Freddie Lewis Osborne v. State of Tennessee

05/11/2020
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs February 12, 2020
FREDDIE LEWIS OSBORNE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County
No. 39059 Jill B. Ayers, Judge
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No. M2019-00284-CCA-R3-PC
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A jury convicted the Petitioner, Freddie Lewis Osborne, of sale of a controlled substance
within 1000 feet of a Drug-Free School Zone (“DFSZ”), and the trial court sentenced him
as a Range II, multiple offender to thirty-two and a half years of incarceration. The
Petitioner contested his conviction by direct appeal, post-conviction petition, and by
petition for habeas corpus relief. Subsequently, he filed a “Petition for Sentencing
Relief,” which the trial court denied by written order. On appeal, the Petitioner contends
that the trial court erred because the Petitioner had: (1) sufficiently stated a claim for re-
opening his petition for post-conviction relief; (2) stated a claim that the application of
the DFSZ Act violated his right to equal protection; and (3) sufficiently stated a claim for
the correction of an illegal sentence pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure
36.1. After review, we affirm the post-conviction court’s judgment.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T.
WOODALL and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JJ., joined.
Wayne Clemons, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Freddie Lewis Osborne.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; John W. Carney, Jr., District Attorney General; and Chris W. Dotson,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Facts
This case arises from the Petitioner’s sale of over twenty-six grams of cocaine
within 1,000 feet of a school zone in July 1998, a Class A felony. The trial court
sentenced the Petitioner to the midpoint of his applicable sentencing range, thirty-two and
a half years. The Petitioner filed a direct appeal in which he challenged the
constitutionality of the Drug Free School Zone (“DFSZ”) Act, codified in Tennessee
Code Annotated section 39-17-432. State v. Walter L. Meriweather, John Head, Jr.,
Freddie Osborne, Nos. M1998-00323-CCA-R3-CD, M1998-00326-CCA-R3-CD,
M1998-00332-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 337585, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville,
Mar. 31, 2000), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 6, 2000). This court affirmed his
conviction, following precedent that had found the DFSZ Act constitutional. Id.
In June 2001, the Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief in which he
alleged his trial counsel failed to follow the mandatory provisions of Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 609 and that his counsel failed to request a jury charge of facilitation, both of
which he contended amounted to the ineffective assistance of counsel. Freddie L.
Osborne v. State, No. M2003-02088-CCA-R3-PC, 2004 WL 1936409, at *1 (Tenn. Crim.
App., at Nashville, Aug. 31, 2004), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 24, 2005). The post-
conviction court granted the petition, and the State appealed. Id. On appeal, this court
reversed the post-conviction court, concluding that the Petitioner could not prove that he
had been prejudiced by counsel’s performance and was, therefore, not entitled to post-
conviction relief. Id. at *6.
The Petitioner then filed a petition for habeas corpus relief. The habeas corpus
court denied him relief, and this court affirmed. Freddie L. Osborne v. State, No.
M2012-00122-CCA-R3-HC, 2012 WL 3929793, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville,
Sept. 10, 2012), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 10, 2012).
On November 15, 2018, the Petitioner filed a pro se pleading titled “Petition for
Sentencing Relief.” The State responded to the motion as if it was an untimely petition
for post-conviction relief and moved to dismiss the petition based upon its untimeliness.
The trial court held a hearing on January 10, 2019, where the parties argued the merits of
the motion. At the hearing, the Petitioner agreed that he had filed a petition for post-
conviction relief, which was ultimately denied, and that his motion was based upon the
legality of his sentence. After the court surmised that the Petitioner’s motion was one to
correct an illegal sentence, it denied the Petitioner’s motion, holding that “the Petition
fails to state a colorable claim for relief that could be addressed under the jurisdiction of
this Court.” Thereafter, the court denied the motion. This appeal ensued.
II. Analysis
On appeal, the Petitioner contends that this court should remand the case for a
hearing because he stated a colorable claim for re-opening his petition for post-conviction
relief pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-30-117 because his petition is
based on a claim that a final ruling of an appellate court establishes a constitutional right
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that did not exist at the time of his trial. He notes that in 2016 the Tennessee Supreme
Court held that enhancement of a sentence pursuant to the DFSZ Act does not apply to
sentences for facilitation. State v. Gibson, 506 S.W.3d 450 (Tenn. 2016). He contends
that the State offered him a guilty plea to facilitation, but he declined it and went to trial.
Had he known that the DFSZ Act did not apply to facilitation, he would have accepted
the offer. He further asserts that his due process rights require the tolling of the statute of
limitations for his post-conviction petition. Finally, the Petitioner contends that he has
presented a colorable claim for relief pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure
36.1.
The State responds that all of the Petitioner’s issues ultimately contest the legality
of his sentence. The State asserts that, while such issues are reviewable pursuant to
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 36.1, the Petitioner has failed to present a
colorable claim pursuant to that Rule, so the trial court properly dismissed his motion.
We agree with the State.
A. Motion to Reopen Post-Conviction Petition
The Petitioner first contends that the trial court erred when it did not consider his
pleading as a motion to reopen his post-conviction petition. This court recently analyzed
the parameters of a post-conviction court’s review of a motion to reopen and a
subsequent amendment to a first post-conviction petition made pursuant to a post-
conviction court’s granting a motion to reopen. See Harold Wayne Nichols v. State, No.
E2018-00626-CCA-R3-PD, 2019 WL 5079357 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Oct. 10,
2019), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 15, 2020). Concerning the general availability of
post-conviction relief in Tennessee, this court explained:
In Case v. Nebraska, 381 U.S. 336, 85 S. Ct. 1486, 14 L. Ed. 2d 422 (1965),
the United States Supreme Court recommended that the states implement
post-conviction procedures to address alleged constitutional errors arising
in state convictions in order to divert the burden of habeas corpus ligation
in the federal courts. In response, the Tennessee legislature passed the
Post-Conviction Procedure Act whereby a defendant may seek relief “when
a conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgement of
any right guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution
of the United States.” T.C.A. § 40-30-103. In its current ideation, the Post-
Conviction Procedure Act “contemplates the filing of only one (1) petition
for post-conviction relief. In no event may more than one (1) petition for
post-conviction relief be filed attacking a single judgment.” T.C.A. § 40-
30-102(c). While “any second or subsequent petition shall be summarily
dismissed,” a petitioner may seek relief on the basis of claims that arise
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after the disposition of the initial petition by filing a motion to reopen the
post-conviction proceedings “under the limited circumstances set out in §
40-30-117.” Id.; see Fletcher v. State, 951 S.W.2d 378, 380 (Tenn. 1997).
Nichols, 2019 WL 5079357, at *3. Thus, while Tennessee provides for only one petition
for post-conviction relief, there are limited circumstances whereby a petitioner may
allege later arising claims via a motion “to reopen the first post-conviction petition.”
T.C.A. § 40-30-117(a). As relevant in this case, a motion to reopen the first petition
should be granted when “[t]he claim in the motion is based upon a final ruling of an
appellate court establishing a constitutional right that was not recognized as existing at
the time of trial, if retrospective application of that right is required.” T.C.A. § 40-30-
117(a)(1). Once a motion to reopen is granted, “the procedure, relief and appellate
provisions of this part shall apply.” T.C.A. § 40-30-117(b)(1).
That said, “a post-conviction court’s grant of a motion to reopen does not fully
place a petitioner back into the procedural posture of his original post-conviction
proceedings.” Nichols, 2019 WL 5079357, at *7. As noted by the Tennessee Supreme
Court, claims raised in a motion to reopen and subsequent amendments might be barred
by the statute of limitations and previous determination. Coleman v. State, 341 S.W.3d
221, 255 (Tenn. 2011). Generally, a petitioner must file a petition for post-conviction
relief “within one (1) year of the date of the final action of the highest state appellate
court to which an appeal is taken or, if no appeal is taken, within one (1) year of the date
on which the judgment became final, or consideration of the petition shall be barred.”
T.C.A. § 40-30-102(a) (2018). The statutory grounds for tolling the statute of limitations
are coextensive to those for granting a motion to reopen. T.C.A. § 40-30-102(b) (2018).
Thus, if an amended claim arising from a motion to reopen a post-conviction petition
does not meet the requirements of Code sections 40-30-102(b) and 40-30-117(a), the
claim is barred by the statute of limitations. “A ground for relief is previously
determined if a court of competent jurisdiction has ruled on the merits after a full and fair
hearing.” T.C.A. § 40-30-106(h) (2018). Further, a claim will be treated as waived when
“not raised before a court of competent jurisdiction in which the ground could have been
presented.” T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f) (2018); see Coleman, 341 S.W.3d at 257 (discussing
the waiver of a specific ineffective assistance of counsel claim for failing to raise it in the
original post-conviction petition). Claims that are raised beyond the statute of
limitations, have been previously determined, or have been waived shall be summarily
dismissed. T.C.A. § 40-30-106(b), (f). We review the post-conviction court’s summary
denial of relief de novo. Arnold v. State, 143 S.W.3d 784, 786 (Tenn. 2004).
The Petitioner contends that the trial court erred when it failed to consider his
filing as a motion to reopen his post-conviction petition based upon the Tennessee
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Supreme Court’s opinion in State v. Gibson, 506 S.W.3d 450 (Tenn. 2016). The
Petitioner’s contention fails procedurally. Gibson was filed by the Tennessee Supreme
Court on November 16, 2016. This “sentencing relief” motion by the Petitioner was filed
November 15, 2018. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-117(a)(1) states that the
Petitioner’s filing must be filed “within one (1) year of the ruling of the highest state
appellate court . . . establishing a constitutional right that was not recognized as existing
at the time of trial . . . .” The Petitioner filed his motion well beyond that one year statute
of limitations.
The Petitioner’s contention also fails on its merits. In Gibson, our supreme court
determined increased felony classification under DFSZ Act does not apply to a
conviction for facilitation, as facilitation is not an enumerated conviction that falls within
the ambient of the statute. The Petitioner in this case was not convicted of facilitation
and was not sentenced for facilitation of the sale of a controlled substance in a DFSZ. He
was convicted of the sale of a controlled substance in a school zone. Any argument that
he presents with regard to whether he may have chosen to enter a plea of guilty to
facilitation had he known then that the DFSZ Act did not apply to facilitation does not
fall within the statutory purview of a motion to reopen a post-conviction petition. As
such, he is not entitled to relief.
B. Due Process
The Petitioner next contends that, even if that his motion fell beyond the year, this
court and the lower court should have considered his motion because the Tennessee
Supreme Court has recognized that a due process right may toll the statute of limitations,
citing Whitehead v. State, 402 S.W.3d 615, 622-23 (Tenn. 2013). In Whitehead, the court
held that some circumstances require that fundamental fairness demand a tolling of the
statute of limitations. In that case the court concluded that the appellant’s appellate
attorney had “effectively abandoned him,” which impeded the appellant’s otherwise
diligent efforts to file a timely post-conviction petition.
The Gibson court stated the following:
With regard to due process, this Court has recognized that
“Due process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the
particular situation demands.” The flexible nature of procedural due
process requires an imprecise definition because due process embodies the
concept of fundamental fairness. In determining what procedural
protections a particular situation demands, three factors must be considered:
(1) the private interest at stake; (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation of the
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interest through the procedures used and the probable value, if any, of
additional or substitute safeguards; and finally, (3) the government’s
interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative
burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would
entail.
Seals v. State, 23 S.W.3d 272, 277 (Tenn. 2000) . . . .
In the post-conviction context, this Court has explained that the
private interest at stake is “a prisoner’s opportunity to attack his conviction
and incarceration on grounds that he was deprived of a constitutional right
during the conviction process.” The government’s interest is “the interest
in preventing the litigation of stale and groundless claims”,” coupled with
the concerns about “the costs to the State of continually allowing prisoners
to file usually fruitless post-conviction petitions.” Burford v. State, 845
S.W.2d at 207.
Whitehead, 402 S.W.3d at 615. The court went on to state that it had identified three
circumstances in which due process requires tolling the post-conviction statute of
limitations. Those exceptions are now codified in the statute referenced above,
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-30-117. We conclude that the facts in Whitehead
and the few other cases concluding that due process required a tolling of the statute of
limitations are distinguishable from the case herein. The Petitioner declined to enter a
plea of guilty to facilitation and allowed a jury to determine his case. The jury
determined that he was guilty of sale of a controlled substance. That offense occurred in
a DFSZ and the DFSZ Act applied to enhance his sentence. The fact that the DFSZ Act
has now been interpreted to not apply to facilitation does not trigger due process
protections. The Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this issue.
C. Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 36.1
The Petitioner finally contends that his motion stated a claim for correction of an
illegal sentence pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 36.1. He asserts that
his sentence is not authorized because, at the time of sentencing, the consensus of the
parties was that he was ineligible for judicial diversion when, in 2015, the Tennessee
Supreme Court held that the DFSZ Act did not make him ineligible for judicial diversion.
State v. Dycus, 456 S.W.3d 918 (Tenn. 2015).
Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 36.1 provides in pertinent part that:
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(a) Either the defendant or the state may, at any time, seek the
correction of an illegal sentence by filing a motion to correct an illegal
sentence in the trial court in which the judgment of conviction was
entered. For purposes of this rule, an illegal sentence is one that is not
authorized by the applicable statutes or that directly contravenes an
applicable statute.
(b) Notice of any motion filed pursuant to this rule shall be promptly
provided to the adverse party. If the motion states a colorable claim that
the sentence is illegal, and if the defendant is indigent and is not already
represented by counsel, the trial court shall appoint counsel to represent
the defendant. The adverse party shall have thirty days within which to
file a written response to the motion, after which the court shall hold a
hearing on the motion, unless all parties waive the hearing.
Tenn. R. Crim. P. 36.1(a), (b). Rule 36.1 does not define the term “colorable claim.”
Nevertheless, our supreme court has explained that “for purposes of Rule 36.1, . . .
‘colorable claim’ means a claim that, if taken as true and viewed in a light most favorable
to the moving party, would entitle the moving party to relief under Rule 36.1.” State v.
Wooden, 478 S.W.3d 585, 593 (Tenn. 2015).
“Whether a sentence is illegal pursuant to Rule 36.1 is a question of law that we
review de novo with no presumption of correctness.” Id. at 589 (citing Summers v. State,
212 S.W.3d 251, 255 (Tenn. 2007); State v. Livingston, 197 S.W.3d 710, 712 (Tenn.
2006) (applying de novo review to determine whether a sentence is illegal for purposes of
habeas corpus relief); Arnold v. State, 143 S.W.3d 784, 786 (Tenn. 2004); Burnett v.
State, 92 S.W.3d 403, 406 (Tenn. 2002) (reviewing de novo the issue of whether a post-
conviction petition states a colorable claim for relief)).
The following are examples of illegal sentences:
(1) a sentence imposed pursuant to an inapplicable statutory scheme; (2)
a sentence designating a [Release Eligibility Date (RED) ] where a RED is
specifically prohibited by statute; (3) a sentence ordered to be served
concurrently where statutorily required to be served consecutively; and (4)
a sentence not authorized for the offense by any statute.
Davis v. State, 313 S.W.3d 751, 759 (Tenn. 2010) (internal citations omitted).
In his Rule 36.1 motion, the Petitioner alleges that the consensus of the parties at
his sentencing was that he was ineligible for judicial diversion, when the Tennessee
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Supreme Court held years later that an offender in his position was eligible for judicial
diversion. Even assuming that this assertion is true, the Petitioner does not set forth a
colorable claim for Rule 36.1 relief. The allegation put forth by the Petitioner does not
render his sentences illegal. The Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this issue.
III. Conclusion
In accordance with the aforementioned reasoning and authorities, we affirm the
trial court’s dismissal of the Defendant’s motion.
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ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE
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