In re Ashlynn H.

05/28/2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
December 2, 2020 Session
IN RE ASHLYNN H.
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Coffee County
No. 2019-CV-91 Vanessa A. Jackson, Judge
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No. M2020-00469-COA-R3-PT
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A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his child. The trial court
determined that there were statutory grounds for terminating the father’s parental rights
and that termination was in the child’s best interest. On appeal, we conclude that the father
was given sufficient notice of three statutory grounds: abandonment by failure to visit or
support the expectant mother, abandonment by wanton disregard, and failure to manifest
an ability and willingness to assume custody or financial responsibility of his child. The
record contains clear and convincing evidence to support two of the grounds for
termination. But, because the trial court’s order lacks sufficient findings regarding the
child’s best interest, we vacate and remand.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Vacated
and Remanded
W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT,
P.J., M.S., and ANDY D. BENNETT, J., joined.
Peter Trenchi, Sewanee, Tennessee, for the appellant, Taylor J.
Joseph E. Ford, Winchester, Tennessee, for the appellees, Jeremy D., Stephanie D., and
Emily H.
OPINION
I.
Just over a month after Ashlynn’s birth, Jeremy D. and Stephanie D. petitioned to
terminate the parental rights of her biological father, Taylor J. (“Father”), and to adopt her.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(b)(1) (Supp. 2020). The child’s mother, Emily H.
(“Mother”), joined in the petition for the purpose of consenting to the adoption. See id. §
36-1-117(g) (Supp. 2020). The alleged grounds for terminating Father’s parental rights
were included in a single paragraph in the petition. The petition alleged that,
[a]s grounds for the issue of such an order terminating the rights of the
biological father, [Father], your Petitioners would aver that he has abandoned
said child as that term is defined in T.C.A. 36-1-102(a)(1)§(3) [sic] and that
he has willfully failed to visit or willfully failed to make reasonable payments
toward the support of the child’s mother during the four months immediately
preceding the birth of the minor child. Further your Petitioner [sic] would
aver that the Respondent herein, the biological father of the minor child, is
incarcerated at the time of the institution of this action to declare the child an
abandoned child and the said Respondent/biological father, has engaged in
conduct prior to incarceration that exhibits of [sic] disregard for the welfare
of the child. Further Respondent has failed, without good cause or excuse,
to pay a reasonable share of prenatal, and postnatal expenses involving the
birth of the child in accordance with his financial means promptly upon his
receiving notice of the child’s impending birth. In addition, the Respondent
has failed to manifest an ability and willingness to assume legal and physical
custody of the minor child. Further, placing custody of the child in the
Respondents [sic] legal and physical care would pose a risk of substantial
harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the child. Petitioners would
aver that the circumstances of the Respondent as set forth above are persistent
and he has not made an adjustment of these circumstances to make it safe
and in the child’s best interest to be in his home.
Although including a reference to the statutory definition of “abandonment,” the petition
did not cite to any specific statutory ground for terminating Father’s parental rights.
Father filed a pro se response to the petition objecting to the termination of his
parental rights and requesting appointed counsel. The court obliged, and appointed counsel
filed an answer to the petition. The answer generally denied the grounds for termination
but raised no affirmative defenses. See id. § 36-1-102(1)(I) (Supp. 2020) (making “[t]he
absence of willfulness . . . an affirmative defense pursuant to Rule 8.03 of the Tennessee
Rule of Civil Procedure” to the ground of abandonment by parent).
A trial took place in which only Mother, Father, and the prospective adoptive
parents testified. Following the trial, the court entered an order terminating parental rights
and granting the petition for adoption. As for the specific grounds for terminating Father’s
parental rights, the court concluded as follows:
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[T]he grounds established for termination of parental rights by clear and
convincing evidence adduced by the Petitioners herein are as follows:
abandonment of the minor child, Ashlynn . . . , as that term is defined in
T.C.A. 36-1-102(a)(1)(3) [sic] in that he has willfully failed to visit or
willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward support of the minor
child’s mother during the four months immediately proceeding [sic] the birth
of [the] minor child; he has engaged in conduct prior to his incarceration,
where he was at the time of the filing of this Petition, that exhibits disregard
for the welfare of the minor child, in that he has exhibited no stable work
history and testified that that the job he had for two weeks is the longest job
he has ever held in his life, he has no stable home and is currently living with
a woman while not on the lease of her apartment and has no legal right to be
there, he has multiple prior criminal convictions, and his lifestyle does not
appear to have changed, and further, he has shown no proof of ability to
properly provide for the care of the minor child himself at all; he has willfully
failed and refused to support the minor child after its birth or to visit with the
child after its birth for a period of at least four months; he failed to pay
without good cause or excuse a reasonable share of prenatal or postnatal
expenses involving the birth of the child in accordance with his financial
means promptly upon his receiving notice of the child’s impending birth; he
has failed to manifest an ability to assume legal and physical custody of the
minor child as set forth above due to his failure to have a stable job history,
stable home, or stable lifestyle of any sort; that the placing of custody of the
minor child in the Respondent’s legal and physical care would pose a risk of
substantial harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the child due to
the Respondents [sic] history of violent crime and threats toward birth mother
....
The court was more succinct in its analysis of whether termination of parental rights was
in the child’s best interest. The court concluded that it “ha[d] been proven by clear and
convincing evidence that it is in the best interest of the minor child, Ashlynn . . . , for the
parental rights of the biological parents, [Mother and Father], to be terminated in and to
said child.”
II.
A parent has a fundamental right, based in both the federal and state constitutions,
to the care and custody of his or her own child. Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651
(1972); In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); Nash-Putnam v. McCloud,
921 S.W.2d 170, 174 (Tenn. 1996); In re Adoption of Female Child, 896 S.W.2d 546, 547
(Tenn. 1995). But parental rights are not absolute. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 250.
The government’s interest in the welfare of a child justifies interference with a parent’s
constitutional rights in certain circumstances. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g).
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Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113 sets forth both the grounds and procedures
for terminating parental rights. In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 546 (Tenn. 2015).
Parties seeking termination of parental rights must first prove the existence of at least one
of the statutory grounds for termination listed in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g).
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1). If one or more statutory grounds for termination are
shown, they then must prove that terminating parental rights is in the child’s best interest.
Id. § 36-1-113(c)(2).
Because of the constitutional dimension of the rights at stake in a termination
proceeding, parties seeking to terminate parental rights must prove both the grounds and
the child’s best interest by clear and convincing evidence. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d
586, 596 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c); In re Adoption of A.M.H.,
215 S.W.3d 793, 808-09 (Tenn. 2007); In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002)).
This heightened burden of proof serves “to minimize the possibility of erroneous decisions
that result in an unwarranted termination of or interference with these rights.” Id. “Clear
and convincing evidence” leaves “no serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of
the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” Hodges v. S.C. Toof & Co., 833 S.W.2d 896,
901 n.3 (Tenn. 1992). It produces a firm belief or conviction in the fact-finder’s mind
regarding the truth of the facts sought to be established. In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d at
596.
We review the trial court’s findings of fact “de novo on the record, with a
presumption of correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance of the evidence is
otherwise.” In re Taylor B.W., 397 S.W.3d 105, 112 (Tenn. 2013); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).
We then “make [our] own determination regarding whether the facts, either as found by
the trial court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence, provide clear and
convincing evidence that supports all the elements of the termination claim.” In re Bernard
T., 319 S.W.3d at 596-97. We review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo with no
presumption of correctness. In re J.C.D., 254 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).
A.
In his appeal, Father raises three issues for our review. None of the three relate to
the manner in which the grounds for terminating his parental rights were pleaded. But at
oral argument, counsel for Father and counsel for Mother and the prospective adoptive
parents could not agree on the number of statutory grounds supporting termination that
were alleged in the petition. Counsel for Father contended that only two statutory grounds
were properly alleged; counsel for Mother and the prospective adoptive parents contended
that “at least four” statutory grounds were alleged. The petition itself includes a
hodgepodge of words from the various statutory grounds that might support termination of
parental rights.
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Parental rights can only be terminated on grounds that were alleged in the
termination petition. See In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 655-56 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).
Notice is “a fundamental component of due process.” In re W.B., IV, M2004-00999-COA-
R3-PT, 2005 WL 1021618, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005); see also Keisling v.
Keisling, 92 S.W.3d 374, 377 (Tenn. 2002) (“Basic due process requires ‘notice reasonably
calculated under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the
action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.’” (citation omitted)).
Pleadings should give the opposing party enough notice of the issues to prepare a defense.
Keisling, 92 S.W.3d at 377. In the context of parental termination, due process requires
that the parent be notified of the alleged grounds for termination. In re Jeremiah N., No.
E2016-00371-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 1655612, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 2, 2017).
Based on the petition, we conclude that three statutory grounds were properly before
the court. The petition properly alleged facts that could support two definitions of
abandonment: abandonment by failure to visit or make reasonable payments “toward the
support of the child’s mother during the four (4) months immediately preceding the birth
of the child” and abandonment by wanton disregard. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 36-1-
102(1)(A)(iii), (iv) and 36-1-113(g)(1). Although there is no “T.C.A. 36-1-102(a)(1)§(3),”
the petition also alleged that Father abandoned his child by “willfully fail[ing] to visit or
willfully fail[ing] to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child’s mother
during the four months immediately preceding the birth of the minor child.” Stating the
facts that supported a ground for termination was sufficient. See TENN. R. CIV. P. 8.05(1)
(allowing the pleader to “either specifically refer to the statute or state all of the facts
necessary to constitute such breach so that the other party can be duly apprised of the
statutory violation charged”). The petition further alleged that Father was “incarcerated at
the time of the institution of this action” and that he had “engaged in conduct prior to
incarceration that exhibits of [sic] disregard for the welfare of the child.”
The petition also alleged failure to manifest an ability and willingness to assume
custody or financial responsibility for the child. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14).
According to the petition, Father “failed to manifest an ability and willingness to assume
legal and physical custody of the minor child” and “that placing custody of the child in the
Respondent[’]s legal and physical care would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical
or psychological welfare of the child.”
B.
For his first two issues on appeal, Father contends that the evidentiary burden was
not met for two of the statutory grounds for parental termination relied on by the trial court.
Although Father has not taken issue with all the grounds relied on by the trial court, we
“must review the trial court’s findings as to each ground for termination . . . regardless of
whether the parent challenges these findings on appeal.” In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d
507, 525-26 (Tenn. 2016).
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1. Abandonment
a. By Failure to Visit or Support Expectant Mother
One of the statutory grounds for termination of parental rights is “[a]bandonment
by the parent.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1). Abandonment as a ground for
termination is defined in five different ways. See id. § 36-1-102(1)(A) (defining the term
“abandonment”). The third definition of “abandonment” applies in cases in which “[a]
biological or legal father has either failed to visit or failed to make reasonable payments
toward the support of the child’s mother during the four (4) months immediately preceding
the birth of the child.” Id. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iii).
The evidence clearly and convincingly supports terminating Father’s parental rights
on this ground of abandonment. The proof revealed that Mother informed Father that she
was pregnant with Ashlynn before she was showing. Father made no payments toward
Mother’s support. And Mother’s insurance and the prospective adoptive parents paid for
the cost of the birth. Mother testified that Father offered her support once, when she was
approximately six months pregnant. Although Mother accepted the offer, Father never
followed through.
Father argues that his failure to support Mother was not willful. He claims that he
attempted to support Mother while she was pregnant and asked several times if she needed
help. But, according to Father, Mother “rebuffed” his offers.
The lack “of willfulness is an affirmative defense pursuant to Rule 8.03 of the
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure” to the ground of abandonment. Id. § 36-1-102(1)(I).
Father failed to plead the absence of willfulness in either of his responses to the petition to
terminate parental rights. So he waived the absence of willfulness as a defense to the
ground of abandonment by failure to support. See TENN. R. CIV. P. 12.08; Pratcher v.
Methodist Healthcare Memphis Hosps., 407 S.W.3d 727, 735 (Tenn. 2013).
Even had the defense not been waived, the burden fell on Father to prove his failure
to support was not willful. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(I). The only proof Father
points to that might indicate a lack of willfulness was his own testimony that he offered to
provide support to Mother. But the trial court found that Father’s testimony was not
credible. We find no basis to disregard that assessment. See Wells v. Tenn. Bd. of Regents,
9 S.W.3d 779, 783 (Tenn. 1999) (recognizing that appellate courts do “not re-evaluate a
trial judge’s assessment of witness credibility absent clear and convincing evidence to the
contrary”). So the record contains no proof to support Father’s contention.
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b. By Wanton Disregard
At the time the petition to terminate was filed,1 the fourth definition of
“abandonment” applied in cases in which the parent is incarcerated when the petition to
terminate is filed or had been incarcerated within the four-month period preceding the filing
of the petition and “contain[ed] two distinct tests for abandonment.” In re Audrey S., 182
S.W.3d 838, 865 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). One test examined pre-incarceration visitation
and support, and the other examined the pre-incarceration conduct of the parent. The
incarcerated or formerly incarcerated parent was deemed to have abandoned a child if he
or she:
either ha[d] willfully failed to visit or ha[d] willfully failed to support or ha[d]
willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child
for four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding such parent’s . . .
incarceration, or the parent . . . ha[d] engaged in conduct prior to
incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (2017).
The proof established that Father was incarcerated for part of the four months
preceding the filing of the petition to terminate. Here, the question is whether the proof
showed that Father’s pre-incarceration conduct exhibited a wanton disregard for his
newborn child’s welfare.
“Wanton disregard” is not a defined term, but “actions that our courts have
commonly found to constitute wanton disregard reflect a ‘me first’ attitude involving the
intentional performance of illegal or unreasonable acts and indifference to the
consequences of the actions for the child.” In re Anthony R., No. M2014-01753-COA-R3-
PT, 2015 WL 3611244, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 9, 2015). The court may consider all
evidence relevant to determining “whether the parental behavior that resulted in
incarceration is part of a broader pattern of conduct that renders the parent unfit or poses a
risk of substantial harm to the welfare of the child.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 866.
In In re Audrey S., we held that “probation violations, repeated incarceration, criminal
behavior, substance abuse, and the failure to provide adequate support or supervision for a
child can, alone or in combination, constitute conduct that exhibits a wanton disregard for
the welfare of a child.” Id. at 867-68.
We conclude that Mother and the prospective adoptive parents failed to meet their
burden of proving that Father’s pre-incarceration conduct exhibited wanton disregard for
his child’s welfare. On several occasions, we have held that a parent can engage in conduct
exhibiting wanton disregard for the welfare of the child even during pregnancy so long as
1
This ground for termination was rewritten in 2020. 2020 Tenn. Pub. Acts 43.
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the parent knows of the child’s existence. See, e.g., In re Jeremiah N., 2017 WL 1655612,
at *6 (affirming the ground of wanton disregard when, after father learned of the mother’s
pregnancy with the child but before the child’s birth, he continued to engage in criminal
behavior and was convicted of the offense for which he was currently incarcerated); In re
Jamazin H.M., No. W2013-01986-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 2442548, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App.
May 28, 2014) (“The offenses for which [f]ather is currently incarcerated—possession of
cocaine with intent to sell, unlawful possession of a firearm, and others—were committed
while [m]other was pregnant with [the child].”); In re O.J.B., No. W2009-00782-COA-R3-
PT, 2009 WL 3570901, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 2, 2009) (affirming the ground of
wanton disregard because the child was born with cocaine in her system and mother pled
guilty to several criminal charges after the child’s birth); cf. In re Mac L., No. E2016-
00674-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 6876498, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 22, 2016) (concluding
that father’s pre-incarceration conduct need not directly impact the child in a negative way
to support a finding of wanton disregard). The evidence in the record fails to establish
precisely when Father was incarcerated or when he knew of the child’s existence. Father
was aware of Mother’s pregnancy at least four months prior to Ashlynn’s birth. And he
was incarcerated at some point between Ashlynn’s birth and the filing of the petition. But
the proof does not show that the wanton conduct relied on by the trial court occurred after
Father became aware of Mother’s pregnancy.
2. Failure to Manifest an Ability and Willingness to Assume Custody or Financial
Responsibility
The trial court also found termination of parental rights appropriate under Tennessee
Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(14). Under this ground, a parent’s rights may be terminated
if he
[1] has failed to manifest, by act or omission, an ability and willingness to
personally assume legal and physical custody or financial responsibility of
the child, and [2] placing the child in the person’s legal and physical custody
would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or psychological welfare
of the child.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). Both the first and second prongs must be established
by clear and convincing evidence. In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d 659, 677-78 (Tenn. 2020).
As to the first prong, the petitioner may prove either that a parent is unable or unwilling to
“assume legal and physical custody or financial responsibility of the child.” Id. at 677.
We conclude that clear and convincing evidence also supported terminating Father’s
parental rights on the ground of failure to manifest an ability and willingness to assume
financial responsibility of his child. The proof showed that Father, who was 23 years old
at trial, did not have a history of steady employment. He had been employed at his current
job for only two weeks, making “[l]ike $300 a week.” By his own admission, two weeks
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was the longest period he had ever held a job. In the years leading up to the trial, Father
had been in and out of jail. Father had previously collected disability for “a nerve problem
in [his] hands,” but he lost his disability payments when he went to prison in 2014.
Father testified that he hoped to get a raise at his current job in a couple of months.
And he hoped to get back on disability. When questioned about how he would assume
financial responsibility for Ashlynn given his current circumstances, Father said he would
rely on family to help.
Father also lacked stable housing and his own means of transportation. According
to Father, he had lived with his grandmother most of his life. He briefly lived with
Mother’s parents while they were together. At trial, Father shared a two-bedroom
apartment with a woman and her two children, but he was not on the lease or contributing
to the rent. Father testified that he would rely on his roommate for transportation.
The evidence is equally clear and convincing that putting the child in Father’s
custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to her physical or psychological welfare.
Father has convictions for both domestic assault and assault while he was in jail. He
physically threatened Mother while she was pregnant and after she had the baby. Mother
resorted to blocking Father from all methods of contact. The proof also showed a history
of recent drug use by Father. Mother claimed that she had witnessed Father using
methamphetamine approximately one month before the trial. Father only admitted to using
marijuana in Mother’s presence. He claimed to have last used methamphetamine “[a]lmost
four months ago, five months ago.”
C.
Father’s final issue on appeal relates to Ashlynn’s best interest. Because “[n]ot all
parental misconduct is irredeemable,” our parental termination “statutes recognize the
possibility that terminating an unfit parent’s parental rights is not always in the child’s best
interests.” In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 498 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). So even if a statutory
ground for termination is established by clear and convincing evidence, we must also
determine whether termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests. Tennessee
Code Annotated § 36-1-113(i) lists nine factors that courts must consider in making a best
interest analysis. The “factors are illustrative, not exclusive, and any party to the
termination proceeding is free to offer proof of any other factor relevant to the best interests
analysis.” In re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 681 (Tenn. 2017). In reaching a decision,
“the court must consider all of the statutory factors, as well as any other relevant proof any
party offers.” Id. at 682. The best interest analysis is a fact-intensive inquiry, and each
case is unique. White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 193-94 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).
The parental termination statute requires “an order that makes specific findings of
fact and conclusions of law.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k). Factual findings both
9
“facilitate appellate review” and safeguard the important rights at stake in a termination
proceeding. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d at 251. As our supreme court has observed, this
Court “routinely remand[s] contested termination cases to the trial court for failure to make
findings of fact and/or conclusions of law, whether related to the grounds for termination
or the child’s best interests.” Id. at 251.
Here, the court concluded that it “ha[d] been proven by clear and convincing
evidence that it is in the best interest of the minor child, Ashlynn . . . , for the parental rights
of the biological parents, [Mother and Father], to be terminated in and to said child.” But
the court’s order, which incorporated by reference a transcript of findings made in open
court, includes no factual findings specific to its best interest determination. The order also
makes no reference to the statutory best interest factors. So we cannot discern whether all
of the statutory factors were considered. Under the circumstances, we find it necessary to
remand the case to the trial court to make appropriate findings relative to the child’s best
interest. See id. at 255; Adoption Place, Inc. v. Doe, 273 S.W.3d 142, 151 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2007).
III.
The record contains clear and convincing evidence to support terminating Father’s
parental rights on two grounds. But we are unable to review the court’s best interest
determination because of a lack of specific findings of fact. So, we vacate the judgment
terminating Father’s parental rights. The case is remanded for specific findings of fact and
conclusions of law as required by Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(k) and such other
proceedings as are necessary and consistent with this opinion. Consistent with the
requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-124(a), the trial court is directed to
expedite the case on remand.
s/ W. Neal McBrayer
W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JUDGE
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