Mainor Canales v. State of Tennessee

08/03/2021
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs June 29, 2021
MAINOR CANALES v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sevier County
No. 19414-II James L. Gass, Judge
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No. E2020-01040-CCA-R3-PC
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Mainor Canales, Petitioner, was convicted of aggravated sexual battery and sentenced to
twelve years’ incarceration. State v. Mainor Celin Avilez Canales, No. E2017-01222-
CCA-R3-CD, 2018 WL 2084957, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 4, 2018). This court
affirmed his conviction on direct appeal. Petitioner filed a pro se post-conviction petition
and an amended petition through counsel, which the post-conviction court dismissed
following a hearing. On appeal, Petitioner argues that he was denied the effective
assistance of counsel because trial counsel (1) failed to investigate and present an expert
witness; and (2) deprived him of his right to a Rule 11 application to appeal to the
Tennessee Supreme Court. Following a thorough review, we affirm the judgment of the
post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES
CURWOOD WITT, JR., and CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JJ., joined.
Samantha A. McCammon, Sevierville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mainor Canales.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Renee W. Turner, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; Jimmy B. Dunn, District Attorney General; and Ron C. Newcomb,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Factual and Procedural History
Trial and Direct Appeal
On direct appeal, this court explained the facts of the case:
[Petitioner] was charged with aggravated rape after he was seen
carrying the semi-conscious and beaten victim across the parking lot of a bar.
The victim, who was severely intoxicated at the time she was assaulted, could
not recall the particulars of the assault. At trial, [Petitioner] asserted that he
did not have intercourse with her and that her injuries were the result of a
fall.
Mainor Celin Avilez Canales, 2018 WL 2084957, at *1. At trial, the victim testified that
Petitioner approached her at a bar and that she drank and danced with him. Id.The victim testified that when she went outside to smoke, she and [Petitioner]
were the only two people outside, and [Petitioner] was touching her and “kept
. . . trying to get [her] to have sex with him.” The victim testified that she
grew frustrated and replied, “No, because you’re nothing more than a dirty
f***ing Mexican.” She stated that she assumed [Petitioner] would leave her
alone and she turned to continue smoking her cigarette. She next
remembered “spitting out the cherry on my cigarette because it had got
knocked into my mouth partially.” The victim testified that she had two
burns on her lip, and she was “not 100% sure if he actually hit me or hit me
with something.” The victim recalled begging [Petitioner] to leave her alone,
apologizing, and offering to pay him for the drinks. She next remembered
lying on her back with [Petitioner] above her and could recall nothing further
regarding the assault.
Id. The victim’s friend, Ms. Angelica Buckner, testified that she saw Petitioner act
“handsy” with the victim. Id. at *2. The bouncer at the bar, Mr. Jesse Parker, also testified
that Petitioner was physically affectionate with the victim. Id. Mr. Raymond Stupplebeen,
Mr. Dakota Johnson, Mr. Dylan Owens, Mr. Jesse Parker, and Ms. Rebecca Kirby all
testified that they saw Petitioner carrying or “dragging” the injured victim, her pants
slightly lowered, outside the bar at approximately 11:00 p.m. Id. at *2-3. This court noted
on direct appeal that “[t]here were no witnesses to testify regarding exactly how the victim
sustained her injuries.” Id. at *2.
This court then summarized the medical testimony:
Mr. Bradley Holt, a paramedic, arrived to find the victim
unresponsive, with a “pumpknot” on the right side of her face, other
abrasions and lacerations on her face, a bruised torso, the onset of bruising
in her upper extremities, and blood coming from both nostrils. The victim’s
shirt was rolled up, her pants were unbuttoned and unzipped but around her
waist, and she was not wearing shoes. The victim did not respond to speech,
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touch, or painful stimulation. She remained unresponsive as she was
transported in “emergency status,” but toward the end of the trip she was able
to mouth her name and curl into a fetal position in response to a question
asking if she were in pain. Mr. Holt testified that he would have intubated
her but was unable to do so because he did not have the appropriate paralytic
medication. He opined that her injuries were inconsistent with a ground-
level fall. Ms. Cecilia Miller, who was also a paramedic and was driving the
ambulance, agreed that the right side of the victim’s face was swollen,
scraped, and bloody. The victim was sobbing and could not speak. Ms.
Miller confirmed that the victim’s shirt was up and that her pants were
unbuttoned and unzipped but not pulled down. She would have
recommended the use of a helicopter to transport the victim if one had been
flying that night. She confirmed that the injuries were inconsistent with a
fall.
....
Ms. Misty Stamm, a sexual assault nurse examiner, identified a
diagram she made of the victim’s injuries. The victim had multiple abrasions
on her face, swelling, redness, injuries on her right knee, left foot, left
shoulder, leg, left elbow, coccyx, and left forearm. Ms. Stamm also found
two tears on the victim’s labia minora with a small amount of active bleeding.
She testified that she had “only seen that sort of injury consistent with a
sexual assault,” “[l]ikely penetration,” but she acknowledged that the tears
“[p]ossibly” could have resulted from a consensual sexual act. She also
stated that although the victim had a catheter, she had never seen a catheter
cause labial tears. She testified that the motive behind rape is often control
and domination. The victim told Ms. Stamm that she went to a bar, that a
man bought her a shot, that she did not leave [her] drink alone, and that going
outside to smoke was the last thing she recalled.
....
[Petitioner] presented the testimony of Ms. Tracy Sisto, a licensed
registered nurse, to provide an alternate explanation for some of the victim’s
injuries. Ms. Sisto, who did not testify as an expert and had not practiced
nursing since 2001, testified that catheterization can have adverse effects
including bladder puncture and irritation. Irritation would cause burning and
pain.
Id. at *3-4.
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Petitioner testified through an interpreter that the victim went outside the bar with
him and that she asked him three times to have sex. Id. at *5. He stated that they never
had sex but that the victim tripped and fell. Id. He said that the fall injured the victim and
that he had to carry her back to the bar. Id. The jury convicted Petitioner of the lesser-
included offense of aggravated sexual battery, for which the trial court imposed a twelve-
year sentence, and this court affirmed his conviction on direct appeal. Id. at *5, *9.
Petitioner did not file a Rule 11 application with the Tennessee Supreme Court.
Post-Conviction Petition
Petitioner filed a timely pro se Petition for Post-Conviction Relief and an amended
petition through counsel, arguing in part that trial counsel “failed to conduct a reasonable
investigation into the facts” and “failed to interview, prepare, and subpoena important fact
and expert witnesses.” Petitioner also argued that appellate counsel abandoned the case by
failing “to timely notify [Petitioner] of his ability to apply to the [Tennessee] Supreme
Court to hear his matter[,]” denying Petitioner due process and the effective assistance of
appellate counsel.
Post-Conviction Hearing
The post-conviction court held a hearing on the petition. We will limit our
discussion of the post-conviction hearing testimony and the subsequent order from the
court to that which is relevant to the issues raised on appeal.
Trial counsel1 testified that Petitioner retained him for trial. He said that he did not
recall discussing with Petitioner the option of retaining an expert witness. Trial counsel
explained that he was aware of the victim’s medical records and the sexual assault nurse
examiner’s report prior to trial. He said that the sexual assault nurse examiner also testified
at trial and that she outlined the victim’s injuries. Trial counsel stated that, when the sexual
assault nurse examiner talked about bruising of the victim’s labia, he suggested to the jury
that the bruising was a result of catheterization and not sexual penetration. Trial counsel
pointed out that Petitioner “wasn’t convicted of penetration” because the jury acquitted
Petitioner of aggravated rape and convicted Petitioner of aggravated sexual battery. Trial
counsel also argued to the jury that the victim’s injuries were a result of tripping and falling
since she was heavily intoxicated.
Trial counsel recalled that, at trial, he questioned employees of the bar who testified
that they saw Petitioner and the victim “making out” while these witnesses were outside
1
The same attorney served as both trial counsel and appellate counsel. For the sake of clarity, we
will refer to him as “trial counsel” whether discussing trial or appellate issues.
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smoking cigarettes. Trial counsel said that, depending on the witness, the victim and
Petitioner were seen walking from the bar to El Primo Market anywhere from twenty to
forty-five minutes prior to the victim’s returning to the bar with injuries. He explained that
no witnesses testified that the victim cried for help or that there were any sounds of a
struggle.
Trial counsel explained that, when this court issued its opinion on direct appeal, he
sent a copy to Petitioner in prison along with a letter, dated May 8, 2018, informing
Petitioner that, if he wished to appeal, he had sixty days to do so. The letter from trial
counsel to Petitioner reads in part:
Pursuant to Rule 11 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, if you
wish to file an application for permission to appeal in the Tennessee Supreme
Court, your application must be submitted no later than sixty (60) days from
the date that the Court’s judgment was filed. In this case, the judgment was
filed on May 4, 2018.
(emphasis in original).
Trial counsel explained that his assistant was a registered court interpreter with the
Administrative Office of the Courts for the Spanish language and that his assistant
translated the letter from English into Spanish. He said that he sent both the English and
Spanish letters to Petitioner. Petitioner replied to trial counsel via mail in two different
letters, dated June 5, 2018, and July 2, 2018, both of which requested a copy of his file.
Trial counsel stated that he sent Petitioner a copy of his file on July 18, 2018. Trial counsel
explained that he did not believe there was a basis to appeal this court’s opinion to the
Tennessee Supreme Court, especially since Petitioner never expressed a desire to appeal.
On cross-examination, trial counsel stated that he always followed the same
procedure regarding notice to clients about a Rule 11 application and that only one of his
clients ever wished to proceed on a Rule 11.
Trial counsel explained that he called a witness at trial, nurse Tracy Sisto, to testify
about the possible damage caused by a Foley catheter. Trial counsel recalled that the trial
court would not certify Ms. Sisto as an expert but allowed her to “testify from her
knowledge and experience having dealt with that particular issue.” Trial counsel stated
that he did not know of any other issue at trial that could have been addressed with an
expert witness. Trial counsel recalled that, on cross-examination, the sexual assault nurse
examiner testified that the victim’s injuries could have occurred from consensual sexual
contact.
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Petitioner testified that he did not understand the legal process for trial because he
did not understand American laws. He said that trial counsel always used an interpreter to
speak to him. Petitioner stated that he did not recall having any conversations with trial
counsel about hiring an expert witness.
Petitioner recalled receiving a letter from trial counsel explaining that he had sixty
days to appeal this court’s decision to the Tennessee Supreme Court. He explained, “Well,
from my perspective, . . . my understanding was I was going to have to get a different
person to be able to do that kind of an appeal. I didn’t know if he was going to be the one
to do that or not.” Petitioner stated, “I would have needed help because I’m not sure how
to do an appeal to the [Tennessee] Supreme Court and would not have known what they
would have needed included in that appeal.” Petitioner stated that he never asked trial
counsel about the process for appealing to the Tennessee Supreme Court and that he
thought a post-conviction petition was the “next step,” based on “what people had said to
[Petitioner] at the prison.”
On cross-examination, Petitioner agreed that he received a letter explaining a Rule
11 appeal but said that he did not know who was supposed to file that appeal for him. He
agreed that trial counsel was “constantly available” for questions and that he never asked
trial counsel about a Rule 11 appeal.
Post-Conviction Hearing Order of Dismissal
The post-conviction court dismissed the post-conviction petition in a written order.
It concluded that trial counsel was not deficient for not hiring a medical expert, noting that
trial counsel “did offer at trial a nurse who did testify about catheter use and tears that could
result from the use or application of a catheter, which were similar to that experienced by
the victim.” The post-conviction court observed that Petitioner “was acquitted of
aggravated rape, and therefore the penetration issues that could be accompanied by other
medical testimony would be moot in this case,” and the court found “no deficiency in
counsel’s actions not seeking further expert testimony on the issue.”
The post-conviction court also found that trial counsel sent Petitioner a letter, in
both English and Spanish, explaining that an application to appeal to the Tennessee
Supreme Court was due within sixty days. It found that Petitioner took no action to appeal
or to ask trial counsel to appeal within that time frame. The post-conviction court
concluded that trial counsel was not deficient in any way and that, even if trial counsel had
been deficient, “the likelihood of any different outcome both at the trial and on appeal is
nonexistent[.]”
Petitioner now timely appeals.
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Analysis
On appeal, Petitioner argues that trial counsel failed to conduct a reasonable
investigation into the facts and failed to interview, prepare, and subpoena important “fact
and expert witnesses.” Petitioner also argues that trial counsel “failed to timely notify
[Petitioner] of his ability to apply to the [Tennessee] Supreme Court to hear his matter[,]”
denying Petitioner due process and the effective assistance of appellate counsel.
The State responds that Petitioner has failed to establish that trial counsel was
deficient by failing to hire an expert medical witness or that any deficiency prejudiced him.
It asserts that Petitioner was not denied his right to appeal to the Tennessee Supreme Court.
Post-Conviction Standard of Review
In order to prevail on a petition for post-conviction relief, a petitioner must prove
all factual allegations by clear and convincing evidence. Jaco v. State, 120 S.W.3d 828,
830 (Tenn. 2003). Post-conviction relief cases often present mixed questions of law and
fact. See Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001). Appellate courts are bound by
the post-conviction court’s factual findings unless the evidence preponderates against such
findings. Kendrick v. State, 454 S.W.3d 450, 457 (Tenn. 2015). When reviewing the post-
conviction court’s factual findings, this court does not reweigh the evidence or substitute
its own inferences for those drawn by the post-conviction court. Id.; Fields, 40 S.W.3d at
456 (citing Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn. 1997)). Additionally, “questions
concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be given their
testimony, and the factual issues raised by the evidence are to be resolved by the [post-
conviction court].” Fields, 40 S.W.3d at 456 (citing Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579); see also
Kendrick, 454 S.W.3d at 457. The trial court’s conclusions of law and application of the
law to factual findings are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. Kendrick,
454 S.W.3d at 457.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The right to effective assistance of counsel is safeguarded by the Constitutions of
both the United States and the State of Tennessee. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tenn. Const.
art. I, § 9. In order to receive post-conviction relief for ineffective assistance of counsel, a
petitioner must prove: (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) that the
deficiency prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984);
see State v. Taylor, 968 S.W.2d 900, 905 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (stating that the same
standard for ineffective assistance of counsel applies in both federal and Tennessee cases).
Both factors must be proven in order for the court to grant post-conviction relief.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 580; Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363,
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370 (Tenn. 1996). Accordingly, if we determine that either factor is not satisfied, there is
no need to consider the other factor. Finch v. State, 226 S.W.3d 307, 316 (Tenn. 2007)
(citing Carpenter v. State, 126 S.W.3d 879, 886 (Tenn. 2004)). Additionally, review of
counsel’s performance “requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting
effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and
to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
689; see also Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579. We will not second-guess a reasonable trial
strategy, and we will not grant relief based on a sound, yet ultimately unsuccessful, tactical
decision. Granderson v. State, 197 S.W.3d 782, 790 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006).
As to the first prong of the Strickland analysis, “counsel’s performance is effective
if the advice given or the services rendered are within the range of competence demanded
of attorneys in criminal cases.” Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579 (citing Baxter v. Rose, 523
S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975)); see also Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369. In order to prove that
counsel was deficient, the petitioner must demonstrate “that counsel’s acts or omissions
were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms.” Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688); see
also Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 936.
Even if counsel’s performance is deficient, the deficiency must have resulted in
prejudice to the defense. Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370. Therefore, under the second prong of
the Strickland analysis, the petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in
the outcome.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694) (internal quotation marks omitted).
1. Failure to Call Witnesses
When a petitioner claims that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to discover,
interview, or present a witness in support of the petitioner’s defense, such witness should
be presented at the post-conviction hearing. State v. Black, 794 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1990). As this court has previously stated:
As a general rule, this is the only way the petitioner can establish that
(a) a material witness existed and the witness could have been discovered but
for counsel’s neglect in his investigation of the case, (b) a known witness
was not interviewed, (c) the failure to discover or interview a witness inured
to his prejudice, or (d) the failure to have a known witness present or call the
witness to the stand resulted in the denial of critical evidence which inured
to the prejudice of the petitioner. It is elementary that neither a trial judge
nor an appellate court can speculate or guess on the question of whether
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further investigation would have revealed a material witness or what a
witness’s testimony might have been if introduced by defense counsel.
Id. Without presenting the witness’s testimony at the post-conviction hearing, the
petitioner generally cannot establish prejudice under Strickland. Id. at 758.
Here, the post-conviction court noted that trial counsel presented testimony from a
witness who explained how a catheter could cause the damage to the victim’s labia.
Moreover, trial counsel cross-examined the State’s witness who agreed that consensual sex
could have caused the victim’s injuries. Therefore, trial counsel was not deficient for
failing to secure an expert witness to testify to the same thing. Further, Petitioner cannot
establish prejudice because he failed to present at the post-conviction hearing an expert
witness who would have testified on his behalf. Id. Petitioner is not entitled to relief on
this issue.
2. Failure to File Rule 11 Application to Appeal
A party is allowed sixty days from the date of the entry of the judgment in the
Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals to file an application to appeal to the Tennessee
Supreme Court pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 11. Robert Lee Yates
v. State, No. M2011-00961-CCA-R3-PC, 2012 WL 12931437, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Nov. 2, 2012), no perm. app. filed; Tenn. R. App. P. 11. “Unilateral termination of an
appeal to the supreme court without notice to the client has been deemed ineffective
assistance of counsel.” Guadalupe Mendez v. State, No. 01C01-9703-CC-00076, 1998 WL
345348, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 30, 1998), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 1, 1999).
Upon the determination that a post-conviction petitioner “was deprived of the right to
request an appeal pursuant to Rule 11,” the trial court or this court “shall enter an order
granting the petitioner a delayed appeal[.]” Tenn. R. S. Ct. Rule 28, § 9(D)(1)(b)(i); see
also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-113(a) (2020); Stokes v. State, 146 S.W.3d 56, 59 (Tenn.
2004). A petitioner is not required “to establish that he would have been granted relief had
counsel filed the application for permission to appeal” to be entitled to a delayed appeal.
Jay H. Chambers v. State, No. E2008-02149-CCA-R3-PC, 2010 WL 444700, at *4 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Feb. 9, 2010).
Here, trial counsel sent Petitioner a letter in both English and Spanish, stating, “if
you wish to file an application for permission to appeal in the Tennessee Supreme Court,
your application must be submitted no later than sixty (60) days from the date that the
Court’s judgment was filed.” (emphasis in original). Petitioner wrote back to trial counsel
requesting a copy of his file, which trial counsel provided. Petitioner never requested that
trial counsel file the application to the supreme court, nor did he ask trial counsel any
questions about the procedure, despite admitting that trial counsel was always available to
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him to answer questions. We conclude that trial counsel was not deficient for failing to
file a Rule 11 application because he gave Petitioner ample notice and because Petitioner
never requested that he file an application. Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the post-conviction court is affirmed.
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ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., JUDGE
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