P.E.K. v. J.M. and C.Y.M.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
July 11, 2002 Session
P.E.K. v. J.M. and C.Y.M.
A Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Wayne County
No. 10696 The Honorable Jim T. Hamilton, Judge
No. M2001-02190-COA-R3-CV - Filed August 15, 2002
This case, before this Court for the second time, involves an interstate battle between never-
married parents over custody of a minor daughter. The trial court found that under the provisions
of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), the trial court had
jurisdiction of the custody dispute and entered judgment awarding custody of the minor daughter to
the Petitioner-Father. Mother has appealed. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed in Part,
Reversed in Part, and Remanded
W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS,
J. and HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J., joined.
Scott C. Williams, Stephanie S. Maxwell, Columbia, For Appellants, J.M. and C.Y.M.
Paul A. Bates, William M. Harris, Lawrenceburg, For Appellee, P.E.K.
OPINION
This case was originally before this Court on Tenn. R. App. P. 10, Application for
Extraordinary Appeal by C.Y.M. (Mother) and her husband, J.M., from an order of the trial court
granting petitioner, P.E.K. (Father), temporary emergency custody of the minor child. Pertinent
factual and background information necessary for an understanding of the present appeal is set out
in the opinion, P.E.K. v. J.M., 52 S.W.3d 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001), which we quote as follows:
In 1991, C.Y.M. and her husband, J.M., separated but did not
divorce. They have three children. Sometime later, Ms. M. began
cohabiting with P.E.K. In 1994, while Ms. M. lived with Mr. K., she
gave birth to a daughter at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma. The
birth certificate showed the child’s name as A.N.K.M., incorporating
the last names of both Mr. K. and Mr. M. Mr. M., the husband, was
listed as the father. Sometime after the child was born, Ms. M., Mr.
K. and the child moved to Alabama. Ms. M. and Mr. K. separated in
Alabama in February 1997 and apparently the child stayed with her
mother. In 1998, Mr. K. sought to establish paternity and to obtain
custody of the child. On March 15, 1999, the Alabama trial court,
after hearing oral testimony, found Mr. K. to be the child’s father and
awarded custody to him with visitation for the mother. Mr. K.
immediately moved to Tennessee with the child.1
On January 28, 2000, the Alabama Court of Civil Appeals
reversed the trial court, stating that Mr. K. did not have standing to
establish his paternity of the child. It explained:
We conclude that the boyfriend did not have standing
to establish his paternity of the child. . . . It is
undisputed that the child was born during the
marriage of the mother and her husband, even though
the record indicates that the child was conceived and
born while the mother and the husband were
separated. Therefore, the husband is the presumed
father of the child. Ala. Code 1975, § 26-17-5(a)(1).
Our supreme court has held that no one has standing
to challenge a presumed father’s paternity as long as
the presumed father persists in claiming paternity of
the child. Ex parte C.A.P., 683 So. 2d 1010 (Ala.
1996); Ex parte Presse, 554 So. 2d 406 (Ala. 1989).
The husband is not a party to this action, and, also,
there is no evidence as to whether he persists in or
relinquishes his status as the presumed father.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and the
cause is remanded for the trial court to dismiss the
boyfriend’s action.
C.Y.M. v. P.E.K., No. 2981263, 2000 WL 112778 (Ala. Civ. App. Jan
28, 2000). On March 17, 2000, Mr. K.’s application for a rehearing
was denied, and he filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the
Alabama Supreme Court.
1
The record does not indicate that the Alabama court placed any restrictions on M r. K.’s relocation, thus, we
assume he did not violate any court orders by moving to Tennessee.
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On June 1, 2000, Mr. K. filed a petition for temporary custody
in Wayne County Juvenile Court, perhaps fearing that he would not
prevail before the Alabama Supreme Court. In his petition he alleged
that the child was “dependent and neglected,” and he listed Ms. M.’s
address as a post office box in Nashville, Tennessee.
On June 30, 2000, the Alabama Supreme Court denied Mr.
K.’s petition for the writ of certiorari, stating:
The petition for the writ of certiorari is denied. Our
denial of the petition should not be taken as an
approval of the reasoning stated in the Court of Civil
Appeals’ opinion.
Ex parte P.E.K. (In re C.Y.M. v. P.E.K.), No. 1991276, 2000 WL
869611 (Ala. June 30, 2000).
On July 5, 2000, Ms. M. obtained custody of the child.2 Two
days later, the Wayne County Juvenile Court dismissed Mr. K.’s
petition for temporary custody “due to the fact that said child’s father
already retained custody of said child in Alabama.”
On July 18, 2000, Mr. K. filed a petition for temporary
emergency custody in Wayne County Chancery Court. He alleged
that he was the biological father of the child, that he had had
continuous custody of her since March 1999, that the child had been
taken to California, that Ms. M. had “threatened that the petitioner
would never see [the child] again,” and that “the actions of the
respondent, C.Y.M., [have] caused the petitioner to fear for the safety
of said minor child.” He asked the court to find that he was “the fit
and proper person to have the permanent care and custody of said
minor child and [that] a reasonable amount of child support be set,
both temporary and permanent.” The same day, the chancery court
awarded Mr. K. “temporary emergency custody” pending further
orders of the court.
Also on July 18, 2000, the Alabama trial court entered its
order formally dismissing Mr. K.’s petition for custody in that state.
2
The record does not indicate the circumstances under which Ms. M. obtained custody, but we note that the
original cu stody order, entered in M arch 199 9, gave M s. M. visitation during th e m onth of July.
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At some point Ms. M. seems to have reunited with her
husband, J.M. On August 15, 2000, Mr. and Ms. M. together filed a
pro se motion to dismiss in Wayne County Chancery Court. In their
motion, they asked the court to dismiss Mr. K.’s petition for
temporary emergency custody on “grounds that the court lacks
jurisdiction of the subject matter of this controversy in that the minor
child in question was not legally in the state.” The motion recounted
the Alabama proceedings, noting that, under Alabama law, Mr. M.
was the presumed father and “no one has standing to challenge a
presumed father’s paternity as long as the presumed father persists in
claiming paternity of the child.” The motion, signed by both Mr. and
Ms. M., concluded with the statement, “J.M. has not and will not
disclaim the minor child, A.N.M. as his daughter.” Mr. M.’s
notarized affidavit, attached to the motion, stated, “A.N.M. was
conceived and born during my marriage to my wife, C.M., and I do
claim A. as my daughter. I have not and will not disclaim A. as my
daughter.” The M.s contested only subject matter jurisdiction, not
personal jurisdiction, in their motion.
On August 31, 2000, Ms. M., through counsel, filed a
“Response” in which she again denied that the court had subject
matter jurisdiction. For the first time, Ms. M. denied that the court
had personal jurisdiction over herself, her husband or the child. She
also claimed that “Petitioner previously brought this cause, and has
fully and fairly litigated this cause for over a year, in the courts of the
state of Alabama; that the Alabama courts have determined and ruled
against Petitioner; and that the determination and ruling of the
Alabama courts are entitled to enforcement by this Honorable Court,
resulting in the dismissal of the Petition.”
On September 7, 2000, the Wayne County chancellor entered
an order allowing Mr. K. to amend his petition to add an allegation,
“That the defendant, J.M., has abandoned the said A.N.K.,” and the
prayer for relief, “That the Plaintiff be declared to be the legitimate
and biological father of A.N.K.”
On September 20, 2000, the M.s filed a petition for
emergency custody in Chancery Court of Union County, Arkansas.
They alleged that “the child is present in this state with her parents
and her sisters and it is necessary to protect the health, safety and
welfare of the child. In addition, the child may have been subjected
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to mistreatment and abuse in her past3 by Defendant, P.E.K., who
represents himself to be the biological father, without any prior
judicial finding of paternity.” They further alleged that Mr. K.
“recently obtained an Emergency Custody Order through the
Chancery Court of Wayne County, Tennessee, which clearly has no
jurisdiction over Plaintiffs or their minor daughter.” They contended
that Arkansas was a more convenient forum pursuant to T.C.A. § 9-
19-207, and sought temporary emergency custody of the child. The
Arkansas chancery court granted the M.s custody of the child the
same day, “to protect the child’s health, safety and welfare.”
On September 28, 2000, the Wayne County Chancery Court
entered an order denying the M.’s motion to dismiss and setting trial
for October 27, 2000. On October 10, 2000, Ms. M. filed motions in
the trial court requesting permission to file a Tenn. R. App. P. 9
interlocutory appeal with this court and for a stay in the proceedings
pending appeal. The trial court denied those motions on November
1, 2000, and reset trial for November 17, 2000.
Ms. M. then filed a Tenn. R. App. P. 10 application for an
extraordinary appeal with this court on November 3, 2000. This court
then ordered Mr. K. to file an answer to the application, which he did.
On November 16, 2000, this court issued a stay of the proceedings set
for November 17, 2000, pending resolution of the application.
On November 21, 2000, this court granted the application for
an extraordinary appeal, noting that the application raised serious
issues concerning the trial court’s jurisdiction. The appeal was
limited to the following two issues:
1) The jurisdiction of the Chancery Court for Wayne County
to establish paternity and/or to make an award of permanent custody;
and
3
The petition was accompanied by a letter from a psychologist who had spoken to the child twice. The
psych ologist noted some problem s that had been repo rted in the ch ild’s relationsh ip with Mr. K. and offered the opinion
that the child should “remain where she is until she can be better evaluated in therapy. Also she has moved between
many different households and the disruption of routine and relationships [is] very detrimental to a youn g child. A lso
A. has reported a very close relationship with her sisters and moving away would be detrim ental to these relation ships.”
The psychologist also noted that she preferred to have six to ten sessions with a child before making a statement, but
that time ha d not perm itted additional sessions.
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2) The validity of the July 18, 2000 Order for Temporary
Emergency Custody.
Id. at 653 - 57.
After reviewing the record, issues, and applicable law, the opinion continues:
We hold that the Chancery Court of Wayne County has
general subject matter jurisdiction over paternity and child custody
matters and that the court has personal jurisdiction over the M.s.
What we cannot resolve on the basis of the record before us is the
question of whether the court has jurisdiction to decide the custody
question in this case. The UCCJEA makes the child’s home state the
preferred forum to decide custody matters. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-6-216(a). If this state is not the home state, jurisdiction to decide
custody is limited to situations where (1) there is no home state, (2)
the home state has declined to exercise jurisdiction, Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-6-216(a)(2) and (3), or (3) this state has continuing jurisdiction
under Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-217(a)(1)(2). The question of the
appropriate forum to decide the custody of this child must be resolved
in the chancery court.
As to the paternity question, we have decided only that the
chancery court has the power to decide such questions. The M.s are
free to raise any defense to that action except the lack of personal
jurisdiction. The temporary emergency custody order is reversed and
the cause is remanded to the Chancery Court of Wayne County for
further proceedings.
Id. at 660-61 (emphasis added).
On remand, the trial court held a hearing on August 6, 2001. Mother and her daughter failed
to attend, in spite of a court order directing them to attend. Mother’s attorney was present, however,
and the court heard testimony from P.E.K., his mother, the child’s kindergarten teacher, and several
of P.E.K.’s friends. Additionally, the trial court admitted, among other things, DNA evidence of
P.E.K.’s paternity4, and Mother’s Tennessee driver’s license and business card.
P.E.K. testified that the child lived with him in Tennessee for 16 months following the entry
of the Alabama custody order. He also testified that Mother moved from Alabama to Nashville in
4
The DNA report indicated that the likelihood that Mr. K is P.E.K.’s father was 227 to 1, and that the
probab ility of his paternity w as 99 .6 percent.
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the fall of 1999, and that she continued to reside in Nashville until she took their daughter to
California, and ultimately Arkansas, in July of 2000. P.E.K. explained that Mother was in the
business of selling hard-hat covers, and that her address and phone number listed on her business
card were in Nashville.
On cross-examination, counsel for Mother asked P.E.K. whether he was aware that the reason
she had moved to Tennessee “was so that it would be closer for her to have her visits with [her
daughter].” P.E.K. responded that, “anybody can tell you it’s 60 miles to Athens [Alabama] and it’s
120 to Nashville, so you figure that out for yourself.” In addition to testifying about P.E.K.’s
parenting abilities, both the child’s kindergarten teacher and P.E.K.’s mother testified that Mother
had informed them that she had moved from Athens, Alabama to Nashville, Tennessee.
Before ruling, the chancellor asked counsel for Mother whether the minor child’s paternity
was in dispute. In response, Mother's attorney replied, “Well, Judge, I would refer you and Mr.
Bates to the petition that’s pending in Arkansas. When you look at that, [Mother] in Arkansas is
claiming that P.E.K. is the father. She’s seeking support from him, so . . . the answer to your
question would be no. . . ”
On August 7, 2001, after the nonjury trial on August 6, 2001, the trial court entered its order,
which provides:
1. Uncontroverted testimony presented at the aforesaid hearing
provides clear and convincing evidence that from October, 1999 until
July, 2000, the Respondent, [Mother], was a resident of the State of
Tennessee. The Court further finds that Respondent and minor
child’s living in Arkansas while a custody proceeding is pending in
the State of Tennessee does not establish her residency, nor the minor
child’s residency in the State of Arkansas. The Court further finds
that the Tennessee custody proceeding was filed and pending prior to
any court proceedings in the State of Arkansas. Accordingly, the
Court finds that Tennessee is the home state of the child, and
Tennessee is the proper forum to decide paternity and permanent
custody of the child;
2. Statements by counsel for the Respondent, along with DNA
evidence presented at the hearing by the Petitioner provide clear and
convincing evidence that the Petitioner, [P.E.K.], is the biological
father of the minor child;
3. Even though this Court issued an Order requiring Respondent and
the minor child to be present at this hearing, Respondent failed to
appear in compliance with said Order, and accordingly, Petitioner’s
oral motion to strike the affidavit of Respondent from the record of
this matter is well taken;
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4. Evidence presented through the testimony of witnesses, as well as
the testimony of the Petitioner, provide clear and convincing evidence
that the Petitioner is a fit and proper person to have custody of the
minor child.
It is, therefore, ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that:
1. The Court finds that Tennessee is the home state of the minor
child, . . . for the purposes of establishing paternity and custody;
2. Respondent’s Motion To Dismiss is not well taken, and,
accordingly is denied;
3. The Petitioner, [P.E.K.], is the biological father of the aforesaid
minor child;
4. the Petitioner, [P.E.K.], is a fit and proper person to have custody
and care of the aforesaid minor child;
5. The minor child is to be returned immediately into the care and
custody of the Petitioner, [P.E.K.];
6. Petitioner’s Motion To Strike Respondent’s affidavit previously
filed with the Court is well taken, and hereby granted;
7. All matters pertaining to visitation and child support are reserved
pending further orders of this Court;
8. The costs of this matter is assessed to the Respondents for which
execution may follow.
Mother and her husband, J.M., appeal and present five issues for review:
1. Whether the trial court erred in holding that the Tennessee was the
home state of the minor child and in exercising subject matter
jurisdiction over the custody question.
2. Whether the trial court erred in denying the mother’s motion to
dismiss.
3. Whether the trial court erred in holding that the biological father
is a fit and proper person to have custody of the minor child.
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4. Whether the trial court erred in ruling that P.E.K. is the biological
father of the minor child.
5. Whether the trial court erred in allowing P.E.K. to call witnesses
whose names were not furnished to counsel or the respondent prior
to trial.
We will first consider the fourth issue: Whether the trial court erred in ruling that P.E.K. is
the biological father of the minor child. The record reflects that in addition to P.E.K.’s testimony
of his relationship with Mother, the DNA report introduced into evidence found that P.E.K. is not
excluded as the biological father of the minor child. The report states: “The likelihood that he is the
biological father is 227 to 1 when compared to a random individual in the North American
Caucasian population. The probability of paternity is 99.6 %.”
Moreover, the record reflects that Mother’s counsel, in effect, stipulated that P.E.K. is the
biological father of the child. Concerning the question of paternity, we quote from the record:
THE COURT: . . . Do you-all have anything else?
MR. BATES [P.E.K.’s counsel]: Yes, sir. I wanted to – we do have
a representative here from the DNA testing facility. As I understand
it, paternity is not disputed, the biological paternity of [the minor
child]. Is that right or wrong, Ms. Hales?
MS. HALES [Mother.’s counsel]: Well, Judge, I would refer you and
Mr. Bates to the petition that’s pending in Arkansas. When you look
at that, [Mother] in Arkansas is claiming that [P.E.K.] is the father.
She’s seeking support from him, so I think the question – the
answer to your question would be no, but that it needs to be decided
by the court in Arkansas. . . .
The open court concession by the attorneys in a case constitutes a binding stipulation. Bearman v.
Camatsos, 215 Tenn. 231, 385 S.W.2d 91 (1964); Tamco Supply v. Pollard, 37 S.W.3d 905 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2000). On the state of the record, the trial court did not err in finding that P.E.K. is the
biological father of the minor child.
We will consider issues one and two together as to the trial court’s finding that the court had
subject matter jurisdiction over the custody question. These issues are controlled by the provisions
of T.C.A. § 36-6-216 (2001) which states:
§ 36-6-216. Initial custody determination; jurisdiction
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(a) Except as otherwise provided in § 36-6-219, a court of this
state has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination
only if:
(1) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the
commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child
within six (6) months before the commencement of the proceeding
and the child is absent from this state but a parent or person acting as
a parent continues to live in this state;
(2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under
subdivision (a)(1), or a court of the home state of the child has
declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that this state is the
more appropriate forum under§ 36-6-221 or § 36-6-222, and:
(A) The child and the child's parents, or the child and at least
one (1) parent or a person acting as a parent, have a significant
connection with this state other than mere physical presence; and
(B) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning
the child's care, protection, training, and personal relationships;
(3) All courts having jurisdiction under subdivision (a)(1) or
(2) have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court
of this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody
of the child under § 36-6-221 or § 36-6-222; or
(4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction under
the criteria specified in subdivision (a)(1), (2), or (3).
(b) Subsection (a) is the exclusive jurisdictional basis for
making a child-custody determination by a court of this state.
(c) Physical presence of, or personal jurisdiction over, a party
or a child is not necessary or sufficient to make a child-custody
determination.
The record reflects that after obtaining custody of the child in the Alabama trial court, P.E.K.
moved to Waynesboro, Tennessee with the child in March 1999, where they resided together until
Mother took the child on July 5, 2000 for visitation. The Alabama Court of Appeals reversed the
trial court’s award of custody to P.E.K., and the Alabama Supreme Court denied certiorari on
June 30, 2000. Thus, during the entire time that the minor child resided in Tennessee with P.E.K.,
there was a custody controversy in progress. P.E.K. had custody of the child only by virtue of the
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Alabama trial court decision, which was subsequently reversed. The child was with P.E.K. by virtue
of the decision, and upon its reversal, his authority to have the child in Tennessee was vacated.
The period of time during which a child has resided in this state pending resolution of a
custody dispute may not be considered in reckoning the time necessary to establish home state
jurisdiction. Boyd v. Boyd, 653 S.W.2d 732, 738 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983); Sherrill v. Sherrill, No.
01-A-01-9703-CH00131, 1998 WL 57528, (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Therefore, the six-month
residency requirement to find Tennessee as the home state provided for in T.C.A. § 36-6-216 (2001)
has not been met. By the same token, we note that the child moved with her mother to the State of
Arkansas some time after July of 2000, after a visitation period in California. The petition for
emergency custody was filed in the chancery court in Arkansas on September 20, 2000, and at that
time neither the Arkansas statute nor the Tennessee statute established Arkansas the home state of
the child.5 Thus, under the provisions of T.C.A. § 36-6-216 (a)(1) (2001), neither Arkansas nor
Tennessee as the “home state” obtained jurisdiction of the controversy. Accordingly, the trial court
erred in finding Tennessee to be the child’s home state.
In this case, there is no “home state” for the child pursuant to the statute. However, a court
of this state may assume jurisdiction if the child, or one of the parents, has a significant connection
with the state other than a mere physical presence, and there is substantial evidence available in the
state concerning the child’s care, protection, training, and personal relationship. See T.C.A. § 36-6-
216 (a)(2) (2001). With this criterion, the trial court must find either that the Arkansas court has no
jurisdiction as the home state, nor jurisdiction by virtue of significant connections, or having
jurisdiction, has declined to exercise that jurisdiction. See T.C.A. § 36-6-216 (a)(3)(4) (2001). The
trial court found Tennessee was the home state of the child at the time the proceeding in Tennessee
was commenced and implicitly found Arkansas was not the “home state.” There is no finding
concerning the other provision of T.C.A. § 36-6-216, since Arkansas is also asserting jurisdiction
over this case.
5
W e note that, pursuant to the provisions of T.C.A. § 36-6-213, the Tennessee and Ark ansas cou rts properly
comm unicated regarding this case.
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We should also note that the trial court, in awarding custody to P.E.K., failed to comply with
the provisions of T.C.A. § 36-6-106 (2001), which requires that any custody determination “shall be
made upon the basis of the best interest of the child.” That statute provides:
§ 36-6-106. Child custody
(a) In a suit for annulment, divorce, separate maintenance, or
in any other proceeding requiring the court to make a custody
determination regarding a minor child, such determination shall be
made upon the basis of the best interest of the child. The court shall
consider all relevant factors including the following where applicable:
(1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the
parents and child;
(2) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with
food, clothing, medical care, education and other necessary care and
the degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver;
(3) The importance of continuity in the child's life and the
length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory
environment; provided, that where there is a finding, under §
36-6-106(8), of child abuse, as defined in § 39-15-401 or §
39-15-402, or child sexual abuse, as defined in § 37-1-602, by one (1)
parent, and that a non-perpetrating parent has relocated in order to
flee the perpetrating parent, that such relocation shall not weigh
against an award of custody;
(4) The stability of the family unit of the parents;
(5) The mental and physical health of the parents;
(6) The home, school and community record of the child;
(7) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years
of age or older. The court may hear the preference of a younger child
upon request. The preferences of older children should normally be
given greater weight than those of younger children;
(8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to
the other parent or to any other person; provided, that where there are
allegations that one (1) parent has committed child abuse, [as defined
in § 39-15-401 or § 39-15-402], or child sexual abuse, [as defined in
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§ 37-1-602], against a family member, the court shall consider all
evidence relevant to the physical and emotional safety of the child,
and determine, by a clear preponderance of the evidence, whether
such abuse has occurred. The court shall include in its decision a
written finding of all evidence, and all findings of facts connected
thereto. In addition, the court shall, where appropriate, refer any
issues of abuse to the juvenile court for further proceedings;
(9) The character and behavior of any other person who
resides in or frequents the home of a parent and such person's
interactions with the child; and
(10) Each parent's past and potential for future performance
of parenting responsibilities, including the willingness and ability of
each of the parents to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing
parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent,
consistent with the best interest of the child.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of any law to the contrary,
the court has jurisdiction to make an initial custody determination
regarding a minor child or may modify a prior order of child custody
upon finding that the custodial parent has been convicted of or found
civilly liable for the intentional and wrongful death of the child's
other parent or legal guardian.
Id. The trial court made no finding as to the best interest of the child in the instant case.
Accordingly, the order of the trial court finding P.E.K. to be the biological father of the minor
child is affirmed. The order in all other respects is reversed, and the case is remanded to the trial
court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed one-half
against appellants, C.Y.M. and J.M., and their surety, and one-half to appellee, P.E.K.
__________________________________________
W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.
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