Kathryn Headrick v. Bradley County Memorial Hospital

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
November 15, 2005 Session
KATHRYN HEADRICK v. BRADLEY COUNTY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,
ET AL.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Bradley County
No. V-99-380 Lawrence Puckett, Judge
No. E2005-00925-COA-R3-CV - FILED JANUARY 31, 2006
In this appeal, the issue presented is whether a party has standing to pursue a personal injury claim
in state court that accrued after the filing of the party’s bankruptcy petition and before the closing
of the bankruptcy case. Ms. Headrick filed a Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition. While the bankruptcy
case was pending, Ms. Headrick was involved in a single car accident and was treated for her injuries
by Dr. Daniel Johnson at Bradley County Memorial Hospital. Subsequently, she converted her
Chapter 13 bankruptcy case to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case. While the Chapter 7 case was still
pending, she discovered that she suffered a hip fracture in the car accident which she alleges that Dr.
Johnson and the Hospital failed to timely diagnose and treat. Thereafter, Ms. Headrick received a
discharge in bankruptcy and the bankruptcy case was closed. Ms. Headrick then filed a medical
negligence case against Dr. Johnson and Bradley Memorial Hospital. The Defendants filed a motion
for summary judgment asserting that Ms. Headrick did not have standing to bring the case. The trial
court agreed and dismissed the case. After review of the record and applicable authorities, we hold
that Ms. Headrick’s post-bankruptcy cause of action is not part of the bankruptcy estate and
therefore, as a matter of law Ms. Headrick did have standing to bring the lawsuit. The trial court’s
decision is reversed.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed; Cause
Remanded
SHARON G. LEE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HERSCHEL P. FRANKS, P.J., and
CHARLES D. SUSANO , JR., J., joined.
Shelley I. Stiles, Brentwood, Tennessee, and Robert J. Shockey, Nashville, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Kathryn Headrick.
Arthur P. Brock and Timothy J. Millirons, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Daniel Johnson,
M.D., individually and d/b/a Southeast Tennessee Orthopaedics.
Sue E. Scruggs and Blake F. Murchison, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellee, Bradley County
Memorial Hospital.
OPINION
I.
This appeal involves a claim for medical negligence intertwined with a bankruptcy case. On
January 10, 1997, Kathryn Headrick filed a Chapter 13 bankruptcy petition in the United States
Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee. In the schedule of personal property
attached to her petition, Ms. Headrick stated that there were no unliquidated claims of any nature.
On December 4, 1997, Ms. Headrick was injured in a one-car accident. She was treated at Bradley
County Memorial Hospital (“the Hospital”) by Dr. Daniel Johnson of Southeast Tennessee
Orthopaedics for injuries that included a broken arm and a broken leg. On March 3, 1998, Ms.
Headrick filed a notice with the bankruptcy court to convert her Chapter 13 case to a Chapter 7 case.1
She listed Dr. Johnson and the Hospital as creditors. On April 24, 1998, a bankruptcy creditors
meeting was held in the case which was described as being a “no assets” case. On either April 30,
1998, or May 1, 1998, Ms. Headrick discovered that she had a fractured hip that she claimed Dr.
Johnson and the Hospital failed to properly diagnose and treat following her car accident in
December of 1997. Ms. Headrick did not list or otherwise identify the potential cause of action
against Dr. Johnson or the Hospital as an asset in any of the bankruptcy schedules. She did not
amend her bankruptcy filings to disclose the potential medical negligence claim. On November 24,
1998, her bankruptcy trustee filed a report stating that there was no property available for distribution
from the estate over and above that exempt by law. On November 30, 1998, the bankruptcy court
entered an order discharging Ms. Headrick of her debts. On March 17, 1999, a final decree was
entered in the Chapter 7 bankruptcy case and the case was closed. The next month, on April 28,
1999, Ms. Headrick filed suit against Dr. Johnson and the Hospital alleging that they had negligently
failed to diagnose and treat her hip fracture and that she had been damaged by this omission. Dr.
Johnson and the Hospital filed a motion for summary judgement seeking a dismissal of Ms.
Headrick’s lawsuit on the basis of the bankruptcy filings. The trial court, relying on this Court’s
opinion in Tangwall v. Stapleton, No. E2001-02121-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 1723692, (Tenn. Ct.
App. E.S., filed July 25, 2002) no appl. perm. filed, determined that once Ms. Headrick filed for
bankruptcy, her cause of action against Dr. Johnson and the Hospital became a part of the bankruptcy
estate, and the trustee in bankruptcy became the proper party to bring these actions. Concluding that
at the time Ms. Headrick filed the lawsuit she did not have legal standing to bring the case, the trial
court dismissed the case as to Ms. Headrick, but not as to the bankruptcy trustee. Ms. Headrick
appeals and seeks our review of the trial court’s decision.
1
In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy case, a portion of a debtors’ future earnings is collected by a trustee and paid to
creditors. A Chapter 13 debtor does not receive a discharge of debts, but is allowed to extend or reduce the debt load
through a plan of rehabilitation. In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, the trustee collects and liquidates a debtor’s assets and
the debtor receives a discharge of debts.
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II.
The sole issue we address in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in dismissing Ms.
Headrick’s lawsuit by summary judgment upon grounds that Ms. Headrick lacked standing to pursue
the cause of action because it was property of her bankruptcy estate and was not disclosed to her
bankruptcy trustee during the pendency of her bankruptcy.
III.
Summary judgments enable courts to conclude cases that can and should be resolved on
dispositive legal issues. See Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tenn. 1993); Airport Props. Ltd.
v. Gulf Coast Dev., Inc., 900 S.W.2d 695, 697 (Tenn. Ct. App.1995). They are appropriate only
when the facts material to the dispositive legal issues are undisputed. Accordingly, they should not
be used to resolve factual disputes or to determine the factual inferences that should be drawn from
the evidence when those inferences are in dispute. See Bellamy v. Federal Express Corp., 749
S.W.2d 31, 33 (Tenn. 1988).
To be entitled to a summary judgment, the moving party must demonstrate that no genuine
issues of material fact exist and that he or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Tenn.
R. Civ. P. 56.04; Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d at 210; Planet Rock, Inc. v. Regis Ins. Co., 6 S.W.3d 484,
490 (Tenn. Ct. App.1999). A summary judgment should not be granted, however, when a genuine
dispute exists with regard to any material fact. Seavers v. Methodist Med. Ctr., 9 S.W.3d 86, 97
(Tenn. 1999); Hogins v. Ross, 988 S.W.2d 685, 689 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Our task on appeal is
to review the record to determine whether the requirements for granting summary judgment have
been met. See Hunter v. Brown, 955 S.W.2d 49, 50-51 (Tenn. 1997); Aghili v. Saadatnejadi, 958
S.W.2d 784, 787 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04 provides that summary judgment
is appropriate where: (1) there is no genuine issue with regard to the material facts relevant to the
claim or defense contained in the motion, see Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tenn. 1993); and
(2) the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law on the undisputed facts. See
Anderson v. Standard Register Co., 857 S.W.2d 555, 559 (Tenn. 1993). A party seeking a summary
judgment must demonstrate the absence of any genuine and material factual issues. Byrd v. Hall,
847 S.W.2d 208, 214 (Tenn. 1993).
When the party seeking summary judgment makes a properly supported motion, the burden
shifts to the non-moving party to set forth specific facts establishing the existence of disputed,
material facts which must be resolved by the trier of fact. See Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d at 215.
Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d 423, 426 (Tenn. 1997). The non-moving party may not simply rest
upon the pleadings, but must offer proof by affidavits or other discovery materials (depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file) provided by Rule 56.06 showing that there is a
genuine issue for trial. If the non-moving party does not so respond, then summary judgment, if
appropriate, shall be entered against the non-moving party. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06.
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Summary judgments do not enjoy a presumption of correctness on appeal. See Nelson v.
Martin, 958 S.W.2d 643, 646 (Tenn. 1997); City of Tullahoma v. Bedford County, 938 S.W.2d 408,
412 (Tenn. 1997). Accordingly, when we review a summary judgment, we view all the evidence in
the light most favorable to the non-movant, and we resolve all factual inferences in the non-movant's
favor. See Luther v. Compton, 5 S.W.3d 635, 639 (Tenn. 1999); Muhlheim v. Knox County Bd. of
Educ., 2 S.W.3d 927, 929 (Tenn. 1999). A summary judgment will be upheld only when the
undisputed facts reasonably support one conclusion - that the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law. See White v. Lawrence, 975 S.W.2d 525, 529 (Tenn. 1998); McCall v. Wilder,
913 S.W.2d 150, 153 (Tenn. 1995).
IV.
The trial court’s order dismissing Ms. Headrick’s case provided as follows:
Defendant’s Motions for Summary Judgment are controlled by the
case of Tangwell v. Stapleton et al, LEXIS 2002 Tenn. App. LEXIS
542, and the opinion authored by Judge Franks. Although that case
involved a cause of action which had accrued before the filing of the
plaintiff’s Bankruptcy Petition and the case here does not, the
Bankruptcy Code burdens the petitioner with a continuing
responsibility to disclose to the trustee, during the pendency of the
Bankruptcy Proceedings, a personal injury malpractice cause of action
she realizes has accrued to her during the course of the Bankruptcy.
[FN1 U.S.C. § 541(a)(7).] Under the Bankruptcy Code, plaintiff’s
cause of action against these defendants became a part of the Estate
in Bankruptcy and the Trustee in Bankruptcy became the proper party
to bring these actions. [FN2 11 U.S.C. § 554(c) and (d).] Which, as
Judge Franks opined, means that the bankrupt plaintiff loses legal
standing to bring them. [FN3 Tangwell v. Stapleton]
Therefore, the motions of the defendants are granted and the case is
dismissed with prejudice as to Kathryn Headrick, but not as to the
Trustee in Bankruptcy.
Under the United States Bankruptcy Code, when a debtor files a bankruptcy petition, a
bankruptcy estate is created which includes all of the debtor’s legal or equitable interests in property
as of the commencement of the case. 11 U.S.C. §541 (a)(1). These interests in property include
causes of action. Bauer v. Commerce Union Bank, 859 F.2d 438, 441 (6th Cir. 1988). Upon the
appointment of a trustee in bankruptcy, the trustee succeeds to all causes of action formerly held by
the debtor, and the debtor lacks standing to pursue those causes of action. 11 U.S.C. §323(a); Bowie
v. Rose Shanis Financial Services, LLC, 862 A.2d. 1102 (Md. Ct. App. 2004); Vucak v. City of
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Portland, 96 P.3d 362 (Or. Ct. App. 2004). Property that the debtor schedules in the petition that
has not been administered when the court closes the case is abandoned to the debtor. 11 U.S.C.
§554(c). But estate property which is not administered as part of the bankruptcy case and which is
not abandoned to the debtor under section 554 remains property of the estate.
As we have noted, Ms. Headrick’s bankruptcy was converted from a Chapter 13 case to a
Chapter 7 case on March 3, 1998. The Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §348(a), provides:
Conversion of a case from a case under one chapter of this title to a
case under another chapter of this title constitutes an order for relief
under the chapter to which the case is converted, but, ... does not
affect a change in the date of the filing of the petition, the
commencement of the case, or the order of relief.
Subsection (f)(1)(A) of § 348 further provides that when a case under chapter 13 is converted to a
case under another chapter such as Chapter 7:
[P]roperty of the estate in the converted case shall consist of property
of the estate, as of the date of the filing of the petition, that remains
in the possession of or is under the control of the debtor on the date
of conversion.
(emphasis added).
Accordingly, when a case is converted from Chapter 13 to Chapter 7, we must look to the
date of the filing of the Chapter 13 case to identify the property of the Chapter 7 estate as defined
by §541. See also In re Peters, 44 B.R. 68, 70 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1984). Ms. Headrick filed her
Chapter 13 case on January 10, 1997. Her cause of action originated with an injury that occurred
on December 4, 1997 - approximately 11 months after her case commenced under Chapter 13. She
did not discover her cause of action until late April or early May of 1998 - approximately 16 months
after her case commenced under Chapter 13. Thus, Ms. Headrick’s cause of action had not arisen
when she filed her Chapter 13 petition and therefore, pursuant to §348, it did not become property
of the Chapter 7 bankruptcy estate.
The trial court indicates that it relied upon Tangwall v. Stapleton, et al in reaching its
decision. In Tangwall, we affirmed the trial court’s ruling that the plaintiff did not have standing
to assert a cause of action that he had failed to set forth in his bankruptcy schedules and that the
cause of action remained a part of the plaintiff’s bankruptcy estate under control of the bankruptcy
trustee. However, that case is readily distinguishable from the present matter because under the facts
in Tangwall the cause of action at issue accrued before the debtor filed his bankruptcy petition.
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Although in the case now before us the trial court acknowledged this distinction, the trial court
determined that 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(7) imposed a duty upon Ms. Headrick to disclose a cause of
action accruing during the pendency of her bankruptcy case. We respectfully disagree.
11 U.S.C. §541(a)(7) provides that “[any] interest in property that the estate acquires after
the commencement of the case” is included in the property of the bankruptcy estate. (emphasis
added). Property acquired by the estate should not be confused with property acquired by the debtor.
§ 541(a)(7) applies only to property that is acquired post-petition by the bankruptcy estate. It does
not apply to property that is acquired post-petition by the debtor. In re Doemling, 127 B.R. 954, 956
(W.D. Penn. 1991). See also Casey v. Hochman, M.D., 963 F.2d 1347 (10th Cir.1982). Ms.
Headrick’s cause of action was not acquired by the estate, but by her individually as a result of an
injury to her person, and any recovery she might realize as a result of her lawsuit would be to
compensate for that personal injury, not to compensate for an injury to the estate. §541(a)(7) does
not bring Ms. Headrick’s cause of action within the bankruptcy estate.
The appellees cite Stanley v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 156 B.R. 25 (W.D. Va. 1993) in support
of the trial court’s ruling in this matter. In Stanley, the debtor, a painting contractor, filed a petition
under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. Thereafter, a cause of action arose in favor of the debtors
against the Sherwin-Williams Company for interference with contractual relations. The debtor’s
bankruptcy case then converted to Chapter 7 and the debtor subsequently received a discharge of his
debts under that chapter. After receiving his discharge, the debtor filed suit against Sherwin-
Williams. At no time did the debtor amend his bankruptcy schedule of assets to include the cause
of action. The Court ruled that because the debtor’s cause of action existed prior to his discharge,
it was property of the bankruptcy estate. The Court determined that the property remained property
of the estate because it had neither been formally abandoned nor abandoned by operation of law as
scheduled property. Accordingly, the Court held that the debtor lacked standing because the cause
of action was not his to assert.
In their brief, the appellees state that we relied on Stanley in our opinion in Tangwell. While
we did cite Stanley in the latter case, we did so only for the proposition that “[i]f a cause of action
is not formally scheduled, it will remain property of the estate, having been neither administered nor
abandoned by the trustee, and the debtor will have no standing to assert it.” Tangwell, id. at *7. We
did not rely upon Stanley for the proposition that a debtor lacks standing to assert an unscheduled
cause of action acquired post-petition, and we do not agree with that holding.
Our review of applicable case law reveals a split of authority with regard to the issue of
whether a debtor’s cause of action that arises post-petition is property of the bankruptcy estate, as
discussed in Charts v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 300 B.R. 552 (D. Conn. 2003). In Charts,
the plaintiffs husband and wife filed a Chapter 7 petition. A few months thereafter and prior to their
discharge, husband, who operated an insurance agency, entered into an agency agreement with the
defendant. Subsequently, the defendant cancelled the agreement, giving rise to claims in favor of
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the plaintiffs. As in the matter sub judice, the plaintiffs failed to disclose these claims during the
pendency of their bankruptcy, and in their motion for summary judgment, the defendants argued that
the claims constituted property of the estate and therefore, the plaintiffs could not assert them for
lack of standing. Upon review of a recommended ruling that the plaintiffs’ claims should be deemed
to be estate property, the Court noted that various cases, among them Stanley v. Sherwin-Williams
Co., had addressed the issue and had reached disparate conclusions:
In the recommended ruling on the original motion for
summary judgment, the Court relied on Correll v. Equifax
Check Servs., Inc., 234 B.R. 8 (D. Conn. 1997), in which the
Court held that pursuant to § 541(a)(7), a Fair Debt Collection
Act cause of action arising out of dunning letters received by
the debtor after the bankruptcy petition was filed constituted
property of the estate. See Correll, 234 B.R. at 10. Other
courts have reached similar conclusions based on § 541(a)(7).
See Polvay, 1997 WL 188127, at *2 (“Causes of action
arising after the debtor files for bankruptcy generally become
part of the estate.”); Stanley v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 156
B.R. 25 (W.D.Va. 1993)(debtor did not have standing to
maintain cause of action for interference of contractual
relations which arose prior to the discharge of his estate); In
re Griseuk, 165 B.R. 956, 957-59(Bankr.M.D.Fl.
1994)(holding that personal injury action arising during the
pendency of the bankruptcy proceedings was property of the
estate); DeLarco v. DeWitt, 136 A.D.2d 406, 408, 527
N.Y.S.2d 615 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988) (“Upon the filing of a
voluntary bankruptcy petition, all property which a debtor
owns or subsequently acquires, including a cause of action,
vests in the bankruptcy estate.”) However, other courts have
held that post-petition, pre-discharge causes of action under
similar circumstances are property of the debtor. See In re
Durrett, 187 B.R. 954, 413, 417-19 (Bankr.D.N.H. 1995)
(personal injury action arising post-petition did not become
part of the bankruptcy estate); In re Doemling, 127 B.R. 954,
955-56 (W.D.Pa. 1991) (tort claim arising out of post-petition
automobile accident was property of the debtor, rather the
estate).
Taken together, these cases indicate that there may be no
bright-line test for whether a cause of action that accrues post-
petition will be included as part of the bankruptcy estate.
Rather, in making such a determination, the Court should
consider whether the cause of action “is sufficiently rooted in
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the pre-bankruptcy past and so little entangled with the
bankrupt’s ability to make an unencumbered fresh start.”
Doemling, 127 B.R. at 957 (citing Segal v. Rochelle, 382 U.S.
375, 86 S. Ct. 511, 15 L. Ed. 2d 428 (1966) and noting that it is
still controlling despite the revision of the bankruptcy code in
1978) (internal quotations omitted).
(emphasis added).
The Court in Charts held that the plaintiffs did not lack standing to pursue their claims
because the claims “did not involve matters that could be traced to the plaintiffs’ pre-petition
conduct” and the agreement out of which the claims arose “was not ‘rooted in the debtor’s pre-
bankruptcy past’ (which ended with the filing of the petition...).” Charts, id. at 558.
5-541 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶541.03 (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 15th ed.,
2005) provides as follows regarding whether property acquired by the debtor post-petition becomes
property of the bankruptcy estate:
As a general rule, the estate is normally comprised only of
property interests belonging to the debtor at the time the
petition is filed. In general, property of an individual not then
owned but subsequently acquired by the debtor does not
become property of the estate, but rather, becomes the
debtor’s personal property, clear of all claims that are
ultimately discharged in the bankruptcy case.
Under the statute, “any interest in property that the estate
acquires after the commencement of the case” is included in
“property of the estate” by section 541(a)(7). By obvious
implication, property acquired postpetition by the individual
debtor is usually not property of the estate. However, a case
in the United States Supreme Court [Segal v. Rochelle, 382
U.S. 375 (1966)] concluded that when postpetition property
“is [so] rooted in the pre-bankruptcy past and so little
entangled with the bankrupt’s ability to make an
unencumbered fresh start [then] it should be” property of the
estate.
(emphasis in original).
The exception noted by Collier to the general rule that after acquired property of a debtor
does not constitute property of the bankruptcy estate is the same exception noted by the Court in
Charts deriving from the Supreme Court’s opinion in Segal. And even this exception has been
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rejected in the recent case of In re Holstein, 321 B.R. 229,238 (N.D. Ill. 2005) (finding that the
debtor in Segal had an interest in the subject asset when the bankruptcy was filed and that Segal
“does not expand estate property to include legal or equitable interests a debtor acquires post-
petition, as long as a clever trustee can tie those interests to the ‘pre-bankruptcy past’”.)
In the present case, the cause of action asserted by Ms. Headrick is not rooted in her “pre-
bankruptcy past” and so, even under that exception, there is no basis for finding that her cause of
action is property of her bankruptcy estate. Therefore, her failure to disclose the cause of action
during the pendency of her bankruptcy should not stop her from asserting it at present. See Farmer
v. Taco Bell Corporation 242 B.R.435, 441 (W.D. Tenn. 1999).
V.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand for further
action consistent with this opinion. Costs on appeal are adjudged against the appellees, Daniel
Johnson, M.D., individually and d/b/a/ Southeast Tennessee Orthopaedics, and Bradley County
Memorial Hospital.
_________________________________________
SHARON G. LEE, JUDGE
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