Geraldine Abbott v. Mark Abbott

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
April 19, 2016 Session
GERALDINE ABBOTT, ET AL. v. MARK ABBOTT, ET AL.
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Sevier County
No. 137205 Telford E. Forgety, Jr., Chancellor
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No. E2015-01233-COA-R3-CV
Filed July 20, 2016
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This appeal involves a dispute concerning a purported right of first refusal in a deed. In a
section titled ―Right of First Refusal,‖ the deed provided that the purported holders of the
right ―shall have a right of first refusal to purchase said property and once a price is agreed
upon,‖ the holder will have a certain time period in which to raise the funds to pay the
purchase price. The trial court found that the provision was enforceable and imposed a
―reasonable time‖ in which the parties could negotiate and agree upon a price. The sellers
appealed. We reverse.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed
and Remanded
J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J.,W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., joined.
Douglas R. Beier, Morristown, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mark Abbott.
Bruce Hill, Sevierville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Geraldine Abbott, and Clyde Abbott, Jr.
OPINION
BACKGROUND
The salient facts surrounding this appeal are undisputed by the parties. On January 29,
1996, Clyde H. Abbott, Sr. (―Clyde Sr.‖), subdivided his real property into four tracts. He
executed deeds to each of his four children: Clyde Abbott, Jr. (―Clyde Jr.‖), Geraldine Abbott
(―Geraldine,‖ together with Clyde Jr., ―Appellees‖), Mark Abbott (―Appellant‖), and Angela
Abbott Davis.1 Each of the deeds contained the following language:
RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL: In the event that the grantee
herein should decide to sell said property, the other children of
Clyde H. Abbott[, Sr.] shall have a right of first refusal to
purchase said property and once a price is agreed upon, the
grantee shall give the purchasing child a period of one (1) year
to raise the money to pay for the property.
Appellees both decided to sell the tracts they owned in May 2013. Both Appellees sent
separate letters in May 2013 to the remaining siblings, Mark and Angela, indicating that they
wished to sell their respective tract for $200,000.00. The letters requested a response within
thirty (30) days indicating acceptance of the $200,000.00 offer to sell or a counteroffer. The
letter also stated that the buyer must pay a good faith deposit of $10,000.00 after agreeing on
a price.
Through counsel, Appellant responded to Geraldine‘s letter on June 19, 2013. The
letter asserted that Geraldine had no right to request a deposit on the property. Additionally,
inter alia, counsel for Appellant provided that Appellant would be open to a ―more
reasonable offer . . . that has a basis in reality.‖2 The letter did not include a counter-offer.
The record does not include a response by Appellant to Clyde Jr.‘s letter.3
On July 1, 2013, Appellees filed a joint complaint in the Chancery Court for Sevier
County. The suit was filed against Angela‘s heirs4 and Appellant. Appellees sought a
declaratory judgment requesting that the trial court interpret the deeds, supply any missing
1
The use of first names in this Opinion is not due to lack of respect but, rather, for ease of reference
since the parties share a surname.
2
Appellant‘s attorney who drafted the letter is not the same attorney who represented him at trial.
3
The evidence elicited at trial demonstrated that Mark may not have received Clyde Jr.‘s letter until
several weeks after he received Geraldine‘s, and thus, the 30-day period in which Mark‘s response was
requested had not expired.
4
The record indicates that Angela died intestate sometime after her father subdivided the property but
before the instant action was commenced. At her death, her parcel passed to her husband and two sons. None
of Angela‘s heirs are parties to this appeal.
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terms in the right of first refusal, or ultimately find that the right of first refusal is an
unreasonable restraint on alienation of the property.
On April 23, 2015, the trial court conducted a trial on Appellees‘ complaint. At trial,
the only witnesses were Appellees and Appellant. During his testimony, Clyde Jr. confirmed
that he wished to sell his tract and sent a letter to Mark offering it for sale. He stated that he
decided upon a $200,000.00 sales price by checking local prices of other real estate listings
and by speaking with a local real estate agent. He also testified that he ―talked to one other
person and offered it to them for the same price and they seemed interested,‖ until Clyde Jr.
explained that the property was subject to his siblings‘ right of first refusal pursuant to the
deed. He also stated that he had no offers from third parties to purchase the property. Further,
Clyde Jr. testified that he believed the right of first refusal and his offer to Mark were
reasonable.
Geraldine testified that she also requested a sales price of $200,000.00 and came up
with the figure ―off the top of my head.‖ She testified that Mark responded via counsel and
rejected the $200,000.00 sales price. Geraldine also acknowledged that the letter she sent was
identical to the letter Clyde Jr. sent. She stated that she had neither received any offers for her
tract nor had she had an appraisal.
The trial court ruled that the right of first refusal was valid and that the parties must
negotiate in good faith and attempt to reach an agreement for the price of the land owned by
Clyde Jr. and Geraldine. The trial court ordered that the parties had forty-five (45) days to
complete any negotiation, which it deemed ―reasonable.‖ After forty-five (45) days,
according to the trial court‘s ruling, the right of first refusal would expire. The notice of
appeal was filed on August 21, 2015, indicating that Mark was the sole appellant.5
ISSUE PRESENTED
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The delay in the Court‘s filing of this Opinion stems from the lack of a final judgment when this
appeal originally was transmitted to this Court. The judgment was not final due to two issues, the substance of
which is not relevant to this appeal. This Court entered an order on May 6, 2016, directing the parties to
address both issues that prevented finality or show cause within fifteen days of why the appeal should not be
dismissed for lack of a final judgment. On May 16, 2016, counsel for Appellant requested an extension of an
additional fifteen days to respond to this Court‘s order, which was granted by order entered May 23, 2016.
On June 6, 2016, counsel for Appellant filed a ―Notice of Compliance with Show Cause Order.‖
Subsequently, on June 14, 2016, the trial court clerk transmitted to this Court a supplemental record. However,
the supplemental record demonstrated that the trial court‘s new order only resolved one of the two issues
preventing finality. Yet again, on June 20, 2016, this Court entered an order directing the parties to remedy the
second issue preventing finality or show cause why the appeal should not be dismissed within fifteen days.
Finally, on July 1, 2016, the trial court clerk transmitted a second supplement record, which included a final
judgment.
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This appeal involves one issue raised by Appellant: whether the trial court erred by
enforcing the ―right of first refusal‖ provision in the deed and imposing certain restrictions
on the parties‘ future negotiations.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
This issue involves the interpretation of a contract, which is a question of law. Hughes
v. New Life Dev. Corp., 387 S.W.3d 453, 465 (Tenn. 2012). Our review is de novo with no
presumption of correctness accorded to the decision of the trial court. Cracker Barrel Old
Country Store, Inc. v. Epperson, 284 S.W.3d 303, 308 (Tenn. 2009).
DISCUSSION
The only issue before us in this case is whether the two deeds belonging to Appellees
include an enforceable right of first refusal. Appellant argues that the trial court‘s imposition
of a timeframe in which the parties are required to negotiate a price essentially ―eliminates
Appellees[‘] requirement to comply with the terms of the Right of First Refusal because they
no longer are required to deal with Appellant fairly and in good faith.‖ Appellant argues that
every contract implies a duty of good faith and fair dealing. See Dick Broadcasting Co. of
Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM 395 S.W.3d 653 (Tenn. 2013). Although not clear from Appellant‘s
brief, it appears that Appellant is asserting that no conditions outside the four corners of the
deed (i.e. time frame for negotiations) should be placed upon the parties while they continue
to negotiate. To this end, Appellant is requesting the remedy of specific performance
whereby the parties are ordered to continue negotiations until they agree on a sales price.
Indeed, Appellant contends that the trial court should have simply found that Appellees failed
to negotiate in good faith and dismissed their complaint. According to Appellant, the relief
granted by the trial court only requires the Appellees to wait forty-five (45) days, regardless
of their conduct, for the right of first refusal to expire. Appellees argue, in contrast, that given
that this case has been pending for three years with the parties at an impasse with regard to
the sales price of the properties, Appellant‘s position imposes an interminable ban on them
ever selling the property to a third-party. Instead, Appellees assert that Appellant‘s position is
that there can be ―no limit on when [the end of negotiations under the Right of First Refusal]
must be accomplished.‖
The trial court‘s ruling indicates that it found the language of the right of first refusal
to be on the ―ragged edge of enforceability.‖ Still, it found that it was within its authority to
impose a reasonable time—here, forty-five (45) days—within which the parties were to
negotiate and reach a price. At the expiration of the forty-five (45) days, Appellants would be
free to sell the properties to whomever they wished. Thus, despite the omission of a price or a
method by which a price was to be determined, the trial court found the provision
enforceable but set a timeframe in which the parties had to negotiate to reach a price. The
trial court also noted that enforcing the right of first refusal comported with the late Clyde
Abbott, Sr.‘s intent that the property remain in the family.
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The term ―right of first refusal‖ is commonly used to describe a contractual right to
preempt another in the sale of property. Riverside Surgery Ctr., LLC v. Methodist Health
Sys., Inc., 182 S.W.3d 805, 811 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 14, 2005) (citing 3 Corbin on
Contracts § 11.3, at 460 (Joseph M. Perillo ed., 1996)). Tennessee law has implicitly
recognized two types of provisions conferring a right of first refusal. In Riverside Surgery
Center, this Court described the ―traditional garden-variety right of first refusal‖ as one in
which the price terms and other conditions are ―determined by reference to a third-party
offer.‖ Id. at 812. The court explained:
The conventional right of first refusal ―is subject to an agreed
condition precedent, typically the owner‘s receipt of an offer
from a third party and the owner‘s good-faith decision to accept
it.‖ Id. at 470. At that point, the right of first refusal ―ripens‖
into an option, and the preemptive right holder may exercise his
preemptive right to create a contract based on the same terms
that the owner is willing to accept from the third party. See id. at
470–71. However, the triggering of the right of first refusal is
dependent on the language of the contract and varies with the
facts of the case.
Id. at 811. Stated another way, in the typical case, preemptive purchase rights conferred by a
right of first refusal are triggered when the grantor or seller receives an offer from a third
party. The seller must then offer the holder of the right the property at the price offered by the
third party.
In the instant case, however, the triggering of the right of first refusal is not due to a
third party offer, but instead Clyde Jr.‘s and Geraldine‘s independent intent to sell their tracts
and unilateral determination of the sales price. In this second type of right of first refusal, the
triggering event is the seller‘s intent to sell. Tennessee cases have previously considered the
variety of provisions purportedly conferring this type of right of first refusal. See Koella v.
McHargue, 976 S.W.2d 658 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (finding that the plaintiff ―complied with
his duties and properly offered the property to the [holders of the right of first refusal]‖ at a
price determined without reference to a third party offer); Johnson v. Herren, C.A. No. 88-
160-II, 1988 WL 119278, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 10, 1988), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
June 26, 1989) (―All that is required to trigger the right of first refusal is for [the seller] to
make a sales offer. No third party need accept it.‖); see also Riverside Surgery Center, 182
S.W.3d 805 (upholding a right of first refusal triggered by the seller‘s independent intent to
sale not triggered by a third party offer). In addition, at least one Tennessee court has sought
guidance from federal law in addressing this second type of a right of first refusal, deeming it
―closely akin‖ to a ―right of first offer.‖ See Riverside Surgery Center, 182 S.W.3d at 812
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(citing Gleason v. Norwest Mortg., Inc., 243 F.3d 130, 139 (3d Cir. 2001)).
The Riverside Surgery Center Court explained that a ―right of first offer‖ entitles the
holder of the right to receive the first offer to purchase the property, where the sale price and
other terms are provided for ―in advance in the agreement.‖ Riverside Surgery Center, 182
S.W.3d at 812 (citing Gleason, 243 F.3d at 139). For example, in Riverside Surgery Center,
the contract containing the right of first refusal did not determine price based upon a third-
party offer, but instead specified that the price of an interest in the subject company was
determined by a complicated calculation involving the proportional interest at issue, the ―net
book value‖ of the subject company, the appraised value of company real property, and the
subject company‘s liabilities. Riverside Surgery Center, 182 S.W.3d at 808. According to the
contract, the owner wishing to sell its interest in the property was required to provide notice
to the holders of the right of first refusal, who were provided the opportunity to purchase the
property based upon the specified calculation. Id.The right of first refusal in this case presents a quandary for this Court because it does
not squarely fit within either type of Right of First Refusal previously recognized by
Tennessee courts. While the language in the instant case appears more akin to the second
variety of rights of first refusal in which the price for the disputed property is not determined
by a third-party offer, the language of the right of first refusal in the case-at-bar does not
contain a specified price or manner for determining a specific price. Instead, the provision
provides, inter alia, that the other children shall have the right of first refusal to purchase the
property ―once a price is agreed upon.‖ See Universal Scrap Metals, Inc. v. J. Sandman &
Sons, Inc., 786 N.E.2d 574, 579 (Ill. Ct. App. 2003) (concluding that if the right of first
refusal was intended to be exercised on the terms of a third-party offer, the phrase ―under
mutually agreed upon conditions‖ would be superfluous). Our inquiry then becomes whether
a right of first refusal provision lacking the price or method to determine a price, and not
premised on a third-party offer, is enforceable where it requires that a price must be ―agreed
upon‖ by the parties.
For a contract to be enforceable, the parties must agree on the material terms. Gurley
v. King¸183 S.W.3d 30, 35 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). In the case of United American Bank of
Memphis v. Walker, No. 3, 1986 WL 11250 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986), this Court stated: ―In
order for a contract to be binding it must spell out the obligation of the parties with sufficient
definiteness that it can be performed. All the essential terms of a contract must be finally and
definitely settled. None must be left to determination, by future negotiations.‖ Id. at *2. This
Court has repeatedly held that price is typically an essential term in a sales or services
contract. See id.; see also Doe v. HCA Health Servs. of Tenn., Inc., 46 S.W.3d 191, 197
(Tenn. 2001) (considering whether the contract contained a sufficiently definite price to be
enforceable); Tetra Tech, Inc. v. Performa Entm't Real Estate, Inc., No. W2007-02244-
COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 4457061, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 3, 2008) (―A contract may not
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be enforceable where an essential element, such as price or compensation terms, is
determined to be indefinite.‖); Four Eights, LLC v. Salem, 194 S.W.3d 484, 487 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2005) (noting that an option to purchase was not definite enough to enforce by specific
performance where the parties could not agree to a price) (citing 71 Am. Jur. 2d Specific
Performance § 47); Castelli v. Lien, 910 S.W.2d 420, 427 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995) (refusing to
enforce a contract because there were no sufficiently definite terms concerning the cost of
performance). As this court explained in refusing to enforce a promissory note and guaranty:
It is a fundamental rule of law that an
alleged contract which is so vague, indefinite and
uncertain as to place the meaning and intent of the
parties in the realm of speculation is void and
unenforceable. Consequently where substantial
and necessary terms are specifically left open for
future negotiations, the purported contract is
fatally defective. On the other hand, the law does
not favor the destruction of contracts because of
indefiniteness and if the terms can be reasonably
ascertained in a manner prescribed in the writing,
the contract will be enforced.
Such a provision provides no standard for ascertaining
the price or any other conditions of the sale and is, in our
opinion, fatally uncertain and unenforceable in any form of
action.
Walker, 1986 WL 11250, at *2 (quoting King v. Dalton Motors, Inc., 109 N.W.2d 51 (Minn.
1961)). Courts are reluctant to enforce contracts that leave material terms open for further
negotiations. Four Eights, LLC v. Salem, 194 S.W.3d 484, 487 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). Still,
Tennessee courts do ―not favor the destruction of contracts because of indefiniteness and if
the terms can be reasonably ascertained in a manner prescribed in the writing, the contract
will be enforced.‖ Id.In this case, we must determine whether the material term of price is a fatal omission
to the enforcement of the right of first refusal. ―[W]here price is the unspecified material
term, courts have enforced contracts that call for the price to be set by vague but
ascertainable standards, such as ‗market price‘ or ‗prevailing rate.‘‖ Huber v. Calloway, No.
M2005-00897-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2089753, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jul. 12, 2007). As
stated by our sister court in Gleason v. Norwest Mortgage, Inc. 243 F.3d 130 (3d Cir. 2001)6
6
Gleason was abrogated on a different ground Ray Haluch Gravel Co. v. Cent. Pension Fund of Int'l Union
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(cited by this Court with approval in Riverside Surgery Center), when there is no third party
offer and no method for determining a price more than mere negotiation, ―this naked right of
―first offer‖ can have no legal significance or preemptive right whatsoever. Without a price,
terms, or conditions, a right of first refusal creates a dormant right of preemption, the right to
receive an offer before others do, but based on third party information.‖ Id. at 139.7 Courts
cannot enforce ―agreements to agree‖ that leave the element of price to be determined by the
parties at a future date after negotiation. Four Eights, 194 S.W.3d at 486; see also Portnoy v.
Brown, 430 Pa. 401, 243 A.2d 444, 447 (1968) (―[P]rice is an essential ingredient of every
contract for the transfer of property and must be sufficiently definite and certain or capable of
being ascertained from the contract between the parties.‖); Restatement (Second) of
Contracts § 33(1), (3) (1981); see also I Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 4.18
(1999).
Although not cited by either party in their briefs, the Four Eights case presents a
situation highly analogous to the case-at-bar. Four Eights, 194 S.W.3d 484. In Four Eights,
the plaintiff lessor filed suit against the defendant tenant claiming that he was unlawfully
holding over after expiration of the lease term. Id. at 485. The tenant argued that he had
attempted to exercise an option to purchase the property pursuant to the lease agreement and
requested enforcement of the option. The option provided that the sales price would be its
―fair market value,‖ but also stated that ―Fair Market Value must be determined by the Lessor
and Lessee, negotiating in good faith . . . .‖ Id. at 486. The trial court found that the parties
had redefined ―fair market value‖ to be something they would have to negotiate, and thus, the
document did not provide any way to ascertain the price. On appeal, this Court affirmed the
trial court‘s decision finding the option unenforceable because the essential term of price was
not sufficiently definite. We opined that, because the price had to be negotiated, the option
constituted an unenforceable ―agreement to agree.‖ Id. In addition, we noted that without an
ascertainable price, specific performance was an inappropriate remedy:
The general rule that a contract is not sufficiently certain and
definite to be specifically enforced if some of its essential terms
are left for the future determination or agreement of the parties
themselves is usually applied if the contract price is left to be
determined by the parties. Accordingly, an option to purchase
contained in a lease, at a price to be subsequently agreed
upon by the parties, is too indefinite to be specifically
of Operating Engineers & Participating Employers, 134 S. Ct. 773, 187 L. Ed. 2d 669 (2014).
7
Our holding is limited to our inability to order enforcement of the right of first refusal provision with
reference to the facts presented to this Court. This holding should not be construed as preventing enforcement
in another scenario. To that end, we express no Opinion as to similarly worded provisions in the context of
third-party offers.
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enforceable.
Id. at 487 (emphasis added) (quoting 71 Am.Jur.2d Specific Performance § 47 (2001)).
We then affirmed the trial court‘s decision to deny specific performance based on the
indefiniteness of the option.
The record indicates that the price of the properties at issue remained a point of
contention between the parties. The provision in this case merely provides that the price will
be ―agreed upon,‖ presumably between the seller of the property and the holder of the right.
It does not, however, provide any method for how the parties should ascertain such price.
Furthermore, although the provision at issue appears similar to other provisions analyzed by
Tennessee courts wherein a grantor or seller is charged with setting the sales price, such
provisions charging the seller with unilaterally determining a price have been interpreted as
providing a mechanism for setting the sales price. E.g., Koella v. McHargue, 976 S.W.2d
658, 660 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (upholding enforcement of provision stating that ―[Seller]
shall give written notice to [holder of the right] at what price said property shall be placed on
the open market . . . .‖). These provisions differ from the one in the case-at-bar wherein
neither party is tasked with stating a price and instead must arrive at a mutually agreed-upon
price through future negotiations. Like the unascertainable price in the option in Four
Eights, the price in this case, at this time, is presently unascertainable. In accord with the
reasoning presented by the Court in Four Eights, we conclude that the provision in the
instant case constitutes an unenforceable ―agreement to agree.‖ See also Four Eights, 194
S.W.3d at 486. The provision in this case, coupled with the parties‘ inability to engage in a
successful colloquy to set a sale price, highlights the logic served by the rules governing the
unenforceability of agreements to agree. Here, it appears that the trial court endeavored to
fashion an equitable remedy that would satisfy both parties and further Clyde Sr.‘s intent.
However, as the deeds merely contain a stipulation mandating an agreement to agree, the trial
court‘s fair-minded efforts led only to additional disputes regarding the fair price of the
property, the time allowed for negotiation, and the appropriate conduct of either party.
Because of the uncertainty implicit in these agreements, agreements to agree are simply not
enforceable in Tennessee courts. Similarly, because the provision omits a sales price or a
method to determine a sales price, the trial court erred in finding that the provision was
enforceable.
In addition, the remedy requested by Appellant in this case constitutes specific
enforcement, not monetary damages. Specific performance is an equitable remedy which is
not available as a matter of right, but is discretionary with the trial court depending on the
facts of the case. Shuptrine v. Quinn, 597 S.W.2d 728, 730 (Tenn. 1979); GRW Enters.,
Inc. v. Davis, 797 S.W.2d 606, 614 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). Appellant‘s appeal to this Court
requests a dismissal of Appellees‘ complaint so that the parties are essentially forced into
(likely perpetual) negotiations. If the right of first refusal provision had a mechanism by
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which to determine the sales price for the properties at issue, a court might be able to order
specific performance of the provision. However, it is well settled that a contract, in order to
be specifically enforced, must be complete, specific, and certain. Oliver v. Upton, No.
01A01-9705-CH-00197, 1998 WL 151388, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 3, 1998); see also
Folsom v. Harr, 218 Ill. 369, 372, 75 N.E. 987, 988 (1905) (holding that specific
performance was not appropriate where the contract ―fixed no price and fixed no mode of
determining the price‖ for the property). As previously stated by this Court,
As the Trial Court found, if the parties herein had simply agreed
that the property could be purchased for fair market value, then
the price could have been determined by the Court according to
the common usage of that term. Where the parties went on to
require, however, subsequent agreement after negotiation, the
price was rendered too indefinite to be enforced by specific
performance.
Four Eights, 194 S.W.3d at 487–88; 71 Am.Jur.2d Specific Performance § 47 (2001) (cited
with approval in Four Eights); see also Duke v. Whatley, 580 So. 2d 1267, 1274–75 (Miss.
1991) (affirming trial court‘s denial of specific performance because first-refusal did not
specifically provide a mechanism for determining holder's purchase price); Hood v.
Hawkins, 478 A.2d 181, 186–87 (R.I. 1984) (same); Rolfs v. Mason, 119 S.E.2d 238, 242
(Va. 1961) (same); 25 Williston on Contracts § 67:85 (4th ed.) (―A right of first refusal is not
subject to specific performance where it is too indefinite, as where no price, or formula for
calculating the price, has been agreed to.‖). In the instant case, the trial court‘s decision
amounted to specific enforcement of an ―agreement to agree,‖ which as discussed above, is
not appropriate. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court‘s decision finding the right of first
refusal as enforceable and its decision ordering the parties to engage in negotiations.
CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is reversed. This cause is remanded to the trial court
with instructions to enter an order granting Appellees‘ petition for declaratory judgment and
declaring the right of first refusal unenforceable, and for all further proceedings as are
necessary and are consistent with this Opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed one-half to
Appellant Mark Abbott, and his surety, and one-half to Appellees Clyde Abbott, Jr., and
Geraldine Abbott, for which execution may issue if necessary.
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J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE
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