Kyle Richard Freemon v. State of Tennessee

10/13/2020
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
August 18, 2020 Session
KYLE RICHARD FREEMON v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Rutherford County
No. 80523 David M. Bragg, Judge
No. M2019-02220-CCA-R3-PC
In 2018, the Petitioner, Kyle Richard Freemon, pleaded guilty to sexual battery by an
authority figure, a Class C felony, and the trial court sentenced him to six years of
incarceration, suspended after the service of six months. The Petitioner filed a petition
for post-conviction relief in which he alleged that his guilty plea was not knowingly and
voluntarily entered because he had received the ineffective assistance of counsel. The
post-conviction court dismissed the petition, and the Petitioner appeals. After review, we
affirm the post-conviction court’s judgment.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS, P.J. and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR. J., joined.
Taylor D. Payne, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Kyle Richard Freemon.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; Jennings H. Jones, District Attorney General; and Sharon L. Reddick,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Facts and Background
This case originates from allegations that the Petitioner had sexual contact with the
victim, to whom he was related and over whom he held a position of trust. On March 6,
2018, the Petitioner was indicted for rape, a Class B felony, and statutory rape, a Class E
felony. On March 8, 2018, the trial court issued a warrant for his arrest, and officers
arrested him the following day. The Petitioner could not post bond, so he remained
incarcerated until he was arraigned on April 16, 2018, at which time the trial court
appointed a public defender to represent him. The Petitioner entered a plea of guilty to
the lesser included offense of sexual battery by an authority figure. At the guilty plea
hearing, the State informed the trial court that, had the case gone to trial, it would have
proven:
On January the 1st, 2018, the Department of Children[s’] Services
received a referral from a therapist here in town stating that the victim, who
is a minor . . ., , date of birth 2-4-2000, had disclosed in therapy that
sometime within the last several months th[e] [Petitioner] had engaged in
sexual contact with her, . . . [and] they are related. And at the time, he
was in a position of trust over her.
[The Petitioner] was interviewed by the detective, and initially
denied, but eventually did make statements against his own interests.
The State recommended a six-year sentence, all suspended, save six months. The
Petitioner received jail credit for time served. The State then stated, “the State would add
that he is to comply with the Sex Offender Registry requirements and stay away from the
victim.” The State requested the dismissal of the other pending charge against the
Petitioner. The trial court reviewed the Petitioner’s rights with him and ensured that he
understood the rights that he was waiving by entering a plea of guilty. The trial court
ensured that the Petitioner was entering his plea freely and voluntarily, that he did not
feel rushed, and that he did not have any questions. The trial court followed the State’s
recommendation and sentenced the Petitioner to six years of incarceration, with all but
six months of that sentence to be served on probation.
The Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief, later amended by post-
conviction counsel. In it, he alleged that his guilty plea was not knowingly and
voluntarily entered because he was not made aware of the consequences of his guilty
plea, including the requirements of the sexual offender registry or that he would be on the
sexual offender registry for life. He further asserted that his guilty plea was not
knowingly or voluntarily entered because he was on medications at the time that it was
entered and because he did not know that he could withdraw his plea within thirty days.
The Petitioner also asserted that his counsel (“Counsel”) was ineffective for failing to
investigate his mental health conditions, failing to inquire about his mental health
medications, and failing to interview relevant witnesses.
At a hearing on the petition, Counsel testified that the trial court appointed her in
her capacity as a public defender to represent the Petitioner. She and the Petitioner first
met on May 10, 2018, at which time she provided him with the discovery in the case and
explained to him the charges against him and the potential punishment he faced. Counsel
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said that the Petitioner faced charges of rape and statutory rape. The discovery included
statements from the victim and some DVDs.
Counsel said that the State initially offered the Petitioner a split confinement plea
agreement, which would include that he be sentenced to eight years, suspended to
probation after one year. Counsel said that she left the discovery with the Petitioner and
the two met again on May 18, 2018. Counsel said that the Petitioner’s main goal was to
be released from jail, since he could not make bond. Counsel said that she and the
Petitioner discussed a plea agreement to rape, and she explained the sex offender registry
to him and that he would be required to be under community supervision for life.
Counsel said that the Petitioner told her that he wanted to plead to something that was not
“contingent” upon the sex offender registry. They countered the State’s plea offer with
an offer to enter a guilty plea to aggravated assault.
Later, the State countered with a plea offer for sexual battery by an authority
figure which would have required the Petitioner to register as a sex offender. The benefit
of this offer was that the Petitioner would not have to be subject to community
supervision for life. Further, if he violated his probation, he would not be required to
serve his sentence day for day.
On June 8, 2018, the Petitioner chose to accept this plea offer. He indicated that
he wanted to get out of jail.
About potential witnesses, Counsel said that the Petitioner mentioned some
witnesses that were present at the bonfire the night that these events occurred. Counsel
and the Petitioner discussed the nature of the State’s case against him, including the
actual admissions that the Petitioner made during his interview. Counsel reiterated that
the Petitioner’s main goal was to be released from custody. Counsel said that she did not
contact any of those witnesses because of time constraints. She gave the Petitioner his
discovery on May 10, and he entered his guilty plea on June 8. He wanted to be released
from custody as soon as possible, so he chose to enter his guilty plea before she could
interview potential witnesses.
Counsel testified that she did not believe that there was a need to investigate the
Petitioner’s mental health. She was unsure whether the Petitioner was intoxicated at the
time that he made incriminating statements to police. Counsel reiterated that she
discussed the sex offender registry requirements with the Petitioner prior to his guilty
plea. This was, in fact, the reason that he wanted to counter the State’s offer with
aggravated assault, which would not have the sex offender registry requirement.
During cross-examination, Counsel testified that the Petitioner had told police that
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he had smoked marijuana, but she was unsure whether the Petitioner meant at the time of
the interview or in the past. She did not believe that the Petitioner said that he was drunk
or high at the time of his interview with police. The Petitioner never indicated his desire
to go to trial.
Counsel testified that, almost two months after the plea, the Petitioner’s father
called her. He angrily informed her that he was upset that she had not informed the
Petitioner that he could withdraw his guilty plea within thirty days. She told him that she
did not typically inform her clients of this because they must also show a manifest
injustice. He said that he would have testified for the Petitioner, and, when she informed
him that she could not discuss the facts of the Petitioner’s case with him, he “hung up on”
her. Counsel said that she believed that the Petitioner’s guilty plea was knowing and
voluntary, and she did not think that there were grounds for him to withdraw that plea.
Counsel said that she represented the Petitioner for his guilty plea and then she
also represented him during his first probation violation, which was several months after
his guilty plea. Counsel said that the trial court then allowed her to withdraw in
September 2018.
Counsel reiterated that she informed the Petitioner of the requirements of the sex
offender registry, of probation, and of sex offender probation. Counsel testified that,
based on the Petitioner’s conviction, he could petition to come off the sex offender’s
registry, so he was not subject to the sex offender registry for life.
Counsel said that she had no indication that the Petitioner’s mental health was not
intact. She said that he was “fairly sharp, and he was fairly with it.” She said that he was
the one directing her in that he wanted to counter offer the State with an offense that did
not have the sex offender registry requirement. Counsel said that she felt the Petitioner
understood the charges that he faced and the basis of those charges. Counsel recalled that
the Petitioner told her that his father was a convicted felon, so she was able to work into
the conditions of the plea that the Petitioner would still be able to have contact with his
father. The Petitioner also noticed and informed her that the victim’s date of birth was
incorrectly listed in the indictment. The difference did not impact the validity of the
indictment, but it showed that the Petitioner was engaged and noting details during the
proceedings.
Counsel maintained that the Petitioner’s plea agreement was in his best interest.
She said that the Petitioner faced eight to twelve years to be served at 100% if convicted
at trial. Pursuant to the plea, the Petitioner had very little time left to serve because of the
time that he had served when he could not make bond.
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Counsel recounted how the Petitioner had made an admission of guilt to police,
taken a polygraph test, and then made a second admission to touching the alleged victim.
Counsel testified that she represented the Petitioner when he first violated his
probation. She met with him, and he expressed frustration with her that she had not told
him that he could withdraw his guilty plea. The Petitioner then advised her that he had
some mental health concerns. She described him as “upset to the point where [she] asked
one of the deputies to have someone check on him.” This was, though, well after the
Petitioner had entered his guilty plea.
The Petitioner testified, and he said that he pleaded guilty to sexual battery by an
authority figure. He said that he told Counsel that he wanted to take his case to trial and
not to enter a plea of guilty. He agreed that she told him that he would be on the sex
offender registry as part of his plea agreement.
The Petitioner testified that he did not feel like he had any choice other than to
enter a plea of guilty. He said that he felt that Counsel would not fight for him. The
Petitioner said that he heard what the trial court said during his guilty plea but that it did
not register with him. He said that he had mental health issues for which the detention
center medicated him. He was on Zyprexa, Prozac, and Precisa. These medications
made him “drowsy” and caused him to lose his train of thought. The Petitioner opined
that these medications affected his ability to knowingly enter his guilty plea. He said that
he was not coherent during the guilty plea hearing, and he did not remember what
occurred. He later said he was hearing voices in his head while he was pleading guilty.
The Petitioner recounted how he had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He said that he
heard and saw things that other people did not. The voices sometimes caused him to
have homicidal fantasies. The Petitioner said that he self-medicated with marijuana,
which he believed helped him more than the medicine given to him by doctors.
The Petitioner testified that he was threatened with violence every day that he was
incarcerated before he entered his guilty plea. He said that in the facility where he was
incarcerated, protective custody inmates were housed with general population inmates.
He said that the general population inmates would knock on the door of his cell and
threaten to “beat [his] butt.” He found this “scary,” as he had never been through
something like this before. The Petitioner believed that the threats of violence induced
him to enter a plea of guilty.
The Petitioner testified that he intentionally violated his probation because he
wanted to get back in front of the judge and see if he could have his verdict overturned.
During cross-examination, the Petitioner testified that the jail staff maintained
5
weekly contact with him regarding his mental health. He agreed that in most instances,
he did not complain about visions or voices. He explained that he lied to the nurse
practitioner about the voices because he did not want the limitations that would come if
he was placed on suicide watch. The Petitioner agreed that he also suffered from
depression and anxiety.
The Petitioner said that he “never once” told Counsel that he wanted to get out of
jail. He maintained that he always told her that he wanted to take his case to trial. The
Petitioner said that the day of his guilty plea, he told Counsel that he wanted to take his
case to trial and she shook her head “no” and shrugged her shoulders.
The Petitioner agreed that Counsel discussed discovery with him, and she also
discussed the ramifications of his guilty plea. The Petitioner agreed that he had
previously been incarcerated for contributing to the delinquency of a minor but said that
he had not been incarcerated previously for sexually assaulting a minor.
During redirect examination, the Petitioner agreed that on March 22, 2018, he told
jail staff that he was positive for schizophrenia with visual tactile hallucinations. On
recross examination he stated that when they followed up with him on March 25, 29, and
30, 2018, he stated that he did not have any complaints. He also had no complaints on
April 5, May 3, and June 7, 2018.
The Petitioner’s father, Kyle Freemon, Sr., testified that in October 2017 he lived
in a two-bedroom apartment with his cousin, her daughter, the Petitioner and his brother.
Mr. Freemon said that his cousin, Darlena, occupied one of the bedrooms and her
daughter, K.R.,1 occupied the other bedroom. Mr. Freemon and his sons had two blow-
up mattresses and a couch in the living room.
Mr. Freemon said that he was present at the party during which the victim said that
this assault took place. He said that the victim was having a “little party” with her
friends, so they all decided to have a party. The attendants, including the victim and the
Petitioner, were drinking and smoking marijuana and going between their house and a
neighbor’s house. Mr. Freemon said that, during the party, there was a bonfire and that
everyone was having a good time. Mr. Freemon said that he did not see anything
inappropriate between the victim and the Petitioner.
Several months later, Mr. Freemon learned that the victim had alleged that this
assault occurred at the party. Mr. Freemon explained that the victim was hospitalized for
attempting suicide. During a family meeting for her treatment, she became angry with
1
K.R. is the minor victim in this case.
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things that the Petitioner said to the psychiatrist. As soon as she was released from
psychiatric custody, she made these allegations.
During cross-examination, Mr. Freemon testified that, because of his own felony
record, he was unable to see his son until after his son pleaded guilty. He said that he had
encouraged his son to plead not guilty, saying that the victim was not going to show up in
court to testify against him. Mr. Freemon said that he was upset that his son pleaded
guilty because he was not guilty. He said that he himself had been to prison and “done
things to guys that came in [prison]” with convictions similar to the Petitioner’s
convictions. He agreed that he sent the victim a text message that stated: “thank you for
ruining [the Petitioner’s] life when you’re the one that came onto him.” He also said:
“next time . . . you want to kill yourself, I hope you succeed.”
Cory McAmis testified that he was present at the party where the assault allegedly
occurred. He said that he got there around 6:00 p.m., and the Petitioner had just awoken.
The two sat at the kitchen table with Mr. Freemon, and people started arriving at the party
at around 7:00. Mr. McAmis said that he and the victim laid outside on a blanket for
approximately four hours and that both of them were consuming alcohol. Mr. McAmis
said that the Petitioner was not outside with him and the victim.
During cross-examination, Mr. McAmis testified that he left the party at around
midnight and that the Petitioner and the victim were both still at the party.
The Petitioner’s brother, Kevin Freemon, testified that he was present at the party.
He said that he and the Petitioner got into a “brotherly disagreement,” and the Petitioner
blackened his eye. He recalled that the Petitioner threw up after their disagreement, at
around 10:00 or 10:30 p.m. Thereafter the Petitioner “passed out.”
Joy Reinhard testified that she and her daughter, the victim, lived in an apartment
with the Petitioner and his father and brother during the time of these allegations. She
recalled the party in question and said that the apartment across from them had a bonfire
out back. The victim was seventeen at the time and Ms. Reinhard told her that she could
go to the party and come right back home. The victim was taking Effexor for depression
at the time. Ms. Reinhard testified that the victim came home at around midnight and
threw up on the bathroom floor, and Ms. Reinhard put her to bed.
Ms. Reinhard testified that the victim attempted suicide and protective services
came to her home to speak with the victim. At that time, the victim told Ms. Reinhard
that the Petitioner had laid on a blanket with her and had touched and fondled her. Ms.
Reinhard said that she thanked the victim for telling her and then attempted to confirm
the victim’s story. Everyone at the party said that the Petitioner and the victim were
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never on the blanket together and were never alone. Ms. Reinhard said that the victim,
who was in college, had not spoken with her in over a year.
Based upon this evidence, the post-conviction court denied the Petitioner relief. It
found that the Petitioner had failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that his
plea was unlawfully induced or involuntarily entered. It further found that the Petitioner
had also not proven that he had been denied effective counsel.
It is from this judgment that the Petitioner now appeals.
II. Analysis
On appeal, the Petitioner contends that the post-conviction court erred when it
denied his petition because his guilty plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered
because he received incorrect legal advice before entering his guilty plea and because he
was suffering from schizophrenia at the time of his plea. He further contends that he
received the ineffective assistance of counsel because Counsel failed to interview
material witnesses. Finally, he contends that he is entitled to relief based upon the
cumulative effect of the errors.
In order to obtain post-conviction relief, a petitioner must show that his or her
conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgment of a constitutional
right. T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2018). The petitioner bears the burden of proving factual
allegations in the petition for post-conviction relief by clear and convincing evidence.
T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f) (2018). The post-conviction court’s findings of fact are conclusive
on appeal unless the evidence preponderates against it. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450,
456-57 (Tenn. 2001). Upon review, this court will not re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence below; all questions concerning the credibility of witnesses, the weight and
value to be given their testimony and the factual issues raised by the evidence are to be
resolved by the trial judge, not the appellate courts. Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 156
(Tenn. 1999); Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn. 1997). A post-conviction
court’s conclusions of law, however, are subject to a purely de novo review by this court,
with no presumption of correctness. Id. at 457.
A. Guilty Plea
The validity of a guilty plea is a mixed question of law and fact that is reviewed de
novo. Lane, 316 S.W at 562. To be valid, a guilty plea must be entered knowingly,
voluntarily, and intelligently. Id. (citing State v. Mackey, 553 S.W.2d 337, 340 (Tenn.
1977) superseded on other grounds by rules as stated in State v. Wilson, 31 S.W.3d 189,
193 (Tenn. 2000); North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970); Brady v. United
8
States, 397 U.S. 742, 747 (1970); Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242-44 (1969)).
“[T]he record of acceptance of a defendant’s plea of guilty must affirmatively
demonstrate that his decision was both voluntary and knowledgeable, i.e., that he has
been made aware of the significant consequences of such a plea[.]” Mackey, 553 S.W.2d
at 340; See Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1). When determining whether a guilty plea was
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently entered, the court must consider “‘whether the
plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action
open to the defendant.’” Lane, 316 S.W.3d at 562 (quoting Grindstaff, 297 S.W.3d at
218). If a guilty plea is not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently entered, then the
defendant has been denied due process, and the guilty plea is void. Id. (citations
omitted).
A plea is not voluntary if it is the result of “‘[i]gnorance, incomprehension,
coercion, terror, inducements, [or] subtle or blatant threats . . . .’” Blankenship v. State,
858 S.W.2d 897, 904 (Tenn. 1993) (quoting Boykin, 395 U.S. at 242-43). In determining
whether a guilty plea is voluntarily and intelligently entered, a trial court must look at a
number of factors, which include the following:
1) the defendant’s relative intelligence; 2) the defendant’s familiarity with
criminal proceedings; 3) the competency of counsel and the defendant’s
opportunity to confer with counsel about alternatives; 4) the advice of
counsel and the court about the charges and the penalty to be imposed; and
5) the defendant’s reasons for pleading guilty, including the desire to avoid
a greater penalty in a jury trial.
Howell v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 330-31 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Blankenship, 858 S.W.2d
at 904).
1. Sex Offender Registry Requirement
The Petitioner contends that his guilty plea was not knowingly and voluntarily
entered because he received incorrect legal advice before he entered his guilty plea.
Specifically, he asserts that, while Counsel told him that he would be placed on the Sex
Offender Registry, he was not informed that he would be on this registry for life and
believed that the terms of the registry would be “just like probation.” He notes that
during the post-conviction hearing, Counsel testified that she thought the Petitioner’s
conviction was one where he could come off of the registry. In fact, it is classified as a
violent sexual offense, so he cannot petition for removal from the sexual offender
registry. The State counters that this is not a colorable post-conviction claim because the
sex offender registry is a collateral consequence and the trial court’s failure to advise a
defendant of those requirements does not render a plea constitutionally invalid.
9
In Emil John Ford v. State, this court explained that the “registration requirements
imposed by the sex offender registration act are nonpunitive and . . . therefore a collateral
consequence of a guilty plea.” No. E2018-00702-CCA-R3-PC, 2019 WL 1220790, at *4
(Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, March 14, 2019) (citing Ward v. State, 315 S.W.3d 461,
472 (Tenn. 2010)), no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed. Therefore, “[a]ny failure by
the [trial] court or [trial] counsel to explain fully the sexual offender registry to the
[p]etitioner does not render his guilty plea[s] invalid.” Id.; see also Martin Lewis Privette
v. State, No. M2011-02640-CCA-R3-PC, 2012 WL 6172037, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App., at
Nashville, Dec. 11, 2012), Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application denied (Tenn. Apr. 11, 2013).
Moreover, “the trial court does not determine the length of time a defendant must remain
on the sex offender registry.” State v. Paul Avery Reno, No. M2016-01903-CCA-R3-CD,
2017 WL 3037538, at *16 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, July 18, 2017), no Tenn. R.
App. P. App. filed.
In Ford, this court concluded that the petitioner’s trial counsel’s failure to inform
him that he “would be subject to lifetime registration” did not render his guilty pleas
invalid given that trial counsel was not required to “explain fully the sexual offender
registry” to the petitioner and that the trial court had no control of the length of time the
petitioner was to remain on the registry. In that case, the petitioner’s trial counsel had
explained to the petitioner that he would be on the sex offender registry and the
“ramifications” of what that meant. Additionally, the sex offender registry requirement
was listed on the plea agreement form signed by the petitioner.
In the case under submission, as in Ford, the Petitioner understood that his guilty
plea included that he would be subject to the Sex Offender Registry. Counsel reviewed
with him the ramifications of the registry, and the Petitioner even testified that he
understood that he would be subject to the registry. The Petitioner contends that Counsel
did not explain to him that the supervision would be for life. We conclude, as did this
court in Ford, that any failure by Counsel to fully explain the sexual offender registry to
the Petitioner does not render his guilty plea invalid. Accordingly, we conclude that the
post-conviction court did not err in rejecting the Petitioner’s claim that his guilty pleas
were not knowingly and voluntarily entered because he was unaware of the length of time
he would remain on the sex offender registry.
2. Mental Health
The Petitioner next contends that his guilty plea was “unlawfully induced” and
“involuntarily entered” because he was suffering from schizophrenia at the time of his
plea, making his plea a product of ignorance and misunderstanding. The State contends
that the evidence does not preponderate against the post-conviction court’s finding that
10
the Petitioner comprehended the proceedings against him and that Counsel was not
ineffective for failing to seek a mental evaluation of the Petitioner.
Once the trial court has conducted a proper plea colloquy, it discharges its duty to
assess the voluntary and intelligent nature of the plea and creates an adequate record for
any subsequent review. Boykin, 395 U.S. at 244. Statements made by a petitioner, his
attorney, and the prosecutor during the plea colloquy, as well as any findings made by the
trial court in accepting the plea, “constitute a formidable barrier in any subsequent
collateral proceedings.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). Statements made
in open court carry a strong presumption of truth. Id. at 73-74. To overcome such a
presumption, a petitioner must present more than “conclusory allegations unsupported by
specifics.” Id.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Petitioner has failed to establish that his
guilty plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered because of his mental health or
medications for his mental health. Jail health records indicate that the Petitioner suffered
from mental health issues however, in the vast majority of the reported health checks, the
Petitioner reported having no further issues. Further, Counsel testified she had no
indication that the Petitioner suffered from mental health issues that would affect his
understanding of the proceedings. She indicated that he actively participated in the plea
negotiations and that he directed her during such negotiations. The Petitioner reviewed
discovery and found a mistake in the victim’s birthdate, and the Petitioner communicated
with Counsel effectively. Also, during the plea hearing, the Petitioner swore that he
understood the proceedings, that he was entering his plea freely and voluntarily, that he
had not been threatened, and that no one had promised him anything in exchange for his
plea. We conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s
finding that the Petitioner’s guilty plea was knowingly and voluntarily entered.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The right of a criminally accused to representation is guaranteed by both the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 of the Tennessee
Constitution. State v. White, 114 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Tenn. 2003); State v. Burns, 6
S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999); Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). The
following two-prong test directs a court’s evaluation of a claim for ineffectiveness:
First, the [petitioner] must show that counsel’s performance was
deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that
counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the [petitioner] by
the Sixth Amendment. Second, the [petitioner] must show that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that
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counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the [petitioner] of a fair trial,
a trial whose result is reliable. Unless a [petitioner] makes both showings,
it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a
breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); State v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d 417,
419 (Tenn. 1989).
In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, this court must determine
whether the advice given or services rendered by the attorney are within the range of
competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 936. To
prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must show that
“counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” House v.
State, 44 S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. 2001) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688).
When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the reviewing court
should judge the attorney’s performance within the context of the case as a whole, taking
into account all relevant circumstances. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690; State v. Mitchell,
753 S.W.2d 148, 149 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988). The reviewing court must evaluate the
questionable conduct from the attorney’s perspective at the time. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
690; Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982). In doing so, the reviewing court
must be highly deferential and “should indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s
conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Burns, 6
S.W.3d at 462. Finally, we note that a defendant in a criminal case is not entitled to
perfect representation, only constitutionally adequate representation. Denton v. State,
945 S.W.2d 793, 796 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). In other words, “in considering claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel, ‘we address not what is prudent or appropriate, but only
what is constitutionally compelled.’” Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 794 (1987) (quoting
United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 665 n.38 (1984)). Counsel should not be deemed
to have been ineffective merely because a different procedure or strategy might have
produced a different result. Williams v. State, 599 S.W.2d 276, 279-80 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1980). “The fact that a particular strategy or tactic failed or hurt the defense does
not, standing alone, establish unreasonable representation. However, deference to
matters of strategy and tactical choices applies only if the choices are informed ones
based upon adequate preparation.” House, 44 S.W.3d at 515 (quoting Goad v. State, 938
S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996)).
If the petitioner shows that counsel’s representation fell below a reasonable
standard, then the petitioner must satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test by
demonstrating “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
12
694; Nichols v. State, 90 S.W.3d 576, 587 (Tenn. 2002). This reasonable probability
must be “sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
694; Harris v. State, 875 S.W.2d 662, 665 (Tenn. 1994).
In the context of a guilty plea, like the present case, the effective assistance of
counsel is relevant only to the extent that it affects the voluntariness of the plea.
Therefore, to satisfy the second prong of Strickland, the petitioner must show that “there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have [pled] guilty
and would have insisted on going to trial.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985); see
also Walton v. State, 966 S.W.2d 54, 55 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). However, we note
that a petitioner’s “[s]olemn declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of
verity.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977).
A petitioner’s sworn responses to the litany of questions posed by
the trial judge at the plea submission hearing represent more than lip
service. Indeed, the petitioner’s sworn statements and admission of guilt
stand as a witness against the petitioner at the post-conviction hearing when
the petitioner disavows those statements.
Alfonso C. Camacho v. State, No. M2008-00410-CCA-R3-PC, 2009 WL 2567715, at *7
(Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 18, 2009), Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application denied (Tenn. Feb.
10, 2010).
1. Material Witnesses
The Petitioner contends that Counsel was ineffective by not interviewing material
witnesses. Counsel credibly testified that the Petitioner, who had admitted to sexually
touching the victim two separate times to law enforcement officers, wanted to be released
from custody. She said that he wanted to enter a guilty plea that did not involve
community supervision for life and that he wanted to be released as soon as possible,
since he was unable to make bond. He was incarcerated in March and pleaded guilty and
released from custody in June. Counsel said that because of the quick timeline and the
Petitioner’s goals, she was unable to conduct a normal investigation in this case, which
would have included interviewing witnesses. The post-conviction court found that the
four witnesses the Petitioner presented at the post-conviction hearing presented
contradictory recounts of the events at the party. We conclude that Counsel was not
ineffective for pursuing the case in accordance with the Petitioner’s wishes. Her client,
who had admitted guilt, told her that he wanted to enter a guilty plea and be released from
custody. She obtained a plea agreement for him pursuant to which he would be released
almost immediately on probation. He entered his plea, and was released, and then
violated his probation, which he now says he did intentionally in order to appear before
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the trial court. We find, like the post-conviction court, his contentions unpersuasive, and
we conclude Counsel was not ineffective. We further conclude that the Petitioner has not
proven prejudice because he has not proven that but for Counsel’s failure to interview
these witnesses, he would not have entered a plea of guilty. He is not entitled to relief on
this issue.
2. Cumulative Error
The Petitioner also alleges cumulative error. “Reversals for cumulative error are
rare.” State v. Herron, 461 S.W.3d 890, 910 (Tenn. 2015). Our supreme court has
summarized the doctrine as follows:
The cumulative error doctrine is a judicial recognition that there may be
multiple errors committed in trial proceedings, each of which in isolation
constitutes mere harmless error, but which when aggregated, have a
cumulative effect on the proceedings so great as to require reversal in order
to preserve a defendant's right to a fair trial.
State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 76-77 (Tenn. 2010). In the post-conviction context, “a
petitioner cannot successfully claim he was prejudiced by [trial] counsel’s cumulative
error when the petitioner failed to show [trial] counsel’s performance was deficient.”
James Allen Gooch v. State, No. M2014-00454-CCA-R3-PC, 2015 WL 498724, at *10
(Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 4, 2015), no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed. The Petitioner
has failed to prove that trial counsel was deficient or that he was prejudiced by any of the
deficiencies alleged in his brief. Therefore, the cumulative error doctrine does not apply
in this case.
III. Conclusion
After a thorough review of the record and the applicable law, we conclude the
post-conviction court properly denied the Petitioner’s petition for post-conviction relief.
In accordance with the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we affirm the judgment of the
post-conviction court.
________________________________
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE
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