In Re Jalin M.B.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
December 9, 2013 Session
IN RE JALIN M. B., ET. AL.
Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Knox County
No. E8753 Hon. Timothy E. Irwin, Judge
No. E2013-00635-COA-R3-JV-FILED-MARCH 19, 2014
This is an appeal from the trial court’s final order modifying a custody arrangement that
designated Mother as the primary residential parent and awarded Father limited visitation.
Father filed a petition to modify, claiming that a material change in circumstances
necessitated a change in the parenting plan. Following a hearing, the trial court designated
Father as the primary residential parent, awarded the Parents equal time with the Children,
and modified Father’s child support obligation. Mother appeals. We affirm the trial court’s
custody determination but reverse its child support determination. The case is remanded for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part; Case Remanded
J OHN W. M CC LARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C HARLES D. S USANO,
J R., C.J., and T HOMAS R. F RIERSON, II, J., joined.
Sherif Guindi, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Angela G. Baker
R. Stephen Merritt, Maryville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Kenley G. Wald.
OPINION
I. BACKGROUND
Angela G. Baker (“Mother”) and Kenley G. Wald (“Father”) were in a relationship
that resulted in the birth of Son on August, 2002, and Daughter on October, 2005. Mother
and Father (collectively “the Parents”) never married, and the interactions between them have
been contentious, at best. Mother was originally designated as the primary residential parent,
while Father enjoyed limited visitation with Son and Daughter (collectively “the Children”)
and was tasked with remitting child support. Numerous parenting plans and petitions for
modification of those plans were entered throughout the years. The petitions at issue in this
case were filed on July 22, 2011, and June 29, 2012.
In the 2011 petition, Father alleged, in pertinent part, that the Children had received
excessive tardies throughout the last school year while in Mother’s care; that Mother refused
to notify Father of the Children’s medical issues or school activities; that Mother interfered
with Son’s participation in his baseball league; that Mother made derogatory remarks about
Father and his parents in the Children’s presence; that Mother interfered with Father’s right
to contact the Children; and that Mother was living with a man she alleged had abused her.
He also specifically alleged that on July 17, 2011, Mother “caused a scene” at Son’s baseball
game by grabbing the Children and screaming obscenities as she attempted to leave with the
Children. He claimed that Mother’s inappropriate remarks were directed toward him, his
parents, and Son’s coaches and were made in the presence of the other children on the team
and their respective parents. He claimed that given the aforementioned allegations, a
material change in circumstances necessitated a change in the parenting plan. He requested
designation as the primary residential parent and equal parenting time with the Children.
Mother denied any wrongdoing and alleged that Father had violated the terms of the
existing parenting plan by excluding Mother from participation in Son’s extracurricular
activities; by not contributing to Daughter’s extracurricular activities; by making derogatory
remarks about Mother in front of the Children; by failing to return the Children at the
scheduled time; and by not engaging with the Children during visitation, namely he often left
the Children with his parents or forced Daughter to wait in the car while he coached Son’s
baseball team.
The Parents eventually came to an agreement and submitted a new parenting plan,
which was approved by the juvenile court referee. The new plan retained Mother’s
designation as the primary residential parent, while providing Father with increased
visitation. Father was given individual visitation time with Daughter on Mondays, with Son
on Thursdays, and with the Children on Tuesdays and on alternating weekends. The Parents
also agreed that on a case-by-case basis, “Father may co-parent the [C]hildren overnight on
Tuesday nights and return the [C]hildren to school on Wednesday.” Due to Father’s work
schedule, his father, Kenley Wald, Sr., was specifically permitted to retrieve the Children
from school to facilitate visitation. The order provided,
The parties further agree that Mr. Wald, the paternal grandfather, shall be
listed as an individual allowed to pick up either or both of these children and
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the parties further agree that his name will not be removed from that list for
any reason.
The Parents also agreed that they would be actively involved in the baseball league of Son’s
choosing and that they would “coordinate the [C]hildren’s athletic and extracurricular events
and . . . attend or make the [C]hildren available.” Father agreed to bear the cost of Son’s
participation in baseball, while the Parents agreed to equally split any additional
extracurricular activities for the Children.
Approximately three months later, Father filed the 2012 petition for modification.
Father alleged that Mother refused to allow Mr. Wald to retrieve the Children for Father’s
visitation and insisted that Father retrieve the Children himself; that Mother had “on several
occasions” refused to allow Son to participate in various baseball games; that she punished
Son for participating in one of said baseball games without her permission; that her
punishment impeded Son’s ability to complete schoolwork and interfered with Son’s
communication with Father; that she impeded Son’s ability to complete homework while
with her, thereby forcing him to spend his time with Father completing homework; that she
unilaterally enrolled Daughter in a gymnastics class on Monday nights, thereby impeding his
ability to exercise his visitation with Daughter; that she interfered with his attempts to contact
the Children; and that she never allowed overnight visitation on Tuesday nights as previously
agreed. He claimed that given the aforementioned allegations, a material change in
circumstances necessitated a change in the new parenting plan. He requested designation as
the primary residential parent and increased parenting time with the Children.
Mother denied any wrongdoing. Shortly thereafter, a hearing was held before the
Magistrate of Knox County Juvenile Court. The Magistrate found that a material change in
circumstances had occurred and that a modification in the parenting plan was in the best
interest of the Children. In so finding, the Magistrate designated Father as the primary
residential parent after providing an extensive analysis supporting its decision. Mother
appealed to the Knox County Juvenile Court Judge.
A hearing was held at which several witnesses testified. Jason Hines, the former
guardian at litem assigned to this case, testified that he was originally appointed to the case
because there were allegations of physical abuse involving Mother’s boyfriend. He related
that the allegations of abuse were unfounded but that he ultimately remained involved in the
dispute based upon the Parents’ agreement to split his fee. He stated that he received
payment from Father but had not yet received any payment from Mother. He claimed that
after the Parents reached an initial agreement regarding visitation, the congeniality quickly
dissipated.
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Mr. Hines believed that it was difficult for Mother to share the parenting
responsibilities because she had been the primary caregiver for several years without Father’s
participation. He opined that Mother viewed the Children as her own and could not admit
that Father also had a role to play in raising the Children. He stated that Mother failed to
facilitate Son’s participation in his baseball league and that when he spoke with Mother about
her failure to follow the court order, she was “very hostile” toward him and showed
“antipathy toward[] the whole process.” He recalled that Mother even claimed that she never
received the court order. He related that he read portions of the transcript to Mother in an
effort to remind her that she had agreed to the terms contained in the order. He explained
that the agreement had also been reached to allow Father to establish a relationship with
Daughter. He stated that he was disappointed to learn that Mother had scheduled Daughter
for gymnastics on Father’s appointed visitation day.
Relative to the Children, Mr. Hines testified that he was initially concerned about
Son’s lack of academic achievement and the Children’s unexcused tardies and absences
while in Mother’s care. He stated that he met with the Children on at least three occasions.
He claimed that the last time he spoke with them, Son was “very subdued” and refused to
look at him while talking.
Nicholas Hard, Son’s baseball coach, testified that Father and his parents usually
attended Son’s baseball tournaments, while Mother rarely attended. He related that Father
and his parents were present for a tournament in July 2011, when Mother arrived after the
game and attempted to take the Children home. He claimed that they had just lost the game
and that he was talking to the players and their families when Mother pulled Son “up by his
backpack” as she screamed, “[T]his is f***ing b******t.” He recalled that another coach
confronted Mother when Son began to cry. He stated that Mother then screamed obscenities
toward that coach before also screaming at Son’s grandparents on her way off the field.
Amanda Wallace, a human resources officer for RMB, Incorporated, testified that
Mother was employed in the IT Department from July 2011 until January 2012. She recalled
that Mother was fired because she was “[u]nsuitable for departmental needs.” She believed
that Mother’s attendance was one of the issues that led to Mother’s termination of
employment. She stated that Mother was informed that her employment had been
terminated, Mother claimed that her boss had sexually harassed her. She insisted that
Mother had not made any prior claims of sexual harassment but that she investigated the
claim and found no evidence of sexual harassment.
Kaedra Blue testified that she and Father also had a child together. She related that
Father had a “pretty good relationship” with their daughter, despite the fact that he was not
able to visit her for extended periods of time because she lived in Marietta, Georgia. She
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claimed that since she moved closer to Father, he visits the child at least once a week and
talks to her on the telephone “pretty frequently.” She stated that she had not sought child
support from Father but that he was “very good” about providing for the Child. She
acknowledged that she did not have a good relationship with Mother, who informed her that
Father was expecting a child with Mother by placing a note on her car’s windshield. She
admitted that Father initially denied his paternity of Daughter but stated that he eventually
accepted responsibility for Daughter.
Mr. Wald, the paternal grandfather, testified that he enjoyed a “great” relationship
with the Children and that he and his wife spent extensive time with them and even took
them on trips. He recalled that he was initially designated to retrieve the Children from
school to facilitate Father’s visitation with them. He claimed that when he attempted to
retrieve Son, he was informed that he had not been given the authority to retrieve Son. He
acknowledged that his relationship with Mother had recently deteriorated and that he last
spoke to Mother in July 2011 when she attempted to retrieve the Children from Son’s
baseball game and interrupted the coach’s talk with the players. He stated that when he
confronted Mother about her behavior, she responded with profanity while the Children were
crying beside her.
Father testified that he was married to Kim Wald, who had two children of her own.
He stated that he and his wife owned their own home, a three-bedroom, two-bathroom ranch
style home with a backyard and pool. He related that Son shared a bedroom with his
stepbrother, while Daughter shared a bedroom with her stepsister. He claimed that he and
his wife enjoyed a good relationship with their stepchildren and that they often spent time
alone with their stepchildren to further foster a relationship.
Father testified that he was initially concerned for the Children because they had
received excessive tardies and absences from school while in Mother’s care during the 2011-
2012 school year. He recalled that while in Mother’s care, Son even stole a snack from
another child at school. He stated that Mother refused to regularly communicate with him
concerning the Children, impeded his ability to speak with the Children, and even failed to
inform him that the Children were sick on at least one occasion. He related that he was also
upset because Mother scheduled Daughter’s gymnastics class on his individual visitation day
with Daughter. He claimed that despite his frustration, he attended Daughter’s class and
monetarily contributed to her new extracurricular activity. He insisted that Mother failed to
regularly attend Son’s practices and games for his current baseball league and had even
registered Son for a new baseball league, despite the court’s directive to allow Son to pick
only one baseball league. He stated that she prevented Son from participating in his current
league on several occasions. He acknowledged that one such occasion occurred because Son
had been caught stealing at school.
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He stated that pursuant to the Magistrate’s order, the Children had primarily stayed
with him since November 2012. He opined that since he regained custody of the Children,
Son’s grades had improved and their unexcused absences and tardies had decreased. He
believed that the Children had adjusted well to living with him and had not shown any signs
of behavioral problems. He claimed that despite their improvement, Mother had discussed
the case with the Children and had even spoken with them about the case the day before trial.
Stacey Simons, Mother’s sister, testified that Mother loved the Children “very much”
and was an “awesome mother.” She claimed that prior to the change in custody, the Children
were “goofy, funny, cut-up kids” that “love[d] to have fun, love[d] to be goofy.” She opined
that since the change in custody, the Children were “very quiet and very withdrawn” and had
gained weight. She stated that Father and his parents treated Daughter differently and that
their treatment was evident in the presents they gave each child for Christmas. She recalled
that Daughter requested to speak to Santa Claus at the mall and proceeded to ask him for a
new room at Mother’s house. She acknowledged that the Children shared a bedroom at
Mother’s house.
Caleb Lewis, Mother’s boyfriend, testified that he first met the Children in June 2012.
He alleged that he noticed changes in the Children since Father became the primary
residential parent. He related that Daughter was “much clingier” to Mother and that Son was
“more protective” of Mother and seemed “very concerned . . . about her well-being in
general.” He claimed that the Children’s attitude had also changed for the worse. He
confirmed Ms. Simons’s account of the disparity in Christmas presents. He stated that he had
seen the Children at school “a number of times” and observed that Daughter’s clothes were
“usually a little bit too tight” and that she did not appear to be “really taken care of when she
[came] back from” Father’s house. He acknowledged that he had slept overnight at Mother’s
house while the Children were present.
Martha Aleshire, Mother’s aunt, testified that Mother was an “awesome” mother. She
recalled that Father was not involved in Daughter’s life when she was born and that Father
often visited with Son but not Daughter.
Suzanne Rickehard, Mother’s friend, described Mother as a “[w]onderful, amazing”
mother. She also noticed a change in the Children since Father became the primary
residential parent. She claimed that the Children were “quiet” and refused to leave Mother’s
side during visitation.
Katherine Baker, the maternal grandmother, testified she could “take lessons from
[her] daughter” on raising children and described her as an “exemplary mother.” She too
noticed a change in the Children since Father became the primary residential parent and
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explained that the Children did not want to leave Mother during visitation and appeared to
have gained weight. She claimed that Father denied his paternity of Daughter “for the
longest time.”
Mother testified that she had been the primary custodian of the Children since birth
until November 2012. She alleged that Father did not visit Daughter or claim her as his own
until she was two years old. She related that she and Father had “always been combative”
and that their relationship had not really changed. She claimed that she never agreed to allow
Mr. Wald to retrieve the Children on their individual visitation days with Father because
those days were specifically designated for Father to “nurture a bond” with the Children.
Relative to the agreement codified in the court order following the filing of the 2011 petition,
Mother acknowledged that she was present at the hearing but claimed that she was unaware
of the precise stipulations that her attorney approved and that some of her requested
stipulations were not included in the agreement. Mother admitted that she prohibited Son
from participating in his baseball league on a few occasions. She explained that the schedule
conflicted with church and that Son was already participating in another league.
Relative to the July 2011 incident at the baseball game, Mother explained that the
Children had spent approximately nine days with Father and were scheduled to return to her
that night by 6:00 PM. She recalled that she was notified at 5:00 PM that Father was not
going to return them at the appointed time because he was “running late.” They argued, and
she called Mr. Wald because Father refused to tell her where he was with the Children.
Upon learning that the Children were at the baseball field, she traveled to the field and
retrieved the Children. She acknowledged arguing with Mr. Wald and his wife and using
profanity but insisted that she never spoke to anyone involved with Son’s baseball league.
Following the presentation of the above evidence, the trial court affirmed the
Magistrate’s designation of Father as the primary residential parent. However, the court
ordered split visitation, namely the Parents were responsible for supervising one child each
week on an alternating schedule and both children on alternating weekends. In so finding,
the Court found that a material change in circumstances had occurred as evidenced by
Mother’s “hateful vindictiveness” and “hysterical conduct.” Relative to child support, the
court acknowledged that Father’s income was higher than Mother’s income but held that it
was not awarding child support because he was giving each parent equal time with the
Children. This timely appeal followed.
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II. ISSUES
We consolidate and restate the issues raised on appeal by Mother as follows:
A. Whether the trial court erred in modifying the custody arrangement.
B. Whether the trial court erred in calculating the child support obligation.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appeal, the factual findings of the trial court are accorded a presumption of
correctness and will not be overturned unless the evidence preponderates against them. See
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). The trial court’s conclusions of law are subject to a de novo review
with no presumption of correctness. Blackburn v. Blackburn, 270 S.W.3d 42, 47 (Tenn.
2008); Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993). Mixed
questions of law and fact are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness; however,
appellate courts have “great latitude to determine whether findings as to mixed questions of
fact and law made by the trial court are sustained by probative evidence on appeal.” Aaron
v. Aaron, 909 S.W.2d 408, 410 (Tenn. 1995).
In matters of child custody, trial courts are vested with broad discretion, and appellate
courts will not interfere with the trial court’s decision except upon a showing of erroneous
exercise of that discretion. See Whitaker v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 836-37 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1997). “‘Because [c]ustody and visitation determinations often hinge on subtle factors,
including the parents’ demeanor and credibility during . . . proceedings,” appellate courts
“are reluctant to second-guess a trial court’s decisions.’” Hyde v. Amanda Bradley, No.
M2009-02117-COA-R3-JV, 2010 WL 4024905, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 12, 2010)
(quoting Johnson v. Johnson, 169 S.W.3d 640, 645 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)).
IV. DISCUSSION
A.
Mother asserts that the trial court erred in modifying the existing custody arrangement
because there had not been a change of circumstances that necessitated a change in the
custody arrangement and because a change in custody was not in the best interest of the
Children. Father responds that the trial court’s decision was supported by the evidence.
“A custody decision, once final, is res judicata upon the facts in existence or
reasonably foreseeable when the decision was made.” Scofield v. Scofield, No. M2006-
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00350-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 624351, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 28, 2007) (citing Young
v. Smith, 246 S.W.2d 93, 95 (Tenn. 1952)). However, because the circumstances of children
and parents change, our courts are “empowered to alter custody arrangements when
intervening circumstances require modifications.” Scofield, 2007 WL 624351, at *2 (citing
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(1)). Modification of an existing custody or visitation
arrangement involves a two-step analysis. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B), (C). First,
the parent attempting to modify the existing custody or visitation arrangement must prove
that a material change in circumstances has occurred. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B),
(C). “If a material change in circumstances has occurred, it must then be determined whether
the modification is in the child’s best interest[].” Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90 S.W.3d 566, 570
(Tenn. 2002) (footnote omitted).
The determination of whether a “material change in circumstance” occurred requires
a different standard depending upon whether a parent is seeking to modify custody (i.e.,
change the primary residential parent) or modify the residential parenting schedule. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B), (C). The Tennessee Code establishes a lower threshold for
modification of a residential parenting schedule. Scofield, 2007 WL 624351, at *3. Here,
the trial court modified custody by designating Father as the primary residential parent.
Thus, the higher threshold applies. Pippin v. Pippin, 277 S.W.3d 398, 406-07 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2008). The Code provides, in pertinent part,
(B) If the issue before the court is a modification of the court’s prior decree
pertaining to custody, the petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the
evidence a material change in circumstance. A material change of
circumstance does not require a showing of a substantial risk of harm to the
child. A material change of circumstance may include, but is not limited to,
failures to adhere to the parenting plan or an order of custody and visitation or
circumstances that make the parenting plan no longer in the best interest of the
child.
(i) In each contested case, the court shall make such a finding as
to the reason and the facts that constitute the basis for the
custody determination.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2)(B). “There are no hard and fast rules for when there has
been a change of circumstances sufficient to justify a change in custody.” Cosner v. Cosner,
No. E2007-02031-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 3892024, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 22, 2008)
(citing Cranston v. Combs, 106 S.W.3d 641, 644 (Tenn. 2003)). However, to determine
whether a material change in circumstances has occurred, the court should consider whether:
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(1) the change occurred after the entry of the order sought to be modified;
(2) the changed circumstances were not reasonably anticipated when the
underlying decree was entered; and (3) the change is one that affects the
child’s well-being in a meaningful way.
Cosner, 2008 WL 3892024, at *4 (citing Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at 570).
In this case, the Parents agreed to the parenting plan at issue. However, Mother failed
to comply with several requirements of the plan and continued to be contentious and spiteful
when dealing with matters of visitation. Mother’s refusal to adhere to the plan she agreed
to was a material change in circumstance that was not reasonably anticipated and that
affected the Children’s well-being in a meaningful way. Accordingly, we conclude that the
trial court did not err in determining that a material change of circumstance occurred, thereby
necessitating the further determination of whether a change of custody was in the Children’s
best interest.
Having concluded that a material change of circumstance occurred, we must now
determine whether the trial court erred in finding that the designation of Father as primary
residential parent and the corresponding decision to award equal visitation to each parent was
in the Children’s best interest. While the court did not issue specific findings of fact on this
issue, the record and the court’s general findings support the trial court’s ultimate decision.
See generally Cranston, 106 S.W.3d at 645 (providing that the record on appeal and the
court’s findings were sufficient to facilitate appellate review even though the court applied
the wrong standard when changing the original custody order). Indeed, the trial court is not
required to articulate every fact and its application in custody cases. See Murray v. Murray,
No. M2009-01576-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 3852218, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 28, 2010)
(stating that “while the statute requires the trial court to consider all the applicable factors,
there is no statutory requirement that the court list every applicable factor along with its
conclusion as to how that particular factor impacted the overall custody determination”).
However, “[w]hen the trial court makes no specific findings of fact . . . we must review the
record to determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies.” Kendrick, 90 S.W.3d at
570 (citing Ganzevoort v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997)).
Relative to the child’s best interest, Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-6-106(a)
provides, in pertinent part,
(a) In . . . any other proceeding requiring the court to make a custody
determination regarding a minor child, the determination shall be made in the
best interest of the child. In taking into account the child’s best interest, the
court shall order a custody arrangement that permits both parents to enjoy the
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maximum participation possible in the life of the child consistent with the
factors set out below, the location of the residences of the parents, the child’s
need for stability and all other relevant factors. The court shall consider all
relevant factors, including the following, where applicable:
(1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents [] and
the child;
(2) The disposition of the parents [] to provide the child with food, clothing,
medical care, education and other necessary care and the degree to which a
parent [] has been the primary caregiver;
(3) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length of time the
child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment . . .;
(4) The stability of the family unit of the parents [];
(5) The mental and physical health of the parents [];
(6) The home, school and community record of the child;
(7)(A) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or older;
(B) The court may hear the preference of a younger child on request. The
preference of older children should normally be given greater weight than
those of younger children;
(8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent,
or to any other person . . .;
(9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or frequents
the home of the parent [] and the person’s interactions with the child; and
(10) Each parent’s [] past and potential for future performance or parenting
responsibilities, including the willingness and ability of each of the parents []
to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship
between the child and both of the child’s parents, consistent with the best
interest of the child.
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In setting the residential schedule, the trial court is also instructed to consider similar,
relevant factors. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b) (listing additional factors).
While Mother previously served as the primary caregiver for a number of years, the
relevant factors are fairly equally weighted between the Parents. However, the record is clear
that Mother’s ability to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child
relationship between the Children and Father is severely lacking. To his credit, Father
attempted to establish relationships with the Children, despite Mother’s constant interference.
With all of the above considerations in mind, we conclude that the preponderance of the
evidence supports the trial court’s naming of Father as the primary residential parent as being
in the best interest of the Children. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the trial court but
further advise the Parents that failure to promote and encourage a close relationship between
the Children and the other parent may result in the custody determination being reviewed in
the future.
B.
Mother asserts that this case must be remanded because the trial court failed to
properly consider the child support guidelines before determining that neither party owed
child support. Father responds that remand is unnecessary because the trial court’s
reasonable departure from the child support guidelines was apparent from the record.
In this state, child support is governed by Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-
101. “In making the court’s determination concerning the amount of support of any minor
child or children of the parties, the court shall apply, as a rebuttable presumption, the child
support guidelines” that are promulgated by the Tennessee Department of Human Services
Child Support Service Division. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1)(A); see generally Tenn.
Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-02-04. The guidelines “are a minimum base for determining child
support obligations. The presumptive child support order may be increased according to the
best interest of the child for whom support is being considered, the circumstances of the
parties, and the rules of [the] chapter.” Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-02-04-.01(4). The
guidelines provide,
(1) Required Forms
(a) These rules contain a Child Support Worksheet, a Credit
Worksheet, Instructions for both Worksheets, and the Child
Support Schedule which shall be required to implement the child
support order determination.
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(b) The use of the Worksheets promulgated by the Department
is mandatory in order to ensure uniformity in the calculation of
child support awards pursuant to the rules.
...
(e) The completed Worksheets must be maintained as part of the
official record either by filing them as exhibits in the tribunal’s
file or as attachments to the order.
Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-02-04-.04 (emphasis added). In setting the amount of support
owed, the court may choose to deviate from the guidelines. If the court chooses to deviate,
the court “shall make a written finding that the application of the child support guidelines
would be unjust or inappropriate in that particular case, in order to provide for the best
interest of the child or children, or the equity between the parties.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-
101(e)(1)(A). Additionally, the court “shall state the amount of support that would have been
ordered under the child support guidelines and a justification for the variance from the
guidelines.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1)(A).
A modification of the support owed may be requested pursuant to the guidelines under
certain circumstances. Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-02-04-.05(6). “To determine if a
modification is possible, a child support order shall first be calculated on the Child Support
Worksheet using current evidence of the parties’ circumstances.” Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs.
1240-02-04-.05(3) (emphasis added). If a significant variance exists between the current
order and the proposed amount, “such a variance would [generally] justify the modification
of a child support order.” Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-02-04-.05(3).
We agree that once Father was designated as the primary residential parent and
received increased parenting time, he was entitled to file a petition to modify his child
support obligation. The record reflects that, in part, the court considered the award of equal
parenting time and Father’s new designation as primary residential parent in refusing to
award child support to Mother. However, the trial court should have considered the child
support guidelines and utilized the child support worksheet before determining that child
support was not warranted. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the trial court as it
pertained to child support and remand the case with instruction to the trial court to utilize a
child support worksheet. If the trial court deviates from the guidelines, the reason for the
deviation must be adequately explained on the record.
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V. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part, as to the modification of custody
and reversed in part, as to the modification of child support. The case is remanded for
proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of the appeal are taxed equally to the
appellant, Angela G. Baker, and to the appellee, Kenley G. Wald.
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JOHN W. McCLARTY, JUDGE
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