State of Tennessee v. Linda M. Moran

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
September 9, 2009 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. LINDA M. MORAN
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lincoln County
No. S0800053 Robert G. Crigler, Judge
No. M2009-00171-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 29, 2010
Appellant Linda M. Moran pled guilty to a 207-count indictment after it was revealed that
she had stolen approximately $73,000 from her employer over the course of nearly a decade.
At sentencing, Appellant argued that she should be given some form of alternative
sentencing. The trial court disagreed and imposed an effective sentence of nine years in
custody. Appellant contends the trial court erred in denying alternative sentencing. We
affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court are
Affirmed.
N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JERRY L. S MITH and
J.C. M CL IN, JJ., joined.
Stephen W. Pate, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Linda M. Moran.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney
General; Charles Frank Crawford, Jr., District Attorney General; and Hollynn L. Hewgley
and Ann L. Filer, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Factual Background
Dixie Smith Insurance Agency hired Appellant in 1991, at the behest of Appellant’s
father, because Appellant needed a job as a condition of her sentence for a federal
misappropriation of funds conviction she received earlier that year. In the late 1990s she
started stealing the agency’s cash. In all, she stole approximately $73,000 over the course
of nearly a decade. When investigators questioned Appellant, she confessed. She later pled
guilty to a 207-count indictment and requested that the trial court grant alternative
sentencing.
The State’s first witness at the sentencing hearing was Joe Smith. Mr. Smith testified
that he had been married to Dixie Smith, the owner of the agency, for 41 years. Mr. Smith
testified that he was self-employed in real estate and that he was also involved in the
insurance business. Mr. Smith’s real estate business was located on the same premises as
Ms. Smith’s insurance agency.
Mr. Smith testified that due to health problems, Ms. Smith chose not to testify at the
sentencing hearing. He explained that Ms. Smith’s health deteriorated after Appellant’s
actions came to light. He noted that Ms. Smith, who was 60 at the time of the hearing,
suffered from a skin rash and high blood pressure. She also had difficulty sleeping at night.
Mr. Smith conceded that her condition was not debilitating.
Mr. Smith testified that he was familiar with Appellant’s employment at the agency.
Although he did not know Appellant before she began working at the agency, he knew of
Appellant’s family, which, he noted, was prominent in town. Mr. Smith recalled that in
1991, Appellant’s father approached Ms. Smith about hiring his daughter. She ultimately
hired Appellant, even though she was aware of Appellant’s federal conviction.
Prior to the discovery of the thefts from the agency, Appellant appeared to be a good
employee, and she took on additional responsibilities within the agency. Mr. and Ms. Smith
helped Appellant obtain her state insurance license. They wrote letters and made telephone
calls to the insurance commissioner, and they made trips to Nashville on Appellant’s behalf.
Eventually, Ms. Smith put Appellant in charge of handling deposits for the agency.
Mr. Smith testified that he tried to help Appellant when she encountered financial
problems in the years prior to the revelation of her thefts. When Appellant’s car was
repossessed in 2007, Mr. Smith loaned her one. He also put in a “good word” for her at a
bank to support her application for a loan. Additionally, he loaned Appellant $3,200, which
was never repaid.
Mr. Smith learned that he was not the only person to whom Appellant turned for help.
Appellant obtained a loan from an elderly co-worker, which likewise was not repaid.
Appellant also approached a handful of the agency’s clients about loaning her money.
-2-
In December 2007, the agency asked its accountant and a retired bank officer to
perform an accounting. The accounting revealed that from January 1997 to December 2007,
approximately $73,000 had been taken from the company.
Mr. Smith testified that Appellant’s thefts had a significant impact on him, Ms. Smith,
and the agency. He explained that the money taken from the agency could have gone toward
the couple’s retirement or to their grandchildren. Mr. Smith said that because of the thefts,
the couple will have to delay retirement. Moreover, the agency’s reputation suffered, as did
its finances. Mr. Smith recalled that there was local gossip about the thefts and that the
agency sent, at its own expense, reassuring letters to its approximately 1,500 clients. Mr.
Smith acknowledged that the agency had not lost a significant number of clients and none
of the agency’s clients lost coverage due to Appellant’s actions. However, Ms. Smith had
to assume additional responsibilities to maintain the agency’s normal operations after the loss
of Appellant as an employee and to resolve matters with investigators and regulators. These
additional demands caused Ms. Smith to work longer hours and prevented her from taking
vacations. Mr. Smith noted that the added stress had caused Ms. Smith to start talking about
leaving the business, something she had not previously discussed.
Mr. Smith testified that he wanted Appellant to get help for her problems so that she
would not steal again. He also wanted Appellant to repay the money she took from the
agency. He doubted, however, that Appellant would ever do so.
Appellant also took the stand at the sentencing hearing. She testified that she was
divorced and had two adult children. Appellant graduated from high school and had attended
some classes at the University of Georgia. Her ex-husband, the children’s father, died in a
car accident in 1985, shortly after the divorce. Around that time, her daughter began
experiencing debilitating seizures that ultimately caused brain damage. Although her
daughter is disabled, she graduated from a special education high school and was employed
by Domino’s Pizza. She remained under a doctor’s supervision and required medication.
Appellant testified that her son was independent and employed. However, in 2006,
Appellant “signed” for some loans her son obtained for a business.
Prior to her employment at the insurance agency, Appellant worked at a credit union.
She began working for the credit union in 1985. Appellant embezzled $26,000 from the
company during a three or four year period. In 1991, she pled guilty to a federal charge of
misappropriating funds. She was sentenced to sixty days in a halfway house and three years
of supervised probation. She never spent any time in federal prison, and she successfully
completed the sentence. She had no other convictions.
-3-
Appellant said that she began working at the insurance agency in 1991 as a customer
service representative. Because she had been able to obtain a job, she was allowed to go
home during the weekends while she was assigned to the halfway house.
Appellant testified that she had the “greatest respect and admiration” for Ms. Smith.
She acknowledged that the Smiths had done much for her. Appellant noted that with the help
of the Smiths and her church, she was able to obtain her insurance license. She also
acknowledged that she borrowed a car from Mr. Smith when her car was repossessed.
Appellant testified that she used the money she stole from the agency for everyday
expenses. She said that she did not purchase any big-ticket items and that she did not live
an extravagant lifestyle. She denied spending the money on drugs or alcohol. Appellant
maintained that she used the money to pay off credit cards and other bills, which she ran up
by purchasing items such as toys and clothing for her children and grandchildren. She
admitted that the items she purchased for her children were not “necessities” and that she
began stealing from the agency when her children were 18 and 21 years old.
Appellant admitted that she borrowed money from her 80-year-old co-worker. She
also admitted that she never repaid the loan and that her co-worker had to file a lawsuit
against her. Appellant also asked a handful of agency clients for loans. Appellant filed for
bankruptcy in July 2008, and her debts were ultimately discharged.
Appellant testified that she knew her actions would have a terrible impact on Ms.
Smith. In particular, she knew that Ms. Smith had high blood pressure and that the thefts
would cause her additional stress. However, Appellant said that the thefts did not cause any
client to lose their coverage and that she was not aware of any client being adversely affected
by her actions.
Appellant had not paid any restitution prior to sentencing. She testified that she was
“perfectly capable of working” but was not employed. She had not sought a job because of
the uncertainty about her sentence. Furthermore, Appellant testified that her family was
either unwilling or unable to assist her with restitution. On cross-examination, Appellant
admitted that she had not asked her family to pay the restitution, even though her attorney
had specifically asked for a continuance in order to pursue other avenues to pay the
restitution. Appellant also admitted that her father was paying for her attorney.
Appellant testified that she had recently discovered that she was eligible for a monthly
social security survivor’s benefit. She explained that she was entitled to the benefit because
she had a disabled child whose father had died. Appellant began receiving monthly payments
of $1,107 a few days prior to the hearing. Appellant noted that the payments are subject to
-4-
an income cap. She testified that if her annual income rose above $13,600, her benefit would
be reduced. Therefore, she would have to “watch what [she] made” and would “keep [her]
work down” in order to receive the full benefit.
Appellant explained that she intended to contribute the entire amount of her monthly
survivor’s benefit to the restitution. Consequently, Appellant and her daughter would pay
rent, bills, and other expenses from her daughter’s income plus any income Appellant might
be able to obtain. Her daughter earned approximately $500 per month and received a social
security benefit of $971. There were no other sources of income.
Appellant admitted that in January 2008, after her thefts were uncovered, she wrote
a bad check for $250. Appellant testified that she “took care of it” but acknowledged that
she only did so seven months later, after an arrest warrant was issued. Moreover, she “took
care of it” with money she received from a social security benefit.
At the conclusion of Appellant’s testimony, the State called Tennessee Department
of Commerce and Insurance Fraud Investigator Joe Nacher to testify. Mr. Nacher was
assigned to investigate Appellant’s case in January 2008. In April 2008, Mr. Nacher and Eric
Emert, an agent with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, questioned Appellant about the
case. After being advised of her Miranda rights, Appellant gave a lengthy confession. Mr.
Nacher testified that Appellant said she had stolen the money, in part, to help her son’s
business. At that meeting, Appellant also volunteered to surrender her insurance license. Mr.
Nacher explained to Appellant that the State would send her paperwork to effectuate the
surrender. However, the State sent the paperwork two times, and Appellant did not respond.1
At the close of evidence, the trial court denied Appellant’s request for alternative
sentencing. The court began by examining the applicable mitigating and enhancing factors
set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-113 and 114. It noted that mitigating
factor 113(1) applied because Appellant’s crime did not cause or threaten serious bodily
harm. However, the court gave little weight to that factor, noting that thefts typically did not
pose such risks. It specifically found that mitigating factors (3) (“[s]ubstantial grounds exist
tending to excuse or justify the defendant’s criminal conduct, though failing to establish a
defense”) and (7) (“[t]he defendant was motivated by a desire to provide necessities for the
defendant’s family or the defendant’s self”) did not apply, finding that Appellant was
motivated to steal from the agency largely to bail out her son’s failing business and that the
money was not used to provide necessities for her family. The court noted that Appellant’s
admission and cooperation supported mitigation under factor (13) (“[a]ny other factor
consistent with the purposes of this chapter”) and that those decisions saved the State the
1
The record reflects that Appellant signed the paperwork in court during the sentencing hearing.
-5-
expense of a trial. Yet the trial court gave those facts less weight because it found
Appellant’s confession and cooperation were the result of her conclusion that she had been
caught.
The court found that two enhancement factors weighed heavily against Appellant.
Although it rejected several of the State’s proffered enhancements, it concluded that
enhancement factors (1) and (14) applied and deserved “enormous weight.” Indeed, it
concluded that the two enhancement factors “are of such great weight that it is probably not
necessary to consider the other [enhancement factors].” Specifically, the trial court found
that Appellant had a previous history of criminal conduct under factor (1). It noted that
Appellant’s 1991 federal conviction was for a similar crime that, like the present offense,
extended over a period of years. In addition, the court found that Appellant abused positions
of both private and public trust in committing the instant offense and thus applied factor (14).
The court reasoned that the evidence established that the Smiths hired Appellant at a time
when she needed their assistance, they continued to support her in times of need, and they
placed significant faith in her. Appellant’s conduct was thus a severe betrayal of their private
trust. Moreover, the court found that Appellant’s crime was in part facilitated by her state
insurance license. The misuse of that license, the court found, was an abuse of public trust
within the meaning of enhancement factor (14).
The court then turned to its analysis of the appropriateness of alternative sentencing.
It noted that because Appellant was convicted of two Class B felonies (counts one and two),
she was not entitled to the statutory presumption that she is a favorable candidate for
alternative sentencing under Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-102(6). With respect
to the sentencing considerations in section 103(1), it noted that although Appellant did not
have a history of multiple convictions, she had a long history of criminal conduct. It further
noted that Appellant was not far removed from her federal probation when she began the
present crimes. The court noted that Appellant’s history of criminal conduct alone was
sufficient to deny alternative sentencing. The court further found that confinement was
necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense. Noting that this consideration
applies when offenses are “especially violent, horrifying, shocking, reprehensible, offensive
or otherwise of an excessive or exaggerated degree,” the court found that Appellant’s offense
qualified because of the dramatic abuse of trust and the lengthy, sustained criminal intent.
The court also concluded that less restrictive measures had been applied in the form of
Appellant’s federal probationary sentence. The court found those less restrictive measures
to be unsuccessful, as evidenced by Appellant’s commission of nearly identical offenses in
the instant case.
The trial court also found that, although restitution was statutorily required,
Appellant’s claim that she would pay the restitution was not credible. Explaining that
-6-
Appellant’s proffered payment plan was “just pie in the sky,” the court concluded that
Appellant was unlikely to ever pay the restitution. In particular, the court stated:
To tell you the truth, had I given a split sentence, we would be right back here
in a couple of years. . . . [Appellant] wouldn’t pay it, and her probation would
be revoked. We would just wrestle with it forever and never collect any
substantial amount of restitution.
The court noted that Appellant’s failure to offer restitution and her failure to pursue
employment prior to the sentencing hearing was an indication of Appellant’s bad faith in her
asserted aspirations to pay restitution. Further, the trial court rejected the notion that
Appellant should be permitted to simply live off of her disabled daughter’s income.
The trial court thus denied Appellant’s request for alternative sentencing and ordered
her confined for an effective term of nine years. As required, it also ordered Appellant to pay
restitution.
Appellant now appeals the denial of alternative sentencing.
II. Analysis
Appellate review of the manner of service of a sentence is de novo. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (2006). In conducting its de novo review, this court considers the
following factors: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing;
(2) the presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence
and information offered by the parties on enhancement and mitigating factors; (6) any
statistical information provided by the administrative office of the courts as to sentencing
practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; (7) any statement by the appellant in his own
behalf; and (8) the potential for rehabilitation or treatment. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-
102, -103, -210 (2006); see also State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 168 (Tenn. 1991). The
burden is on Appellant to demonstrate the impropriety of her sentence. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-401, Sentencing Comm’n Cmts. Moreover, if the record reveals that the trial court
adequately considered sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances, this
court will accord the trial court’s determinations a presumption of correctness. Id. at (d);
Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 encourages judges to utilize non-incarceration
sentencing alternatives. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(6); see also State v. Ring, 56
S.W.3d 577, 584 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). The Act also provides that certain offenders
-7-
should be considered “favorable candidate[s] for alternative sentencing.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-102(6). Because Appellant is a Class B offender, she is not among those “favorable
candidate[s].” Id. At the same time, however, sentences involving incarceration should be
based upon the following:
(A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant who
has a long history of criminal conduct;
(B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective deterrence
to others likely to commit similar offenses; or
(C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently
been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1). The trial court may consider the applicable mitigating and
enhancing factors under sections 113 and 114 as well as “the potential or lack of potential
for rehabilitation” in determining whether incarceration is appropriate. State v. Zeolia, 928
S.W.2d 457, 461 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(5).
The record reveals that the trial court’s sentencing analysis was thorough, cogent, and
well-reasoned. Upon review, we conclude that it was also correct.
We agree that the sentencing considerations and Appellant’s potential for
rehabilitation all strongly counsel in favor of incarceration. Appellant has now twice
engaged in extended, multi-year schemes to steal money from her employers. After being
caught the first time, she made grand pronouncements about the lessons she had learned.
However, when Ms. Smith gave Appellant an opportunity to move beyond her federal
conviction, Appellant lulled Ms. Smith into giving her greater and greater responsibility. She
then spent a decade stealing from Ms. Smith’s agency. This history strongly suggests
Appellant needs to be confined in order to protect society. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
103(1)(A). This history also indicates that the less restrictive measures applied by the federal
court in 1991 were unsuccessful and that Appellant has little potential for rehabilitation.
The applicable enhancement factors also strongly counsel in favor of confinement.
Enhancement factor (1), Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1), applies for the same reasons
discussed with respect to section 103(1)(A). Enhancement factor (14) also applies. While
we agree that the connection between Appellant’s conduct and her possession of a state
insurance license suggests an abuse of public trust, cf. State v. Brooks, 228 S.W.3d 640, 645-
46 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006) (noting that “private individuals [can] be responsible for abusing
positions of trust when working with the public at large”), we need not decide the
applicability of the factor based on that aspect of the case. Instead, the factor clearly applies
-8-
because of Appellant’s undeniable abuse of the Smiths’ private trust. Despite all that the
Smiths had done for Appellant, and despite her admitted awareness of the devastation her
conduct would cause, Appellant continued to betray them for years. We agree with the trial
court that these enhancement factors are entitled to substantial weight.
We conclude that the trial court properly considered the sentencing principles and
relevant facts and circumstances in denying alternative sentencing. Appellant’s offense did
not cause or threaten serious bodily injury. Yet, as the trial court pointed out, that is true of
most theft cases, so that factor is not entitled to significant weight. Appellant’s thefts were
admittedly not for the purposes of providing necessities for herself or her family, so
mitigating factor (7) does not apply. Appellant makes essentially the same argument with
respect to factor (3), and it likewise fails. Appellant’s admissions and cooperation weigh in
her favor under factor (13), but the trial court concluded that these mitigating factors cannot
overcome the overwhelming force with which other considerations favor confinement. We
agree.
Finally, our conclusion is unshaken by Appellant’s argument that alternative
sentencing will allow her to pay restitution. Appellant is adamant that she will contribute her
entire monthly social security benefit to pay restitution. However, the moral gymnastics
necessary to justify diverting funds which are ostensibly made to care for a disabled child
whose parent has died, see 20 C.F.R. § 404.301 et seq., to pay restitution for a theft, while
purportedly avoiding employment in order to retain the full benefit, are beyond this court.
That is especially true in light of the fact that it requires the disabled daughter to then
shoulder the lion’s share of the burden of providing for her mother.2 Yet we need not rely
on the unsavoriness of Appellant’s restitution plan as our basis for rejecting her argument.
Instead, we simply point out that the trial court found, and the record supports, that
Appellant’s claim that she would pay restitution lacked credibility. We agree with the trial
court that it is “pie in the sky.”
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, upon review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
___________________________________
NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE
2
That is not to say Appellant would not help care for her daughter or that her daughter would not
benefit from being near her mother. Nothing in the record suggests otherwise.
-9-