IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE
UNITED PHYSICIANS INSURANCE
RISK RETENTION GROUP, by and
through DOUGLAS M. SIZEMORE,
)
)
)
F IL E D
Commissioner of Commerce and Insurance )
F e b ru a ry 7 , 1 9 9 6
for the State of Tennessee and Liquidator )
for United Physicians Risk Retention Group, )
C e c il W . C ro w s o n
)
Plaintiff/Appellant, ) Davidson lla t e C o u rt
A ppe
Chancery
) C le rk
No. 94-1889-III
VS. )
) Appeal No.
UNITED AMERICAN BANK OF ) 01-A-01-9503-CH-00096
MEMPHIS, )
)
Defendant/Appellee. )
APPEAL FROM THE CHANCERY COURT FOR DAVIDSON COUNTY
AT NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
THE HONORABLE ROBERT S. BRANDT, CHANCELLOR
For the Plaintiff/Appellant: For the Defendant/Appellee:
William B. Hubbard Ronald Lee Gilman
Weed, Hubbard, Berry & Doughty Farris, Mathews, Gilman, Branan & Hellen
Nashville, Tennessee Memphis, Tennessee
John Knox Walkup
Gullett, Sanford, Robinson & Martin
Nashville, Tennessee
AFFIRMED AND REMANDED
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE
OPINION
This appeal arises from the liquidation of an insolvent captive insurance
company. The Commissioner of Commerce and Insurance, acting as the insurance
company’s liquidator, filed a petition in the Chancery Court for Davidson County
seeking to avoid an $800,000 transfer made by the insurance company to pay off
an outstanding bank loan. The bank moved to dismiss the commissioner’s
petition because the challenged transfer occurred outside of the avoidance period
in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(B) (1994). The trial court granted the
motion, and the commissioner has appealed. We affirm the trial court’s decision.
I.
In 1989, United Physicians Association, Inc. (“United Physicians”)
established a captive insurance company called United Physicians Insurance Risk
Retention Group (“UPI”) to provide medical malpractice insurance to its
members. It satisfied the statutory capitalization requirements by providing the
Department of Commerce and Insurance with letters of credit in the amount of
$1,000,000. Two years later, United Physicians borrowed $1,000,000 from the
United American Bank of Memphis and then deposited the money with the
department to replace the letters of credit.
United Physicians later reduced the balance of its United American Bank
loan to $800,000. On December 19, 1991, as part of a reinsurance transaction,
United Physicians caused $2,945,858 to be paid from the “L.I.O.N. Trust Account
for U.P.I.” to Anchorage Fire and Casualty Insurance Company (“Anchorage”).1
On the same day, Anchorage used part of the funds to retire various UPI debts,
including the $800,000 United American Bank loan. In return for the payment,
United American Bank assigned the United Physicians' note to Anchorage.
1
United American Bank’s brief points out that the parties do not agree that the funds used
to pay off the United American Bank loan were UPI’s funds. For the purposes of the motion to
dismiss, we must assume the truth of the commissioner’s allegation that the funds were, in fact,
UPI’s funds. See Dobbs v. Guenther, 846 S.W.2d 270, 273 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) (must take
all well-pleaded, material factual allegations as true for purposes of motion to dismiss).
-2-
UPI’s 1991 annual statement showed that it was insolvent by $764,102.2
On March 9, 1992, the Commissioner of Commerce and Insurance placed UPI
under administrative supervision and directed the company to devise a plan to
correct its capital and surplus impairment within thirty days. When UPI failed to
present an acceptable plan, the commissioner filed a petition in the Chancery
Court for Davidson County on April 10, 1992, requesting the appointment of a
receiver for the purpose of rehabilitating UPI. On May 1, 1992, the trial court
entered a consent order placing UPI into receivership and appointing the
commissioner as UPI’s receiver for the purpose of rehabilitation.
UPI’s financial condition continued to deteriorate. On June 19, 1992, the
commissioner filed a petition in the trial court seeking to liquidate UPI because
its financial statement showed that the company’s insolvency had increased to
approximately $13,400,000. On July 16, 1992, the trial court entered an order
appointing the commissioner as UPI’s liquidator.
On June 22, 1994, the commissioner, acting as UPI’s liquidator, filed a
complaint against United American Bank seeking to avoid Anchorage’s $800,000
payment to the bank as a voidable preference. United American Bank moved to
dismiss the complaint because the challenged payment did not occur within four
months of the filing of the petition for liquidation as required by Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 56-9-317(a)(2)(B). The trial court granted the motion and dismissed the
commissioner’s complaint.
II.
The sole issue on this appeal is whether the four-month avoidance period
in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(B) should be measured from the date of the
filing of the petition for rehabilitation or from the date of the filing of the petition
2
When more current financial information became available, UPI filed updated
documents with the department showing its insolvency to be $2,264,668.
-3-
for liquidation. The commissioner asserts that it should be measured from the
filing of the petition for rehabilitation, if rehabilitation is sought prior to
liquidation. United American Bank argues that the statute requires the four-month
avoidance period to be measured from the filing of the petition for liquidation
regardless of whether rehabilitation was first sought.
A.
Our responsibility when construing a statute is to give the fullest possible
effect to the statute’s purpose. Wilson v. Johnson County, 879 S.W.2d 807, 809
(Tenn. 1994); Carson Creek Vacation Resorts, Inc. v. State, 865 S.W.2d 1, 2
(Tenn. 1993). In ascertaining a statute’s purpose, we must take care not to unduly
restrict the statute’s application or to expand its coverage beyond its intended
scope. Storey v. Bradford Furniture Co. (In re Storey), 910 S.W.2d 857, 859
(Tenn. 1995); Tibbals Flooring Co. v. Huddleston, 891 S.W.2d 196, 198 (Tenn.
1994); Roseman v. Roseman, 890 S.W.2d 27, 29 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Sliger,
846 S.W.2d 262, 263 (Tenn. 1993).
The search for a statute’s purpose begins with the words of the statute itself.
Neff v. Cherokee Ins. Co., 704 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tenn. 1986). We construe these
words using their natural and ordinary meaning. State ex rel. Metro. Gov’t v.
Spicewood Creek Watershed Dist., 848 S.W.2d 60, 62 (Tenn. 1993). We also
construe them in the context of the entire statute, McClain v. Henry I. Siegel Co.,
834 S.W.2d 295, 296 (Tenn. 1992), and in light of the statute’s overall purposes.
State v. Turner, ___ S.W.2d ___, ___ (Tenn. 1995);3 West Am. Ins. Co. v.
Montgomery, 861 S.W.2d 230, 231 (Tenn. 1993); Dorrier v. Dark, 537 S.W.2d
888, 892 (Tenn. 1976). We may also construe a statute with reference to other
related statutes when it is part of a group of statutes dealing with a common
subject matter. Lyons v. Rasar, 872 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tenn. 1994).
An unambiguous statute requires the courts to do nothing more than to
enforce the statute as written. Middleton v. Allegheny Elec. Co., 897 S.W.2d 695,
3
State v. Turner, App. No. 01-S-01-9502-CC-00028, slip op. at 5, 21 T.A.M. 2-2 (Tenn.
Dec. 28, 1995) (Opinion designated "For Publication").
-4-
698 (Tenn. 1995); McClain v. Henry I. Siegel Co., 834 S.W.2d at 296; Neff v.
Cherokee Ins. Co., 704 S.W.2d at 3. If, however, a statute is ambiguous or
unclear, we may resort to the various rules of statutory construction to ascertain
its purpose and the scope of its application. No single rule of construction is
preferable to the others, and thus we should bring all applicable rules of
construction to bear in order to ascertain a statute’s meaning and application. O.
H. May Co. v. Anderson, 156 Tenn. 216, 219-20, 300 S.W. 12, 14 (1927);
Davenport v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 818 S.W.2d 23, 27 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991).
B.
The Insurers Rehabilitation and Liquidation Act, Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 56-9-
101 to -510 (1994), vests broad authority in the Commissioner of Commerce and
Insurance to protect the interests of insureds, claimants, creditors, and the general
public. Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-101(d). The Act contains “a comprehensive
scheme for the rehabilitation and liquidation of insurance companies,” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 56-9-101(d)(7), and promotes the “[e]quitable apportionment of any
unavoidable loss[es].” Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-101(d)(4).
The Act permits the commissioner either to rehabilitate or to liquidate an
insurance company when its financial condition imperils the interests of its
policyholders, creditors, or the public. The commissioner has broad discretion to
decide whether to rehabilitate or to liquidate an insurance company and need not
attempt to rehabilitate a company before seeking to liquidate it. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 56-9-306(1) (1994). The commissioner must, however, obtain judicial
approval to rehabilitate or to liquidate an insurance company.
If the court grants the commissioner’s petition for an order of liquidation,
the commissioner becomes the insurance company’s “liquidator” with broad
powers to wind up the business. The commissioner takes title to all the
company’s real and personal property. Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-307(a) (1994).
In order to minimize the company’s losses, the commissioner may (1) collect all
-5-
debts and moneys due and claims belonging to the company,4 (2) institute,
continue, or abandon lawsuits or other legal proceedings involving the company,5
(3) institute appropriate legal proceedings against the company’s officers,6 (4) file
suit to set aside fraudulent transfers,7 and (5) file suit to avoid preferences.8 This
appeal involves a suit to avoid a preference.
Not all transactions are within a liquidator’s reach. In order to be
considered a preference, the transaction must occur within one year before the
filing of a successful liquidation petition.9 Only four types of transactions
occurring within this period are subject to avoidance. Three types of transfers are
colored with impropriety of some sort.10 One type of transaction, the type of
transaction at issue in this case, is subject to avoidance solely because of its
proximity to the commencement of the liquidation proceedings.
The specific avoidance provision at issue in this case is Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 56-9-317(a)(2)(B) which provides that a “preference may be avoided by the
liquidator if . . . [t]he transfer was made within four (4) months before the filing
of the petition.” There is no question that a preference occurring within four
4
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-310(a)(8) (1994).
5
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-310(a)(14).
6
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-310(a)(15).
7
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 56-9-310(a)(21), -315.
8
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 56-9-310(a)(21), -317.
9
If a rehabilitation proceeding preceded the liquidation petition, the transaction must have
occurred within one year before the filing of the petition for rehabilitation or within two years
before the liquidation petition, whichever time is shorter. Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(1).
10
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(A) (transfers made while the company is insolvent);
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(C) (creditors who have reasonable cause to believe that the
company is insolvent or about to become insolvent); Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(D)
(transfers to officers, certain employees and shareholders, and other persons with whom the
company did not deal at arm’s length).
-6-
months before the filing of a petition for liquidation is voidable. The question on
this appeal is whether a preferential transaction entered into more than four
months before the filing of a petition for liquidation is voidable under Tenn. Code
Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(B) if it is made within four months before the filing of a
petition for rehabilitation. Thus, we must determine the meaning of the phrase
“the petition” in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(B).
C.
The proper meaning of "the petition" as it appears in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-
9-317(a)(2)(B) can best be determined by considering the phrase in three contexts.
The first context is the language of Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a) itself. The
second is the broader context of all the related statutes pertaining to the
rehabilitation and liquidation of failing insurance companies. The third context
consists of the general purposes and goals of the Insurers Rehabilitation and
Liquidation Act.
IN THE CONTEXT OF TENN. CODE ANN. § 56-9-317(a)
The meaning of ambiguous statutory words and phrases may be illuminated
by considering their relationship with associated words and phrases in the same
statute or portion of a statute. See Hammer v. Franklin Interurban Co., 209 Tenn.
399, 403, 354 S.W.2d 241, 242 (1962). The doctrine of noscitur a sociis permits
courts to modify and limit subordinate words and phrases in order to harmonize
them with each other and with the evident purpose of the statute. Scopes v. State,
154 Tenn. 105, 110, 289 S.W. 363, 364 (1927). It operates as a rule of
construction for words, phrases, and sentences in very much the same way that the
doctrine of in pari materia11 applies to statutes involving the same subject matter.
2A Norman J. Singer, Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47.16 (5th ed. 1992).
11
The doctrine of in pari materia permits the consideration of all statutes involving the
same subject matter when the meaning of one of the statutes is ambiguous. Stevens v. Linton,
190 Tenn. 351, 354, 229 S.W.2d 510, 512 (1950).
-7-
The criteria for determining whether a transaction is a preference and
whether the preference is one that may be avoided appear in Tenn. Code Ann. §
56-9-317(a). This subsection includes six references to liquidation proceedings
and one reference to rehabilitation proceedings. The definition of the term
“preference” in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(1) is framed chiefly in the context
of a liquidation proceeding. The section immediately following, Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 56-9-317(a)(2), sets out the four circumstances wherein a preference “may be
avoided by the liquidator.” The only reference to a rehabilitation proceeding
appears in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(1) in the context of defining the time
within which a transaction must occur in order to be considered a preference.12
The general reference to “the petition” in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-
317(a)(2)(B) should be construed in light of the entire text of Tenn. Code Ann. §
56-9-317(a). From this vantage point, it becomes evident that the commissioner
may move to set aside a preference only in the context of a liquidation proceeding
and that only the “liquidator” may file the petitions authorized in Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 56-9-317(a)(2). Therefore, the phrase “the petition” in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-
317(a)(2)(B) can only refer to a petition for liquidation.
IN THE CONTEXT OF THE
INSURERS REHABILITATION AND LIQUIDATION ACT
The construction of “the petition” based solely on Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-
317(a) is confirmed when the phrase is considered in the context of the other
related statutes dealing with the rehabilitation and liquidation of insurance
companies. These statutes contain two other references to transactions occurring
12
A transaction will ordinarily be considered a preference if it occurs within one year
before the filing of the petition for liquidation. If, however, the liquidation proceeding was
preceded by a rehabilitation proceeding, then the transaction must have occurred within one year
before the filing of the rehabilitation petition or within two years before the liquidation petition,
whichever time is shorter. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(1).
-8-
within four months of the filing of the petition for liquidation. The first appears
in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(j) which permits the liquidator to recover excess
attorney’s fees paid by an insurance company “within four (4) months before the
filing of a successful petition for liquidation.” The second reference appears in
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(k)(1) which imposes personal liability on an
insurance company’s officers and employees who enter into a preferential transfer
“within four (4) months before the date of filing of the successful petition for
liquidation.”
The meaning of Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 56-9-317(j), -317(k)(1) are not in
doubt. Statutes forming part of the same statutory scheme should be construed in
a way that permits them to be applied uniformly. See Coleman v. Acuff, 569
S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tenn. 1978); Gallagher v. Butler, 214 Tenn. 129, 137, 378
S.W.2d 161, 164-65 (1964); Pritchard v. Carter County Motor Co., 197 Tenn.
222, 224, 270 S.W.2d 642, 643 (1954). In order to construe Tenn. Code Ann. §
56-9-317(a)(2)(B) consistently with Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 56-9-317(j), -317(k)(1),
the phrase “the petition” in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(B) must be
construed to refer to a petition for liquidation.
The Act’s provisions relating to fraudulent conveyances also demonstrate
that the legislature understood the difference between rehabilitation and
liquidation proceedings and that it intentionally drafted Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-
317(a)(2)(B) to exclude petitions for rehabilitation. Since both rehabilitators and
liquidators may set aside fraudulent transfers, the definition of “fraudulent
transfer” in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-315(a)(1) includes transfers made “within
one (1) year prior to the filing of a successful petition for rehabilitation or
liquidation under this chapter.” In contrast, Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(1)’s
definition of “preference” includes only transactions made “within one (1) year
before the filing of a successful petition for liquidation.” The General Assembly
could have drafted Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(B) to include petitions for
rehabilitation had it desired to do so, but it chose language that limited the
statute’s reference to petitions for liquidation.
IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PURPOSES OF THE
-9-
INSURERS REHABILITATION AND LIQUIDATION ACT
Finally, construing “the petition” in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(B)
to refer only to petitions for liquidation is consistent with the purposes of the
Insurers Rehabilitation and Liquidation Act. The purpose of rehabilitating an
insurance company is to preserve it as an on-going business.13 A rehabilitator’s
authority is strictly statutory. Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-303(c) vests in a
rehabilitator “all of the powers of the [insurance company’s] directors, officers,
and managers,” but does not specifically empower a rehabilitator to avoid
preferences. Since officers and employees of on-going insurance companies do
not have the authority to avoid preferences, rehabilitators likewise do not have this
authority.
Not authorizing the commissioner to avoid preferences is entirely consistent
with the rehabilitator’s role of preserving the on-going business. A preferential
transaction is one that circumvents the statutory priority provisions thereby
permitting a creditor to obtain more than its fair share of an insurance company’s
estate upon dissolution.14 Since creditors of an on-going insurance company have
no claims against the insurance company’s “estate,” rehabilitators need not
concern themselves with preferences or with the priority of creditors’ claims. In
the absence of priority concerns, preferential transfers, by their very nature, have
no relevance in a rehabilitation proceeding.
The Insurers Rehabilitation and Liquidation Act does not permit the
commissioner to act simultaneously as a rehabilitator and liquidator. The entry
of an order to liquidate pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-307 brings the
rehabilitation proceeding to an end and vests in the commissioner the expanded
authority of a liquidator. The complexion of the proceeding changes from one of
preservation to one of dissolution. Its two-fold goals are to wind up the
13
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-303(c) (1994) authorizes “such action as the rehabilitator
deems necessary or appropriate to reform and revitalize the insurer.”
14
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(1) defines a preference as a transaction that has the
effect of enabling “the creditor to obtain a greater percentage of [its] debt than another creditor
of the same class would receive.”
-10-
company’s business and to disburse its remaining assets in accordance with the
statutory procedures and priorities.
The first statutory mention of the power to avoid preferences appears in the
delineation of a liquidator’s duties in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-310(a)(21). It is
only in the context of a liquidation proceeding that the avoidance of preferences
makes sense. The commissioner is empowered to avoid preferences only to assure
that any losses remaining after the dissolution of the insurance company are
apportioned equitably.15 Avoiding preferences accomplishes this purpose by
enabling the liquidator to prevent creditors from avoiding their fair share of losses.
III.
We hold that the phrase “the petition” in Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-
317(a)(2)(B) refers only to petitions for liquidation. Consequently for a
preference to be voidable under this section, it must have been made within four
months before the filing of the petition for liquidation. The transfer of $800,000
to United American Bank on December 19, 1991, is not a voidable preference
under Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-317(a)(2)(B) because the petition for liquidation
was not filed until June 19, 1992, more than seven months later. Thus, we affirm
the dismissal of the commissioner’s petition to avoid this transfer and remand the
case to the trial court for whatever further proceedings may be required. We also
tax the costs of this appeal to the Commissioner of Commerce and Insurance.
__________________________________
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE
CONCUR:
__________________________________
SAMUEL L. LEWIS, JUDGE
15
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-9-101(d)(4).
-11-
__________________________________
BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE