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102(6), 40-35-303(a).
Consequently, he is likewise ineligible for “special needs” community corrections sentencing
under section 40-36-106(c). Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s imposition of
incarceration.
Conclusion
Based upon the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgments of the
trial court.
___________________________________
J.C. McLIN, JUDGE
-12-