Joseph Christopher Archer v. Ron Noonan

08/18/2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs May 3, 2021
JOSEPH CHRISTOPHER ARCHER, ET AL. v. RON NOONAN
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Putnam County
No. 2018-CV-88 Jonathan L. Young, Judge
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No. M2020-01266-COA-R3-CV
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This case involves an action filed by homeowners against their contractor for breach of
contract regarding the installation of a swimming pool. The general sessions court entered
judgment for plaintiffs. Defendant appealed to the circuit court which also entered
judgment for the plaintiffs. The defendant appeals. We affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., joined.
William A. Cameron and Bradford G. Wood, Jr., Cookeville, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Ron Noonan.
Austin T. Warehime, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Joseph Christopher Archer,
and Margaret Rose Archer.
OPINION
I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On July 17, 2016, Ron Noonan (“the Contractor”) entered into a contract for the
installation of a swimming pool on the property of Joseph Christopher Archer and Margaret
Rose Archer (“the Archers”). The contract did not contain a date for completion or a “time
is of the essence” provision. The contract stated in article 4 that “. . . [the Contractor] will
remedy any defect in the workmanship of which it receives WRITTEN notice within one
year after connection of the filter, WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST to the OWNERS.”
On June 5, 2017, the Archers sent a certified letter to the Contractor. This letter
stated that the initial estimate to build the pool was 45 days and that the pool was filled
with water for the first time on April 2, 2017. The letter further stated that the Contractor
had 30 days to fix a pool leak and have the pool properly functioning to full depth. The
Archers also informed the Contractor that if there was not significant progress to fix the
pool leak within 10 days, then they would be forced to “accelerate further action.” This
letter was not received by the Contractor. However, the Archers provided notice of the
problems with the pool to the Contractor through text messages. The text messages showed
that the Contractor was working with the Archers to resolve the issues. Although the pool
did not hold its intended amount of water, the Archers continued to use the pool.
The Archers sought a second opinion from Mr. Dave Sherman of Straight Arrow
Construction who inspected the pool and completed his report on August 25, 2017. Mr.
Sherman stated in his report that “[t]he pool is losing water at a rate of 6 inches per 12[-
]hour period when the pool is filled to operation height.” After finding and filling 75 holes
and 3 major leaks in the pool, Mr. Sherman stated in the report that “12 hours later the pool
still lost 6 inches of water.” Mr. Sherman concluded in the report that “I don’t believe that
this pool can be fixed as it has been built[.] I believe that the only option is to start over
with a new pool.” Thereafter, the Archers had the pool dug up.
On August 22, 2017, the Archers filed a civil summons in the Putnam County
General Sessions Court. After several failed attempts to serve the Contractor which
necessitated filing additional civil summons, and multiple continuances, the case was set
for final hearing in the general sessions court on May 15, 2018. The general sessions court
entered judgment for the Archers against the Contractor in the amount of $24,999.00, plus
interest at the rate of 6.50% and costs for suit.
The Contractor timely filed a notice of appeal in the Putnam County Circuit Court,
which held a final hearing on the matter on August 5, 2020. At the final hearing, the
Archers presented two witnesses: Mr. Archer and Mr. Dave Sherman, who testified as an
expert witness. Mr. Sherman testified that the cause of the continued pool leakage was
improper pool construction by the Contractor. There was no cross-examination of Mr.
Sherman. The Contractor testified for himself, but called no other witnesses. He testified
that he worked with the Archers to fix the problems with the pool. He further testified that
he went to work on the pool a few days later, after Labor Day 2017, as requested by the
Archers. When he arrived, the Archers had already dug the pool up.
Based upon the testimony presented, the circuit court entered judgment for the
Archers against the Contractor in the amount of $22,000.00, plus court costs and costs of
the appeal from the general sessions court. The court found that there was a valid contract
enforceable against both parties and that the pool was partially usable, but leaked and was
not constructed such as was contracted for by the parties. The Contractor timely filed a
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notice of appeal.
II. ISSUES PRESENTED
The Contractor presents the following issue for review on appeal, which we have
slightly restated:
1. Whether the trial court erred in determining that the [Contractor] was in breach
of contract and awarding judgment to the [Archers] when the evidence shows
that the [Archers] were the first and only party to materially breach the contract.
For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the circuit court.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appeal, we review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption
of correctness unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); In re
Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 246 (Tenn. 2010). Factual determinations based on a trial
judge’s assessment of witness credibility receive a higher degree of deference. Madden
Phillips Const., Inc. v. GGAT Dev. Corp., 315 S.W.3d 800, 809 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009).
We will not reverse a finding of the trial court based on credibility unless clear and
convincing evidence shows the finding to be in error. Id. (citation omitted). Questions of
law are also reviewed de novo but with no presumption of correctness. Eberbach v.
Eberbach, 535 S.W.3d 467, 473 (Tenn. 2017) (citing Barnes v. Barnes, 193 S.W.3d 495,
498 (Tenn. 2006); Taylor v. Fezell, 158 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tenn. 2005)).
IV. DISCUSSION
The trial court found that a contract existed between the parties to install a pool and
that there was pool leakage. On appeal, the Contractor argues that the trial court erred in
finding that he was in breach of contract and awarding judgment to the Archers. Instead,
the Contractor argues that the Archers were the first and only party to materially breach the
contract by denying him the right to cure the defects when they dug the pool up.
From the record, there is no evidence that this argument was presented to the trial
court. There is not a transcript of the proceedings. The Statement of the Evidence filed in
this matter only briefly describes the Contractor’s testimony as follows:
The Defendant-Appellant testified that he worked with the Plaintiffs-
Appellants to fix the problems with the pool. The Defendant-Appellant
further testified that he went to work on the pool a few days after Labor Day,
2017, as requested by the Plaintiffs-Appellees, but the Plaintiffs-Appellees
had already dug the pool up, leaving nothing but a hole in the ground. The
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Defendant-Appellant admitted into evidence photos of the hole in the ground
with the pool removed as Exhibit 2 in support of this testimony.
The Defendant-Appellant rested his case after he was cross-examined.
Although the Contractor may have testified as to these allegations, there is nothing in the
limited record to show that he made an argument that the Archers breached the contract.
There is no pleading containing a counter-claim and no ruling by the trial court on this
issue. “[W]e are limited in authority to the adjudication of issues that are presented and
decided in the trial courts.” In re Adoption of E.N.R., 42 S.W.3d 26, 31-32 (Tenn. 2001).
Based upon the Contractor’s failure to raise these arguments to the trial court, we will not
consider them on appeal.
As previously stated, there is no dispute that the parties entered into a contract.
Therefore, our analysis will focus on whether the evidence shows that the Contractor
breached the contract, and if so, whether that breach rose to the level of a material breach.
M & M Elec. Contractor, Inc. v. Cumberland Elec. Membership Corp., 529 S.W.3d 413,
424 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016) (stating that “[t]he existence of an uncured material breach by
one party gives the non-breaching party the ability to rescind or ‘terminate’ the contract”).
A. The Trial Court’s Finding of a Breach of Contract
“Whether a party has fulfilled its obligations under a contract or is in breach of the
contract is a question of fact.” See Carter v. Krueger, 916 S.W.2d 932, 934-35 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1995). The trial court determined “the pool was not constructed such as was
contracted for by the parties.” The trial court states in its Order that it based its findings
“upon the testimony presented by the [parties].” As the Archers’ expert witness, Mr.
Sherman testified that the cause of the pool leakage was improper construction by the
Contractor. There was no cross-examination of Mr. Sherman. After the Archers rested
their case, the Contractor presented himself as the sole witness for his defense. The
Contractor testified that he worked with the Archers to fix the pool leakage, but they later
dug the pool up based on Mr. Sherman’s recommendation that the pool be completely
redone. Based upon this testimony, the trial court found “that while the pool was partially
usable, the pool was not constructed such as was contracted for by the parties.”
On appeal, we give great weight to the trial court’s judgment based on witness
credibility. Brooks v. Ibsen, No. E2000-02870-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 963722, at *4
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 24, 2001). “[I]t is implicit in the trial court’s judgment that [it]
credited the testimony” of Mr. Sherman concerning the cause of the continued pool
leakage. Id. “The trial court had the opportunity to observe the manner and demeanor of
the various witnesses and assess their credibility.” Id. Consequently, the trial court’s
“determination [is] given great weight on appeal.” Id. (citations omitted). We have further
explained that there must be clear and convincing evidence of error that warrants reversal
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of the trial court’s finding based on credibility of the witnesses. Madden Phillips Const.,
315 S.W.3d at 809 (citation omitted).
After reviewing the record, the evidence does not preponderate otherwise. We
cannot find that the trial court erred when it found that “the pool was not constructed such
as was contracted for by the parties” based upon the evidence presented. The Contractor
did not cross-examine the Archers’ expert witness, nor did the Contractor introduce
testimony contradicting the expert witness as to the cause of the pool leakage or its severity.
Therefore, we likewise conclude that the Contractor was in breach of contract for his failure
to construct the pool as was contracted for by the parties.
We note that our analysis here is consistent with that we applied in Brooks v. Ibsen.
Brooks, 2001 WL 963722, at *1. In Brooks, the plaintiff contracted with the defendant for
the installation of a swimming pool that later developed several cracks. Id. The defendant
agreed to remedy the breach without charge, and the plaintiff gave defendant permission
to begin repairing the pool. Id. After seeking a second opinion that recommended the pool
be completely redone, the plaintiff had a new pool installed over the old pool. Id. at *2.
The trial court found for the plaintiff. Id. at *4-5. We reduced the award of the trial court
so that the plaintiff was not placed in a better position than he would have been had there
been no breach. Id. at *4. Otherwise, we affirmed the trial court’s judgment for the
plaintiff. Id. at *5.
B. Material Breach
We now turn to whether the Contractor’s breach of contract was material. To
determine whether a breach is material, we look to § 241 of the Restatement (Second) of
Contracts. Forrest Const. Co., LLC v. Laughlin, 337 S.W.3d 211, 225 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2009) (citations omitted). The following are the factors in determining whether a breach
is material:
(a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the benefit which he
reasonably expected;
(b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately compensated for the part
of that benefit of which he will be deprived;
(c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will suffer
forfeiture;
(d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will cure
his failure, taking account of all the circumstances including any reasonable
assurances;
(e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to offer to
perform comports with standards of good faith and fair dealing.
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241.
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Here, we focus on factors (a) and (d) to show that the Contractor’s breach was
material. Id. Although partially usable, the defects in the pool amounted to a material
breach because the Archers were “deprived of the benefit which [they] reasonably
expected.” Id. Mr. Sherman stated in his report that “[t]he pool [was] losing water at a rate
of 6 inches per 12[-]hour period when the pool [was] filled to operation height.” After
finding and filling 75 holes and 3 major leaks in the pool, Mr. Sherman stated in the report
that “12 hours later the pool still lost 6 inches of water.” Mr. Sherman concluded in his
report that “I don’t believe that this pool can be fixed as it has been built[.] I believe that
the only option is to start over with a new pool.” Based on the evidence in the record, the
Archers bargained for a functional swimming pool, but were deprived of that benefit.1
In his testimony, Mr. Sherman stated that the cause of the pool leakage was the fact
that the pool was improperly constructed by the Contractor. Mr. Sherman stated in his
report that “the only option is to start over with a new pool.” Mr. Sherman made this
conclusion when the pool continued to lose water even after finding and filling 75 holes
and 3 major leaks in the pool. Again, the limited record before us shows that the Contractor
did not cross-examine Mr. Sherman, nor did the Contractor introduce testimony
contradicting the expert witness as to the cause of the pool leakage, its severity, or other
proposed methods to repair it.
Based upon the proof presented, we cannot find that the trial court erred when it
found that “the pool was not constructed such as was contracted for by the parties” despite
the pool being partially usable. The evidence shows that the Contractor was the first to
materially breach the contract by failing to construct the pool as was contracted for by the
parties.
V. CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the circuit court is hereby affirmed.
Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellant, Ron Noonan, for which execution may issue
if necessary.
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CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JUDGE
1
Our reasoning is consistent with another prior case involving a defective pool, in which we held
that “[i]f the defects in workmanship are so substantial that the performance of the contract made by the
defendant is worthless, the contractor must pay the other party the cost of having the job redone.” Wilhite
v. Brownsville Concrete Co., Inc., 798 S.W.2d 772, 775 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990) (citing 22 Am. Jur. 2d
Damages § 68)). In this case, the Archers “bargained for and [are] entitled to a functional swimming pool.”
Id.
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