Anne Payne v. CSX Transportation, Inc.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
September 16, 2013 Session
ANNE PAYNE v. CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Knox County
No. 2-231-07 Harold Wimberly, Judge
No. E2012-02392-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 27, 2013
Winston Payne brought this action against his former employer, CSX Transportation, Inc.,
under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”), alleging that CSX negligently exposed
him to asbestos, diesel fumes, and radioactive materials in the workplace causing his
injuries.1 The jury returned a verdict finding (1) that CSX negligently caused Payne’s
injuries; (2) that CSX violated the Locomotive Inspection Act or safety regulations regarding
exposure to asbestos, diesel fumes, and radioactive materials; and (3) that Payne’s
contributory negligence caused 62% of the harm he suffered. The jury found that “adequate
compensation” for Payne’s injuries was $8.6 million. After the jury returned its verdict, the
trial court, sua sponte, instructed the jury, for the first time, that, under FELA, its finding that
CSX violated a statute or regulation enacted for the safety of its employees meant that
plaintiff would recover 100% of the damages found by the jury. The court sent the jury back
for further deliberations. It shortly returned with an amended verdict of “$3.2 million @
100%.” Six months after the court entered judgment on the $3.2 million verdict, it granted
CSX’s motion for a new trial, citing “instructional and evidentiary errors.” The case was
then assigned to another trial judge, who thereafter granted CSX’s motion for summary
judgment as to the entirety of the plaintiff’s complaint. The second judge ruled that the
causation testimony of all of plaintiff’s expert witnesses was inadmissible. We hold that the
trial court erred in instructing the jury, sua sponte, on a purely legal issue, i.e., that the jury’s
finding of negligence per se under FELA precluded apportionment of any fault to the
plaintiff based upon contributory negligence, an instruction given after the jury had returned
a verdict that was complete, consistent, and based on the instructions earlier provided to it
by the trial court. We further hold that, contrary to the trial court’s statements, the court did
not make any prejudicial evidentiary rulings in conducting the trial, and that its jury
instructions, read as a whole, were clear, correct, and complete. Consequently, the trial court
erred in granting a new trial. We remand to the trial court. We direct the first trial judge to
1
The primary illness was lung cancer from which the original plaintiff died. We refer in this opinion
to his health issues as “injuries” or “injury.”
review the evidence as thirteenth juror and determine whether the jury verdict in the amount
of $8.6 million is against the clear weight of the evidence. If it is not, the trial judge is
directed to enter judgment on that verdict. If, on the other hand, the trial judge finds that the
larger verdict is against the clear weight of the evidence, the court is directed to enter a final
judgment on the jury’s verdict of $3.2 million. The trial court’s grant of summary judgment
is rendered moot by our judgment. However, in the event the Supreme Court determines that
our judgment is in error, we hold that the grant of summary judgment was not appropriate.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Reversed; Case Remanded with Instructions
C HARLES D. S USANO, J R., P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T HOMAS R.
F RIERSON, II, J., and D. K ELLY T HOMAS, S P.J, joined.
Richard N. Shapiro, Virginia Beach, Virginia; Sidney W. Gilreath and Cary L. Bauer,
Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Anne Payne.
Randall A. Jordan, Karen Jenkins Young, and Christopher R. Jordan, St. Simons Island,
Georgia; Evan M. Tager and Carl J. Summers, Washington, D.C.; John W. Baker, Jr. and
Emily L. Herman-Thompson, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellee, CSX Transportation,
Inc.
OPINION
I.
Payne worked for CSX as a trainman and a switchman from 1962 until his retirement
in 2002. In 2005, he was diagnosed with lung cancer. He underwent extensive medical
treatment, including 43 rounds of chemotherapy and 44 radiation treatments. He filed this
FELA action in 2007, alleging that CSX was negligent in exposing him to asbestos, diesel
fumes, and radioactive material in the course of his employment, resulting in his injuries,
particularly his lung cancer. He also alleged that CSX was guilty of negligence per se when
it violated several statutes or regulations enacted for the safety of its employees. CSX denied
liability and alleged that Payne’s contributory negligence, specifically his cigarette smoking,
caused his injuries. Payne started smoking in 1962, smoked a pack a day on average for
approximately 26 years, and quit in 1988. After Payne died on February 24, 2010, his
widow, Anne Payne, was substituted as plaintiff.
A ten-day jury trial took place over the course of two weeks in November 2010. After
the close of proof, the trial court instructed the jury and provided it with a verdict form
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including special interrogatories. To aid the reader, the jury verdict form is hereinafter set
forth in its entirety, with the jury’s handwritten answers in italics:
1. Was the defendant negligent as defined in these
instruction[s]? Yes
2. If you answered yes to question one, did that negligence cause
in whole or in part the harm suffered by plaintiff? Yes
3. If negligent, was the defendant negligent with regard to:
Asbestos exposure? Yes
Diesel exposure? Yes
Radiation exposure? Yes
If your answer to any of these is yes, did negligence of the
defendant cause in whole or in part the harm suffered by
plaintiff as a result of:
Asbestos exposure Yes
Diesel exposure Yes
Radiation exposure Yes
4. A. Did the defendant violate the Locomotive Inspection Act
or any regulation concerning locomotives read to you regarding
asbestos and was any such violation a legal cause of plaintiff’s
harm? Yes
B. Did the defendant violate the Locomotive Inspection Act or
any regulation concerning locomotives read to you regarding
diesel fumes and was any such violation a legal cause of
plaintiff’s harm? Yes
C. Did the defendant violate any regulation read to you
regarding the operation of railroad cars and transportation of
radioactive materials read to you and was any such violation a
legal cause of harm suffered by plaintiff? Yes
5. If you answered yes to question two, was plaintiff negligent
with regard to harm he suffered and did his negligence cause in
whole or in part the harm he suffered? Yes
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6. If your answer to question five is yes, to what extent,
expressed in percentage, did plaintiff’s negligence cause in
whole or in part the harm he suffered? 62%
7. What amount of money do you find, without deduction for
any negligence which you may find on plaintiff’s part, will fairly
represent adequate compensation? $ 8.6 million
When the jury returned to the courtroom following its deliberations, the following
colloquy took place between the trial court and the jury foreman:
THE COURT: If you will refer to the verdict, you can tell me
briefly. Question No. 1, was the defendant negligent as defined
in these instructions?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Question No. 2, did that negligence cause, in
whole or in part, the harm suffered by the plaintiff?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Question No. 3, was the defendant negligent with
regard to asbestos exposure?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: With regard to diesel exposure?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: With regard to radiation exposure?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Did the negligence of the defendant cause, in
whole or in part, the harm suffered by plaintiff as a result of
asbestos exposure?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
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THE COURT: Diesel exposure?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Radiation exposure?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Did the defendant violate the Locomotive
Inspection Act or any regulation concerning locomotives
regarding asbestos, and was any such violation a legal cause of
the plaintiff’s harm?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Did the defendant violate the Locomotive
Inspection Act or any regulation concerning locomotives
regarding diesel fumes, and was any such violation a legal cause
of the plaintiff’s harm?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Did the defendant violat[e] any regulation
regarding the operations of railroad cars and transportation of
radioactive materials, and was any such violation a legal cause
of harm suffered by the plaintiff?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Question 5, was the plaintiff negligent with
regard to the harm he suffered?
JURY FOREMAN: Yes.
THE COURT: Your answer was yes. To what extent, expressed
in percentages, did the plaintiff’s negligence cause, in whole or
in part, the harm that he suffered?
JURY FOREMAN: 62 percent.
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THE COURT: And finally, what amount of money do you find,
without deduction for any [of] the negligence, that would fairly
represent adequate compensation in this case?
JURY FOREMAN: 8.6 million.
(Emphasis added.)
Immediately after the jury foreman confirmed the jury’s written responses establishing
the plaintiff’s total damages at $8.6 million, the following took place:
THE COURT: Okay. Now, let me further inform you that by
answering yes to questions listed on this form in Part 4 about the
Inspection Act or any regulations, by answering yes to all of
those questions, the concept of contributory negligence may not
apply in this case. In that situation, the plaintiff would receive
the entire amount of money that you have listed on the answers
to the seventh question. If that is what you intend in this
particular case, please indicate by raising your right hand?
(Jury foreman raised hand).
THE COURT: Okay. That is something that we hadn’t talked
about before, but . . . we need to know if that is your intention.
Again, by answering yes to the questions listed under Part 4 of
the verdict form, the effect of yes answers there is that the
recovery would be 100 percent of the amount listed on the
response to Question 7.
* * *
THE COURT (to the jury): What is your feeling now?
JURY FOREMAN: Could we have a moment to discuss that?
THE COURT: All right.
(Jury dismissed from courtroom at 4:05 p.m.)
(Jury returned to courtroom at 4:13 p.m.)
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THE COURT: Based on a previous discussion, [jury foreman]
Mr. Alexander, it is the intention of the jury that the plaintiff
recover a total amount of what?
JURY FOREMAN: $3.2 million.
THE COURT: If everyone agrees with that, raise your right
hand. The jury has raised their right hand indicating that’s their
feeling in this particular case.
The amended verdict form returned by the jury after the jury’s eight-minute further
deliberation had a handwritten line through the “8.6 million” amount and a handwritten
notation of “3.2 million @ 100%.”
On March 7, 2011, the trial court entered judgment against CSX in the amount of $3.2
million in compensatory damages. CSX moved under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 50.02 for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict, or, in the alternative, for a new trial. The trial court conducted
a hearing on CSX’s motion on August 19, 2011. At the end of the hearing, the court stated
as follows:
The Court has come to this conclusion, that the motion for new
trial is warranted. I hate to admit this because a lot of the
problems come back to me, but in particular the jury instructions
I feel were incomplete, therefore insufficient and inadequate and
incorrect. This was illustrated graphically by their response and
what we had to do to try to understand what they meant.
During the trial itself I agree that there were too many things
that had been ruled improperly for the jury to consider that were
considered and presented to the jury, and probably the worst of
those was when we started talking about this thyroid cancer
which he apparently didn’t have. The Court took it upon itself
to make a comment about that and made a comment which could
well have been misinterpreted. I just made – did not express
what I tried to express by saying that is not part of this lawsuit.
It could be understood that he actually had that and it was not
being considered now.
I deeply regret what I just said because, you know, I like to get
cases over with, but at the same time I feel that this one was
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probably not handled appropriately and needs to be handled
again, whether by me or somebody else. So that’s the extent of
what I want to say today.
The trial court entered an order on September 6, 2011, granting CSX a new trial and
stating, “[t]he Court makes this decision based upon specific prejudicial errors including, but
not limited to, instructional and evidentiary errors that resulted in an injustice to Defendant
and, independent of considerations regarding sufficiency of the evidence, warrant a new
trial.” (Emphasis added.) The case was subsequently transferred to a second Knox County
circuit court judge, the Honorable Dale C. Workman. Judge Workman granted CSX’s
motion to exclude the causation testimony of all of the plaintiff’s expert witnesses – the same
testimony that had earlier been found to be admissible by the first trial judge, Judge
Wimberly, and had been thereafter presented to the jury. Judge Workman then granted
CSX’s motion for summary judgment on the ground that there was no expert testimony
establishing causation, and dismissed the case. Plaintiff timely filed a notice of appeal.
II.
Plaintiff raises the issues of whether the trial court erred in: (1) further instructing the
jury and permitting it to further deliberate after it had returned a proper verdict; (2) granting
CSX a new trial; and (3) granting CSX summary judgment and dismissing the complaint.
CSX does not raise any separate issues. The sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s
verdict(s) is not before us.
III.
We first address the trial court’s jury instructions. The trial court instructed the jury
in accordance with FELA, the federal statute that provides a cause of action for employees
of railroads engaged in interstate commerce who are injured on the job. See 45 U.S.C.A. §
51; see also Spencer v. Norfolk S. Rwy. Co., No. E2012-01204-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL
3946118 at *1, n.1 (Tenn. Ct. App. E.S., filed July 29, 2013). In Spencer, this Court recently
reiterated the following background and principles governing a FELA claim:
“The impetus for the [Federal Employers’ Liability Act
(“FELA”), 45 U.S.C.A. §§ 51–60] was that throughout the
1870’s, 80’s, and 90’s, thousands of railroad workers were being
killed and tens of thousands were being maimed annually in
what came to be increasingly seen as a national tragedy, if not
a national scandal.” CSX Transp., Inc. v. Miller, 159 Md. App.
123, 858 A.2d 1025, 1029 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2004). “In
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response to mounting concern about the number and severity of
railroad employees’ injuries, Congress in 1908 enacted FELA to
provide a compensation scheme for railroad workplace injuries,
pre-empting state tort remedies.” Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Sorrell,
549 U.S. 158, 165, 127 S. Ct. 799, 166 L. Ed. 2d 638 (2007)
(citing Second Employers’ Liability Cases, 223 U.S. 1, 53-55,
32 S. Ct. 169, 56 L. Ed. 327 (1912)). FELA was passed to extend
statutory protection to railroad workers because of the high rate
of injury to workers in that industry. Blackburn v. CSX
Transp., Inc., No. M2006-01352-COA-R10-CV, 2008 Tenn.
App. LEXIS 336, 2008 WL 2278497, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. May
30, 2008); Reed v. CSX Transp., Inc., No. M2004-02172-COA-
R3-CV, 2006 Tenn. App. LEXIS 620, 2006 WL 2771029, at *2
(Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 26, 2006). “In adopting FELA, Congress
created a remedy that ‘shifted part of the human overhead of
doing business from employees to their employers.’ ” Pomeroy
v. Ill. Cent. R.R. Co., No. W2004-01238-COA-R3-CV, 2005
Tenn. App. LEXIS 294, 2005 WL 1217590, at *9 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 19, 2005) (quoting Consol. Rail Corp. v. Gottshall,
512 U.S. 532, 542, 114 S. Ct. 2396, 129 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1994)).
Congress recognized that the railroad industry was better able to
shoulder the cost of industrial injuries and deaths than were
injured workers or their families. Miller, 159 Md. App. at 131,
858 A.2d 1025 (citing Kernan v. Am. Dredging Co., 355 U.S.
426, 431-32, 78 S. Ct. 394, 2 L. Ed. 2d 382 (1958)). “[FELA]
was designed to put on the railroad industry some of the cost for
the legs, eyes, arms, and lives which it consumed in its
operations.” Pomeroy, 2005 Tenn. App. LEXIS 294, 2005 WL
1217590, at * 17 (quoting Wilkerson v. McCarthy, 336 U.S. 53,
68, 69 S. Ct. 413, 93 L. Ed. 497 (1949) (Douglas, J., concurring)).
The Federal Employers’ Liability Act provides, in relevant part:
Every common carrier by railroad while engaging
in commerce . . . shall be liable in damages to any
person suffering injury while he is employed by
such carrier in such commerce . . . for such injury
or death resulting in whole or in part from the
negligence of any of the officers, agents, or
employees of such carrier, or by reason of any
defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in
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its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track,
roadbed, works, boats, wharves, or other
equipment.
45 U.S.C.A. § 51. The statute is broad and remedial, and it is to
be liberally construed in order to accomplish the aforementioned
purposes. Blackburn, 2008 Tenn. App. LEXIS 336, 2008 WL
2278497, at *8; Reed, 2006 Tenn. App. LEXIS 620, 2006 WL
2771029, at *2.
“Unlike a typical workers’ compensation scheme, which
provides relief without regard to fault, Section 1 of FELA
provides a statutory cause of action sounding in negligence. . . .”
Sorrell, 549 U.S. at 165. Under FELA, the railroad-employer’s
liability is premised upon its negligence. Reed, 2006 Tenn.
App. LEXIS 620, 2006 WL 2771029, at *2. In order to recover,
an employee must show:
(1) that an injury occurred while the employee
was working within the scope of his employment;
(2) that the employment was in the furtherance of
the railroad’s interstate transportation business;
(3) that the employer railroad was negligent; and
(4) that the employer’s negligence played some
part in causing the injury.
Id. (citing Jennings v. Ill. Cent. R.R. Co., 993 S.W.2d 66, 69-70
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998)). . . . FELA does not define negligence.
Id. When considering whether an employer was negligent under
FELA, “courts are to analyze the elements necessary to establish
a common law negligence claim.” Id. (citing Adams v. CSX
Transp., Inc., 899 F.2d 536, 539 (6th Cir. 1990); Davis v.
Burlington Northern, Inc., 541 F.2d 182 (8th Cir. 1976), cert.
denied, 429 U.S. 1002, 97 S. Ct. 533, 50 L. Ed. 2d 613 (1976)).
The issue of negligence is to be determined “by the common law
principles as established and applied in federal courts.” Reed,
2006 Tenn. App. LEXIS 620, 2006 WL 2771029, at *2
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(citations omitted). Thus, the plaintiff must prove the traditional
elements of negligence: duty, breach, foreseeability, and
causation. Id. (citing Robert v. Consol. Rail Corp., 832 F.2d 3,
6 (1st Cir. 1987)). However, FELA deviated from the common
law by abolishing the railroad’s common law defenses of
assumption of the risk, § 54, and it rejected contributory
negligence in favor of comparative negligence, § 53. Sorrell,
549 U.S. at 166, 168. In FELA cases, an employee’s negligence
does not bar relief, but the employee’s recovery is diminished in
proportion to his fault. Id. at 166.
“Under FELA, the employer railroad has a duty to provide a
reasonably safe workplace.” Reed, 2006 Tenn. App. LEXIS
620, 2006 WL 2771029, at *3 (citing Bailey v. Cent. Vt. Ry.,
319 U.S. 350, 352, 63 S. Ct. 1062, 1062, 87 L. Ed. 1444 (1943);
Ulfik v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 77 F.3d 54, 58 (2d
Cir.1996); Adams, 899 F.2d at 539). This does not mean that
the railroad has the duty to eliminate all workplace dangers, but
it does have the “duty of exercising reasonable care to that end.”
Van Gorder v. Grand Trunk W. R.R., Inc., 509 F.3d 265, 269
(6th Cir. 2007) cert. denied, 555 U.S. 994, 129 S. Ct. 489, 172
L. Ed. 2d 356 (2008) (citing Baltimore & Ohio S. W.R. Co. v.
Carroll, 280 U.S. 491, 496, 50 S. Ct. 182, 74 L. Ed. 566 (1930)).
“A railroad breaches its duty to its employees when it fails to
use ordinary care under the circumstances or fails to do what a
reasonably prudent person would have done under the
circumstances to make the working environment safe.” Id.
(citing Tiller v. Atl. C.L.R. Co., 318 U.S. 54, 67, 63 S. Ct. 444,
87 L. Ed. 610 (1943); Aparicio v. Norfolk & W. Ry., 84 F.3d
803, 811 (6th Cir. 1990)). In other words, “a railroad breaches
its duty when it knew, or by the exercise of due care should have
known that prevalent standards of conduct were inadequate to
protect the plaintiff and similarly situated employees.” Id. at
269-70 (internal quotations omitted).
Spencer, 2013 WL 3946118 at *1-2 (footnotes omitted) (quoting Jordan v. Burlington N.
Santa Fe R.R. Co., No. W2007-00436-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 112561 at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct.
App. W.S., filed Jan. 15, 2009)).
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As already stated, CSX asserted the defense of contributory negligence. FELA
provides as follows regarding contributory negligence:
In all actions on and after April 22, 1908 brought against any
such common carrier by railroad under or by virtue of any of the
provisions of this chapter to recover damages for personal
injuries to an employee, or where such injuries have resulted in
his death, the fact that the employee may have been guilty of
contributory negligence shall not bar a recovery, but the
damages shall be diminished by the jury in proportion to the
amount of negligence attributable to such employee: Provided,
That no such employee who may be injured or killed shall be
held to have been guilty of contributory negligence in any case
where the violation by such common carrier of any statute
enacted for the safety of employees contributed to the injury or
death of such employee.
45 U.S.C.A. § 53 (italics in original). Plaintiff did not argue that decedent Payne was not
contributorily negligent to some extent by virtue of his years of smoking. Rather, the
plaintiff asserted that the FELA’s proviso quoted above, allowing for a full recovery
notwithstanding contributory negligence if the defendant violated “any statute enacted for
the safety of employees,” applied because CSX violated the Locomotive Inspection Act2 and
2
The Locomotive Inspection Act is codified at 49 U.S.C.A. § 20701 and provides in pertinent part:
A railroad carrier may use or allow to be used a locomotive or tender on its
railroad line only when the locomotive or tender and its parts and
appurtenances–
(1) are in proper condition and safe to operate without unnecessary danger
of personal injury;
(2) have been inspected as required under this chapter and regulations
prescribed by the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter; and
(3) can withstand every test prescribed by the Secretary under this chapter.
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various safety regulations3 enacted or promulgated for employees’ safety. The United States
Supreme Court recognized nearly a century ago that, under FELA,
contributory negligence on the part of the employee does not
operate even to diminish the recovery where the injury has been
occasioned in part by the failure of the carrier to comply with
the exactions of an act of Congress enacted to promote the
safety of employees. In that contingency the statute abolishes
the defense of contributory negligence, not only as a bar to
recovery, but for all purposes.
Grand Trunk W. Ry. Co. v. Lindsay, 233 U.S. 42, 49-50 (1914). The federal courts have
referred to a violation of a statute or regulation enacted for the safety of employees as
“negligence per se.” See, e.g., Ries v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 960 F.2d 1156, 1158-59
(3rd Cir. 1992); Walden v. Ill. Cent. Gulf R.R., 975 F.2d 361, 364 (7th Cir. 1992).
In this case, the trial court instructed the jury with respect to the issue of contributory
negligence prior to its initial deliberations; but the court did not inform the jury of the legal
effect of a finding that CSX was guilty of negligence per se. Neither side requested a jury
instruction on negligence per se, and neither side objected at any time to the lack of such an
instruction. On appeal, neither side has provided any legal authority suggesting that a jury
instruction is required on the FELA’s provision regarding negligence per se, i.e., that, as a
matter of law, “no such employee who may be injured or killed shall be held to have been
guilty of contributory negligence in any case where the violation by such common carrier of
any statute enacted for the safety of employees contributed to the injury or death of such
employee.” 45 U.S.C.A. § 53. Plaintiff, noting that the jury’s second damage award of “$3.2
@ 100%” is reduced by roughly 62% of its initial damage award of $8.6 million, argues that
the trial court, by its instruction after the jury returned its verdict, essentially invited the jury
to nullify FELA’s 45 U.S.C.A. § 53 provision (“Section 53”). Plaintiff cites Shepard v.
Grand Trunk W. R.R., No. 92711, 2010 WL 1712316 (Ohio Ct. App., filed Apr. 29, 2010),
3
FELA provides that certain safety regulations are deemed to be statutory authority for FELA
purposes:
A regulation, standard, or requirement in force, or prescribed by the
Secretary of Transportation under chapter 201 of Title 49, or by a State
agency that is participating in investigative and surveillance activities under
section 20105 of Title 49 is deemed to be a statute under sections 53 and
54 of this title.
45 U.S.C.A. § 54a.
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a FELA case involving a fact pattern similar in many respects to the case at bar,4 in which
the Ohio Court of Appeals stated the following:
Here, the jury was specifically instructed that Shepard alleged
that two statutory violations were at issue: (1) the FELA, which
requires negligence and provides for comparative negligence
and (2) the [Locomotive Inspection Act], which imposes
absolute liability. Under FELA, the jury found Grand Trunk
negligent and also found Shepard comparatively negligent. But
because the jury further found that the railroad had violated the
LIA, under well-settled law, it was not entitled to apportionment
of damages under a comparative negligence defense.
* * *
Grand Trunk’s contention that the post-verdict discussions with
the jury demonstrated that they believed the award was going to
be reduced is not persuasive – a party may not challenge the
validity of the verdict using post-verdict discussions with jurors.
The jury was properly instructed and is presumed to have
followed those instructions.
Id., 2010 WL 1712316 at *13-14 (emphasis added; internal citations omitted). The
implication of the italicized language is clear – the jury in Shepard was not instructed on the
legal effect of its finding of negligence per se, and the court there found no error in the trial
court’s failure to advise the jury of this legal effect.
We do not find any reason for the jury to be instructed regarding the legal
consequences of a finding that an employer railroad violated a safety statute or regulation.
As the Tennessee Supreme Court has stated, “[i]t is for the jury to determine the facts and
the trial judge to apply the appropriate principles of law to those facts.” Smith Cty. Educ.
Ass’n v. Anderson, 676 S.W.2d 328, 338 (Tenn. 1984) (holding that “it was improper and
unnecessary to submit questions which required the jury to determine whether or not the
Board negotiated in good faith” because “[w]hether the Board committed acts that amount
to a failure to negotiate in good faith was a question for the trial judge and not the jury.”).
Section 53 of the FELA eliminating contributory negligence when a defendant is guilty of
4
The plaintiff in Shepard alleged injuries resulting from negligent exposure to diesel fumes and
asbestos. The plaintiff in that case “admitted to a long history of heavy cigarette smoking.” 2010 WL
1712316 at *2.
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negligence per se provides a principle of law to be applied by the trial court after the jury has
determined the facts. “We entrust the responsibility of resolving questions of disputed fact,
including the assessment of damages, to the jury.” Meals ex rel. Meals v. Ford Motor Co.,
No. W2010-01493-SC-R11-CV, 2013 WL 4673609 at *3 (Tenn., filed Aug. 30, 2013) (citing
Tenn. Const. art. I, § 6; Spence v. Allstate Ins. Co., 883 S.W.2d 586, 594 (Tenn. 1994)).
Regarding the jury’s resolution of factual questions and its verdict, we have observed that
[t]he jury’s verdict is the foundation of the judgment in civil
cases where the parties have invoked their constitutional or
statutory right to a jury trial. It represents the jury’s final
statement with regard to the issues presented to them. The
verdict, whether general or special, is binding on the trial court
and the parties unless it is set aside through some recognized
legal procedure. Accordingly, neither the trial court nor the
parties are free to disregard a jury’s verdict once it has been
properly returned.
Ladd ex rel. Ladd v. Honda Motor Co., 939 S.W.2d 83, 94 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); see also
Jordan, 2009 WL 112561 at *17 (stating that “[t]he United States Supreme Court has
repeatedly emphasized the preeminence of jury decisions in FELA matters.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
In this case, the jury was instructed on all of the pertinent questions upon which it was
properly called to decide – whether the defendant was negligent; whether the defendant’s
negligence caused plaintiff’s injury; whether the plaintiff was negligent and caused his own
injury; the percentage of fault attributed to plaintiff by his own negligence; whether the
defendant violated the Locomotive Inspection Act or regulations enacted for the safety of
employees; whether any such violation caused plaintiff’s injury; and the amount of damages.
The jury answered these questions in a verdict form that has been reproduced in its entirety
earlier in this opinion. The jury resolved all of the issues in a clear, complete, and consistent
manner. There is nothing contradictory in the verdict. Under these circumstances, in
keeping with the litigants’ “constitutionally protected right to have the disputed factual issues
in their case decided by a jury,” Duran v. Hyundai Motor Am., Inc., 271 S.W.3d 178, 209
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2008), we have recognized “the well-known principle that it is the trial
court’s duty to enter a judgment that is consistent with the jury verdict.”5 Leverette v. Tenn.
Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., No. M2011-00264-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 817230 at *29 (Tenn.
Ct. App. M.S., filed Mar. 4, 2013).
5
This duty is, of course, concomitant with the trial court’s duty to decide whether to approve the
verdict as thirteenth juror in ruling on a motion for new trial, as further discussed later in this opinion.
-15-
In Leverette we noted some “narrow exceptions” to this general principle, including
one that “is found at Tenn. R. Civ. P. 49.02, which gives the trial court some leeway when
there are inconsistencies between a general verdict and a special verdict.” Id. (Emphasis
added.) Rule 49.02 provides as follows:
The court may submit to the jury, together with appropriate
forms for a general verdict, written interrogatories upon one or
more issues of fact the decision of which is necessary to a
verdict. The court shall give such explanation and instruction as
may be necessary to enable the jury to make answers to the
interrogatories and to render a general verdict, and the court
shall direct the jury both to make written answers and to render
a general verdict. When the general verdict and the answers are
harmonious, the court shall direct the entry of the appropriate
judgment upon the verdict and answers. When the answers are
consistent with each other but one or more is inconsistent with
the general verdict, the court may direct the entry of judgment
in accordance with the answers, notwithstanding the general
verdict, or may return the jury for further consideration of its
answers and verdict, or may order a new trial. When the
answers are inconsistent with each other and one or more is
likewise inconsistent with the general verdict, the court shall not
direct the entry of judgment but shall return the jury for further
consideration of its answers and verdict or shall order a new
trial.
(Emphasis added); see also Concrete Spaces, Inc. v. Sender, 2 S.W.3d 901, 911 (Tenn.
1999) (observing that, although “[w]here a judgment is based upon inconsistent findings by
a jury it is the duty of the appellate court to reverse and remand the case for a new trial, . . .
[w]ell-settled law requires courts to construe the terms of a verdict in a manner that upholds
the jury’s findings, if it is able to do so.”).
In the present case, the trial court, presented with a consistent and complete jury
verdict, nevertheless and sua sponte, instructed the jury that the legal effect of its finding of
negligence per se was that “the concept of contributory negligence may not apply in this
case.” The trial court then asked the jury “what is your feeling now?” We agree with
plaintiff’s argument that the trial court’s new and unnecessary further instruction and
-16-
invitation to reconsider its verdict was a prejudicial abuse of discretion.6 It is true, as a
general principle, that “a jury may amend or change their verdict at any time before they have
been discharged, or, if they bring in an informal or insufficient verdict, the court may send
them back to the jury room, with directions to amend it, and put it in proper form.” George
v. Belk, 49 S.W. 748, 749 (Tenn. 1899); see also State v. Williams, 490 S.W.2d 519, 520
(Tenn. 1973); Riley v. State, 227 S.W.2d 32, 34-35 (Tenn. 1950); Oliver v. Smith, 467
S.W.2d 799, 804 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1971). But in these cases citing and applying this general
rule, the jury’s initial verdict was defective in some manner. There is no defect in the jury’s
first verdict in this case. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 49.02 mandates that “[w]hen the general verdict
and the answers are harmonious, the court shall direct the entry of the appropriate judgment
upon the verdict and answers.” Under these circumstances, where the jury was properly and
completely instructed and returned a consistent and complete verdict in accordance with the
court’s instructions, we hold it was error for the trial court to sua sponte further instruct the
jury upon an unnecessary matter and invite the jury to reconsider the amount of damages it
initially awarded.
IV.
The trial court, in its memorandum opinion granting a new trial, stated that “in
particular the jury instructions I feel were incomplete, therefore insufficient and inadequate
and incorrect.” Our review of the record and transcript leads us to the conclusion that the
“incompleteness” the trial court mentions is a reference only to the initial absence of an
instruction regarding the legal effect of a finding of negligence per se. This conclusion is
supported by the trial court’s further comment that the “incompleteness” of the jury
instructions “was illustrated graphically by their response and what we had to do to try to
understand what they meant.” Our conclusion is further bolstered by the fact, as we are about
to demonstrate, that the instructions given to the jury before they retired initially to consider
their verdict were correct and complete. The trial court did not specify any other error in its
jury instructions in either its order granting a new trial or its incorporated memorandum
opinion. We do not believe the trial court ruled that there were any other reversible errors
in its instructions. Despite this belief, we have reviewed all of CSX’s objections to the jury
6
This is not to say, however, that a trial court’s initial instruction to a jury that informs the jury of
the effect of its negligence per se finding under FELA would be erroneous, and our opinion should not be
construed as so holding. We merely hold that such an instruction is not required, and that the trial court’s
further instruction in this case after the jury deliberated and returned a verdict was unwarranted and resulted
in error.
-17-
instructions, both those raised by CSX orally after the jury was instructed as well as those in
the later motion for a new trial.7
In reviewing the trial court’s disposition of a motion for new trial in a FELA case, we
apply the federal standard. Melton v. BNSF Rwy. Co., 322 S.W.3d 174, 181 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2010). In Melton, we observed that
[u]nder the federal standard, the trial court has the power and
duty to order a new trial whenever, in its judgment, this action
is required to prevent an injustice. Common grounds for
granting a new trial include the verdict is against the clear
weight of the evidence, a prejudicial error of law, or misconduct
affecting the jury. We review the trial court’s decisions on
motions for new trial on an abuse of discretion standard.
Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). In this case, the trial court gave no
indication that it was granting a new trial based on either misconduct affecting the jury or
insufficiency of the evidence. The trial court’s ruling was grounded in its perceived errors
of law.
The following principles apply to our review of the trial court’s jury instructions:
“Jury instructions must be correct and fair as a whole, although
they do not have to be perfect in every detail.” Pomeroy [v.
Illinois Central R.R. Co., No. W2004-01238-COA-R3-CV],
2005 Tenn. App. LEXIS 294, 2005 WL 1217590, at *3 [ (Tenn.
Ct. App. May 19, 2005) ] (citing Wielgus v. Dover Indus., 39
S.W.3d 124, 131 (Tenn. Ct. App.2001)). Jury instructions must
be plain and understandable, and inform the jury of each
applicable legal principle. Id. On appeal, we review jury
instructions in their entirety and in context of the entire charge.
Id. We will not invalidate a jury charge if, when read as a
whole, it fairly defines the legal issues in the case and does not
mislead the jury. Hensley v. CSX Transp., Inc., No. E2007-
00323-COA-R3-CV, 278 S.W.3d 282, 2008 Tenn. App. LEXIS
7
None of CSX’s numerous objections to the jury instructions included an argument that the trial court
should have instructed the jury on the legal effect of its finding that CSX was negligent per se. As already
noted, neither party requested such an instruction, and neither party objected to the absence of such an
instruction in the given instructions.
-18-
147, 2008 WL 683755, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 14, 2008)
perm. app. denied, 2008 Tenn. LEXIS 867 (Tenn. Nov. 17,
2008). “The trial court should give requested special jury
instructions when they are a correct statement of the law,
embody the party’s legal theory, and are supported by the
proof.” Pomeroy, 2005 Tenn. App. LEXIS 294, 2005 WL
1217590, at *3 (citing Otis v. Cambridge Mut. Fire Ins. Co.,
850 S.W.2d 439, 445 (Tenn.1992)). “However, the trial court
may decline to give a special instruction when the substance of
the instruction is covered in the general charge.” Id. We will
not reverse the denial of a special request for an additional jury
instruction where the trial court fully and fairly charged the jury
on the applicable law. Id.
Spencer, 2013 WL 3946118 at *3 (quoting Jordan, 2009 WL 112561 at *11).
In its motion for new trial, CSX argued that the trial court’s instruction on causation
was erroneous, asserting that the court “erroneously failed to charge the jury on proximate
causation.” The trial court instructed the jury on causation as follows:
The mere fact that a person suffered harm, injury, illness or
death standing alone without more does not permit an inference
that the harm, injury, or death was caused by anyone’s
negligence.
You have heard reference to the Federal Employers’ Liability
Act or FELA. That law provides in part that every common
carrier by railroad engaging in commerce between any of several
states shall be liable for damages to any person suffering injury
while he is employed by such carrier in such commerce for such
injury resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any
of the officers, agents or employees of such carrier, and such
injury would include illness or death.
* * *
So, again, the burden of proof in any case such as this is upon
the plaintiff to establish by a preponderance of the evidence,
first, that the defendant was negligent in one or more of the
particulars alleged by plaintiff and, second, that the defendant’s
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negligence caused or contributed in whole or in part to the harm,
illness or death of the plaintiff.
The purpose of this action, illness, harm or death is said to be
caused or contributed to by an act or failure to act when it
appears from a preponderance of the evidence the act or failure
to act played any part, in whole or in part, in bringing about or
actually causing illness or death.
So if you should find from the evidence in the case that any
negligence of the defendant contributed in any way toward
illness or death suffered by the plaintiff you may find that
plaintiff’s illness or death was caused by the defendant’s act or
failure to act.
Stated another way, an act or failure to act is a cause of illness
or death if the illness or death would not have occurred except
for the act or failure to act even though the act or failure to act
combined with other causes. So this does not mean that the law
recognizes only one cause of illness or death consisting of only
one factor, or one thing or the conduct of only one person. On
the contrary, many factors or things where the conduct of two or
more persons may operate at the same time either independently
or together to cause illness, harm or death, and in such a case
each may be a cause for the purposes of determining liability in
a case such as this.
As can be seen, CSX correctly argued that the trial court’s instruction does not include the
proximate cause standard. The United States Supreme Court addressed the appropriate
FELA standard of causation in CSX Transp. v. McBride, 131 S. Ct. 2630 (2011), stating as
follows:
We conclude that the Act [FELA] does not incorporate
“proximate cause” standards developed in nonstatutory
common-law tort actions. The charge proper in FELA cases, we
hold, simply tracks the language Congress employed, informing
juries that a defendant railroad caused or contributed to a
plaintiff employee’s injury if the railroad’s negligence played
any part in bringing about the injury.
-20-
* * *
FELA’s language on causation . . . “is as broad as could be
framed.” Urie v. Thompson, 337 U.S. 163, 181, 69 S. Ct. 1018,
93 L. Ed. 1282 (1949). Given the breadth of the phrase
“resulting in whole or in part from the [railroad’s] negligence,”
and Congress’ “humanitarian” and “remedial goal[s],” we have
recognized that, in comparison to tort litigation at common law,
“a relaxed standard of causation applies under FELA.”
Gottshall, 512 U.S., at 542-543, 114 S. Ct. 2396. In our 1957
decision in Rogers [v. Mo. Pac. R.R., 352 U.S. 443], we
described that relaxed standard as follows:
“Under [FELA] the test of a jury case is simply
whether the proofs justify with reason the
conclusion that employer negligence played any
part, even the slightest, in producing the injury or
death for which damages are sought.” 352 U.S.,
at 506, 77 S. Ct. 443.
McBride, 131 S. Ct. at 2634, 2636. The McBride Court clarified that “Rogers announced
a general standard for causation in FELA cases, not one addressed exclusively to injuries
involving multiple potentially cognizable causes,” id. at 2639, and conclusively determined
that a proximate cause instruction is not required in FELA cases. In the present case, the trial
court’s causation instruction closely tracks, and in one instance directly quotes, FELA’s
causation language. We find no error in the trial court’s causation instruction.
CSX also argued in its motion for new trial that the trial court erred in giving an
instruction on contributory negligence that provided a different causation standard from the
one applicable to the defendant. The United States Supreme Court has ruled that in a FELA
case the same standard of causation applies in assessing both the negligence of a defendant
railroad and the contributory negligence of a plaintiff employee. Norfolk S. Rwy. Co. v.
Sorrell, 549 U.S. 158, 160 (2007). In this case the trial court instructed the jury on
contributory negligence as follows:
[I]n addition to denying any negligence on the part of the
defendant caused harm to the plaintiff, a defendant may also
allege as a further defense that some negligence on the part of
the plaintiff himself was a cause of any harm that plaintiff
suffered or was the sole and only cause of any harm that the
-21-
plaintiff suffered. We refer to that defense as contributory
negligence.
Contributory negligence then is fault on the part of a plaintiff
which corroborates in some degree with the negligence of
another and so helps to bring about harm to the plaintiff or is
itself the sole cause of harm to the plaintiff.
By the defense of contributory negligence, the defendant is in
effect alleging that even though the defendant may have been
guilty of some negligent act or failure to act which was one of
the causes of harm suffered by the plaintiff, the plaintiff himself
by his own failure to use ordinary and reasonable care for his
own safety also contributed to one of the causes of harm
suffered by the plaintiff.
With respect to the defense of contributory negligence, the
burden is on the defendant claiming the defense to establish by
a preponderance of the evidence the claim that the plaintiff was
at fault, the negligence on the part of the plaintiff contributed to
one of the causes of harm suffered by the plaintiff.
As to contributory negligence, the FELA, the law in question
provides in part, “In all actions brought against any railroad to
recover damages for personal injury to an employee, the fact that
the employee may have been guilty of contributory negligence
shall not bar a recovery, but the damages shall be diminished by
the jury in proportion to the negligence attributable to the
employee.[”] So if you should find from a preponderance of the
evidence that the defendant was guilty of negligence but the
plaintiff was also guilty of negligence and such negligence on
the part of the plaintiff caused any harm to the plaintiff, then the
total award of damages to the plaintiff must be reduced by an
amount equal to the percentage of fault or contributory
negligence chargeable to the plaintiff.
If you should find that the defendant was not guilty of
negligence or the defendant was negligent but such negligence
was not a cause in whole or in part of harm suffered by the
plaintiff, then your verdict would be for the defendant.
-22-
This contributory negligence instruction given by the trial court does not suggest a different
causation standard than the one applicable to the defendant’s negligence. It does not define
“causation” differently from the court’s earlier instruction. It directly quotes the FELA’s
provision regarding contributory negligence. We find no error in the trial court’s
contributory negligence instruction.
CSX also asserted error in the trial court’s foreseeability instruction, arguing that it
was insufficient as a matter of law. We recently addressed a similar challenge in Spencer.
There we stated as follows:
“[R]easonable foreseeability of harm is an essential ingredient
of Federal Employers’ Liability Act negligence.” Gallick v.
Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 372 U.S. 108, 83 S. Ct. 659, 665, 9
L. Ed. 2d 618 (1963). In Gallick, the United States Supreme
Court noted that the jury in that case correctly had been charged
with regard to reasonable foreseeability of harm, and stated:
The jury had been instructed that negligence is the
failure to observe that degree of care which
people of ordinary prudence and sagacity would
use under the same or similar circumstances; and
that defendant’s duty was measured by what a
reasonably prudent person would anticipate as
resulting from a particular condition –
“defendant’s duties are measured by what is
reasonably foreseeable under like circumstances”
– by what “in the light of the facts then known,
should or could reasonably have been
anticipated.”
Gallick v. Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Co., 372 U.S. 108, 83 S. Ct.
659, 665-66, 9 L. Ed. 2d 618 (1963) (footnotes omitted).
With regard to foreseeability and notice in FELA cases, the
Sixth Circuit has explained:
The law is clear that notice under the FELA may
be shown from facts permitting a jury to infer that
-23-
the defect could have been discovered by the
exercise of reasonable care or inspection:
Under familiar law, defendant could not be
convicted of negligence, absent proof that such
defect was known, or should or could have been
known, by defendant, with opportunity to correct
it. This rule is applicable to FELA actions where
negligence is essential to recovery. The
establishment of such an element, however, may
come from proof of facts permitting a jury
inference that the defect was discovered, or
should have been discovered, by the exercise of
reasonable care or inspection.
Szekeres v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 617 F.3d 424, 430–31
(6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Miller v. Cincinnati, New Orleans &
Tex. Pac. Ry. Co., 317 F.2d 693, 695 (6th Cir. 1963)).
Similarly, our own Supreme Court has stated:
To prove a breach of duty under the FELA, an
employee must show that the railroad “ ‘knew, or
by the exercise of due care should have known’
that prevalent standards of conduct were
inadequate to protect [the employee] and similarly
situated employees.”
Mills v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 300 S.W.3d 627, 633 (Tenn.
2009) (quoting Van Gorder v. Grand Trunk W. R.R., 509 F.3d
265, 269-70 (6th Cir. 2007)).
Spencer, 2013 WL 3946118 at *3-4 (footnote omitted; some internal citations omitted). The
trial court in this case instructed the jury on foreseeability as follows:
[D]eciding whether ordinary care was exercised in the given
case, the conduct in question must be viewed in the light of all
surrounding circumstances as shown by the evidence in the case
at the time.
-24-
Because the amount of care exercised by reasonably prudent and
careful persons varies in proportion to the dangers known to be
involved in what is being done, it follows that the amount of
caution required in the exercise of ordinary care will vary with
the nature of what is being done and all the surrounding
circumstances shown by the proof in the case.
To put it another way, if any danger that should be reasonably
foreseen increases so the amount of care required by law
increases.
We find this instruction to be substantially similar to the one approved by the Supreme Court
in Gallick. We find no error in the court’s foreseeability instruction.
CSX also argued that the trial court erred in failing to charge the jury with its special
request that CSX was only required to provide a reasonably safe workplace, not a perfect
work environment. CSX submitted the following jury instruction:
Although the Railroad is duty-bound to provide a reasonably
safe place to work, this does not mean that the Railroad must
provide a perfect work environment. The Railroad Defendant
is not bound to anticipate every possible incident or accident
which might occur, because a railroad is necessarily attended by
some danger and it is impossible to eliminate all danger. The
law does not make the Defendant an insurer of the safety of its
employees, nor of the safety of the places in which they work.
The railroad is not held to an absolute responsibility for the
reasonably safe condition of the places where the Plaintiff might
work, but only to the duty of exercising reasonable care to that
end, the degree of care being commensurate with the danger
reasonably to be anticipated.
To the extent that this instruction incorporates a correct statement of the law, the essence of
the instruction was provided to the jury in our earlier-referenced instructions on duty of care,
its definitions of negligence, causation, and foreseeability, and the following additional
instruction of the trial court:
[t]he employer is required to use ordinary and reasonable care
under the circumstances to maintain and keep places of work in
a reasonably safe condition for the employee.
-25-
This does not mean the employer is a guarantor or insurer of the
safety of the place of work. The extent of the employer’s duty
is to exercise ordinary care under the circumstances then
existing[.]
CSX contends that the trial court erroneously charged the jury on both a pre-1976 and
post-1976 version of 49 C.F.R. § 174.700, a federal regulation governing the shipping of
radioactive material. Part of plaintiff’s theory presented at trial was that CSX negligently
caused Payne’s exposure to radioactive materials shipped in and out of a metal scrap yard in
Knoxville called David Witherspoon Industries, Inc. (“DWI”). DWI was licensed to receive
and recycle scrap metal contaminated with low levels of radioactivity. CSX presented
testimony of a former DWI employee that DWI received contaminated metal from 1964 until
1972. The trial court instructed the jury on the pre-1976 and post-1976 versions of 49 C.F.R.
§ 174.700 as follows:
A 1961 regulation provided that no person should remain in a
car containing radioactive material unnecessarily, and the
shipper must furnish the carrier with such information and
equipment as is necessary for the protection of the carrier’s
employees.
[A] section from 1976 provides a person may not remain
unnecessarily in a railcar containing radioactive materials.
CSX argues that the court erred by instructing the post-1976 regulation because DWI
“stopped receiving contaminated scrap altogether in 1972.” Plaintiff responds by arguing
that it was not conclusively established that no radioactive shipments went either in or out
of DWI after 1972. We agree with plaintiff. Plaintiff presented the videotaped deposition
of a corporate representative of CSX, William Bullock, who, when asked whether CSX or
its corporate predecessors “did any monitoring of train cars that may have been calling in or
out of” DWI prior to 1985, responded, “we didn’t, but at the same time we didn’t think there
was a concern” that “we needed to be looking into radiation exposure of our workers.” In
short, there was evidence from which the jury could have reasonably concluded that plaintiff
was exposed to radioactivity from railcar shipments out of DWI after 1976, and consequently
the trial court did not err in its instruction regarding the post-1976 federal regulation
regarding the shipping of radioactive materials.
CSX raised several other objections to the jury instructions in its motion for new trial,
including the court’s refusal to specifically instruct the jury according to CSX’s special
requests (1) regarding actual or constructive notice of an alleged defective condition and
-26-
notice as to “known dangers” in the workplace; (2) to charge the jury that the “mere presence
of potentially harmful substances” in the workplace is insufficient by itself to establish
negligence; (3) to charge the jury that “there should be no bias against a corporate
defendant”; (4) regarding the proper scope of damages, specifically that no punitive damages
or loss of consortium damages for Payne’s widow should be awarded; and (5) to charge the
jury that it must not speculate or guess as to whether CSX’s negligence caused plaintiff’s
damages. We have reviewed all of these objections and arguments, comparing CSX’s 40
written special requests for jury instructions with the trial court’s instructions. We find that,
to the extent the requested instructions are relevant and correctly state the law, they were
adequately covered and presented to the jury in the court’s instructions. In instructing a jury,
“the trial court may decline to give a special instruction when the substance of the instruction
is covered in the general charge.” Pomeroy, 2005 WL 1217590, at *3; see also Otis, 850
S.W.2d at 439. “The fact that a special request for jury instruction asserts a correct rule of
law does not make it proper jury charge material.” Godbee v. Dimick, 213 S.W.3d 865, 881
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).
The jury instructions presented by the trial court in this case, viewed as a whole, are
correct, fair and complete. The court’s jury charge fairly defined the legal issues in the case.
The instructions were not misleading to the jury. The jury returned a verdict in accordance
with the court’s clear instructions; the only indication of potential confusion came after the
court’s further unnecessary and erroneous instruction after the verdict. We therefore hold
that none of the trial court’s jury instructions provide grounds for a new trial.
V.
In its order granting a new trial, the trial court based its ruling on “specific prejudicial
errors including, but not limited to, instructional and evidentiary errors.” The court did not
specify what evidentiary rulings it considered to be erroneous. The trial court stated the
following in its oral memorandum opinion:
During the trial itself I agree that there were too many things
that had been ruled improperly for the jury to consider that were
considered and presented to the jury, and probably the worst of
those was when we started talking about this thyroid cancer
which he apparently didn’t have.
The trial court did not make any other specific references regarding other evidentiary
decisions at trial. The evidence regarding thyroid cancer was briefly presented during
plaintiff’s cross-examination of one of CSX’s medical experts who apparently misdiagnosed
Payne with thyroid cancer at some point during his treatment.
-27-
The trial in this case was lengthy.8 The jury heard the case over a two-week period.
The testimony of 26 witnesses was presented. The trial transcript is over 2,500 pages long,
and the exhibits are sequentially marked up to number 574. Against this backdrop, the
following is the entirety of the objected-to evidence of thyroid cancer, which came into proof
by way of the cross-examination of Dr. John Craighead, a medical expert called by CSX.
Q: Of course, you saw a thyroid cancer in Mr. Payne, didn’t
you?
A: Yes.
Q: And that’s caused by radiation, isn’t it?
A: That’s one of the contributing causes, yes. It’s not the only
cause. Most individuals we don’t know what the cause was.
CSX objected and moved for a mistrial or a curative instruction from the trial court. The trial
court provided the following curative instruction to the jury:
Before we get to the next witness, in the cross examination of
the last witness, mention was made of the term thyroid cancer.
As you previously heard, there’s no claim in this case that the
plaintiff suffered from thyroid cancer or that that caused him
anything that is the subject matter of this case.
CSX argues that a new trial was warranted because the curative instruction was insufficient
in that the “court never unambiguously told the jury that Payne did not have thyroid cancer.”
We hold, however, that there is very little substantive difference between the statement that
“the plaintiff did not suffer from thyroid cancer” and “there’s no claim in this case that the
plaintiff suffered from thyroid cancer.” The clear import of the trial court’s curative
instruction was that thyroid cancer was not a part of the case and that the jury should
disregard the brief evidence of Dr. Craighead’s misdiagnosis of thyroid cancer. “The jury
is presumed to have followed the trial court’s instructions.” Johnson v. Tenn. Farmers Mut.
Ins. Co., 205 S.W.3d 365, 375 (Tenn. 2006); see also Johnson v. Lawrence, 720 S.W.2d 50,
60 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986) (“We must assume th[at] the jury followed the trial court’s
[curative] instruction unless there is proof to the contrary. If error was committed . . . in
8
Indeed, in its final remark to the jury, the trial court thanked the jury for serving “on the longest case
that the court has had in more than 20 years” and stated, “I actually don’t know of a longer case in this court,
so that’s something.”
-28-
asking the question, it was cured by the trial court’s instruction.”). We hold that the trial
court’s curative instruction effectively cured any error in the presentation of the testimony
regarding thyroid cancer. Given the court’s timely and accurate curative instruction, any
prejudice to CSX resulting from the improper evidence was remedied.
CSX also argues that a new trial was warranted due to the plaintiff’s presentation of
a powerpoint slide regarding cesium contamination of an area in Oak Ridge where Payne
worked. During the 1960s, an area of railroad track near the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge
became contaminated with low levels of cesium, a radioactive element. Payne worked in that
area occasionally for about a year of his career. In the 1980s, the U.S. Department of Energy
undertook a remedial cleanup of the contaminated area, removing a section of track and the
ballast rock from the roadbed. In this case, CSX moved in limine before trial to exclude any
evidence of cesium contamination. The trial court declined to grant the motion, taking it
under consideration to see how the proof developed at trial, with the intention of ruling on
objections as they came up. During trial, plaintiff’s counsel agreed not to present cesium
evidence in his case-in-chief. During cross-examination of one of CSX’s witnesses,
plaintiff’s counsel put up a powerpoint slide saying “Oak Ridge Y-12 spur cleanup; tracks
closed down; cesium radiation contamination; tracks, ballast rock cleaned; remediated by
DOE.” CSX objected, and the trial court said, “sustain the objection. The jury will disregard
that slide.” Plaintiff did not present any other evidence of cesium exposure. CSX later
presented expert testimony that there was no risk to the public or railroad employees from
cesium radiation at Oak Ridge.
After the trial court sustained the objection and instructed the jury to disregard the
slide, CSX moved for a mistrial. The trial court denied the motion. After the trial, CSX
renewed its motion, “based upon [its] contention that it was entitled to a mistrial on the issues
relating to thyroid cancer and cesium contamination at Oak Ridge.” The trial court again
denied the motion for mistrial.
CSX argues that the cesium evidence was so prejudicial that a new trial was
warranted. We disagree. The trial court sustained CSX’s objection and excluded the
evidence. The court then instructed the jury to disregard the slide, and there is no reason to
presume the jury did not follow the court’s instruction. There was no error in the trial court’s
resolution of this issue.
CSX points to several other evidentiary decisions made by the trial court that it says
were erroneous, and argues that the trial court may have agreed that it erred in ruling on some
of them, and that the trial court may have relied upon these supposed errors in granting a new
trial. These arguments include assertions that the trial court erred in allowing several lay
witnesses, including Payne himself, to testify about the presence of asbestos in his
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workplaces and his exposure to asbestos, and that the court erred in allowing testimony that
the DWI site where Payne worked was contaminated with radioactivity from plutonium and
that it was eventually designated as a Superfund site. We have reviewed these issues, and
find that they address matters of admissibility upon which the trial court has broad discretion.
We have discerned no error in the trial court’s rulings on these evidentiary matters, and
certainly nothing that would warrant a new trial under the circumstances. We hold that the
trial court erred in granting CSX a new trial.
VI.
A motion for a new trial made after a jury verdict triggers the trial court’s duty to
independently assess the evidence and either approve or disapprove the verdict. Because the
trial court is reviewing and weighing the evidence as did the jury, this is generally known as
the “thirteenth juror” rule. See Huskey v. Crisp, 865 S.W.2d 451, 454 (Tenn. 1993)
(observing that the thirteenth juror rule “applies only in the context of a motion for a new
trial, for it is only there that the trial court has the duty to decide if the jury verdict is contrary
to the weight of the evidence.”). In Blackburn v. CSX Transp., No. M2006-01352-COA-
R10-CV, 2008 WL 2278497 (Tenn. Ct. App. M.S., filed May 30, 2008), this Court
determined that there are significant differences between the Tennessee standard for
reviewing the evidence as thirteenth juror and the federal standard, and held that the federal
standard applies in FELA cases, stating as follows:
The standard federal courts employ in deciding whether to grant
a new trial is whether the verdict is against the “clear weight” of
the evidence. When ruling on motions for new trials based upon
sufficiency of the evidence, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals
has stated the standard thusly:
A court may set aside a verdict and grant a new
trial when it is of the opinion that the verdict is
against the clear weight of the evidence; however,
new trials are not to be granted on the grounds
that the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence unless that verdict was unreasonable.
Thus, if a reasonable juror could reach the
challenged verdict, a new trial is improper.
The trial court may not set aside the verdict to grant a new trial
if the judge would have reached a different verdict. 6A
MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 59.08[5] (1996).
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The trial judge, exercising a mature judicial discretion, should
view the verdict in the overall setting of the trial; consider the
character of the evidence and the complexity or simplicity of the
legal principles which the jury was bound to apply to the facts;
and abstain from interfering with the verdict unless it is quite
clear that the jury has reached a seriously erroneous result. The
judge’s duty is essentially to see that there is no miscarriage of
justice.
Id. In Tennessee, the law is clear that if a motion for a new trial
is filed, then the trial court is under a duty to independently
weigh the evidence and determine whether the evidence
“preponderates” in favor of or against the verdict.
* * *
[A]t a very basic level, the standards are quite different since the
Tennessee standard uses “preponderance” of the evidence, while
the federal standard requires that the verdict be outweighed by
the “clear” weight of the evidence. Under state law if a judge is
“dissatisfied” with a jury verdict then the trial court is at liberty
to order a new trial. Under the federal standard, the verdict must
be unreasonable. Under state law a court must make an
independent decision, while under federal law if a reasonable
juror could have reached the verdict, the trial court is to defer.
We believe that the differences between the standards are both
apparent and significant.
Id., 2008 WL 2278497 at *5-7 (internal citation, footnote and section headings omitted);
accord Jordan, 2009 WL 112561 at *17 n.12. The Blackburn Court concluded “that federal
law provides the standard to determine whether to grant a new trial in a FELA case tried in
state court.” Id. at *11.
In this case, the trial court did not have an opportunity to approve or disapprove the
jury verdict awarding damages in the amount of $8.6 million. We find it appropriate to
remand the case for the first trial judge to conduct a review of the evidence under the above-
described federal standard and determine whether the $8.6 million verdict is against the clear
weight of the evidence. See Blackburn, 2009 WL 2278497 at *17 (noting that “[a]n
appellate court cannot fulfill this role” of determining “whether the verdict was against the
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clear weight of the evidence”). If the trial court concludes that the jury’s $8.6 million verdict
is not against the clear weight of the evidence, then the court is directed to enter judgment
in that amount. If the trial court concludes to the contrary, then the court is directed to enter
judgment in plaintiff’s favor in the amount of $3.2 million, because the verdict assessing
damages in that amount has already been duly approved by the trial court when it entered its
judgment. We note in this regard that the trial court, in its order granting a new trial, stated
that it “applie[d] the appropriate Federal standard for considering motions for new trial in
FELA cases” and that it was basing its ruling granting a new trial on “instructional and
evidentiary errors” – matters involving questions of law – “independent of considerations
regarding sufficiency of the evidence.” All of this tells us that the trial court was satisfied
that the $3.2 million verdict was not against the clear weight of the evidence.
VII.
Our holding and remand to the trial court with directions to enter judgment in
plaintiff’s favor in the amount of either $8.6 million or $3.2 million renders moot the
question of whether the second trial judge erred in excluding the testimony of the plaintiff’s
expert witnesses and granting CSX summary judgment. Nevertheless, we have reviewed the
issue and hold that the trial court erred in excluding the causation testimony of plaintiff’s
expert witnesses, all of whom were found to be qualified by the first trial judge in the face
of the same challenge and all of whom testified at trial.
VIII.
The judgment of the trial court ordering a new trial is reversed. The judgment of the
trial court granting CSX summary judgment is reversed as moot. This case is remanded to
the trial court with instructions to the first trial judge to review the evidence at trial and enter
judgment in accordance with our directions. Costs on appeal are assessed to the appellee,
CSX Transportation, Inc.
__________________________________________
CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., PRESIDING JUDGE
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