Frels, James Scott

PD-0601-15
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 6/24/2015 4:10:13 PM
Accepted 6/25/2015 4:54:10 PM
ABEL ACOSTA
CLERK
CASE NO. PD-0601-15
_____________________________________________________________
ON APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. 12-13-00241-CR
IN THE 12TH COURT OF APPEALS, TYLER, TEXAS
APPEALED FROM CAUSE NO. 9953
TH
258 JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, TRINITY COUNTY, TEXAS
______________________________________________________________
JAMES SCOTT FRELS, Appellant
VS.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
_____________________________________________________________
APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
_____________________________________________________________
Albert J. Charanza Jr.
CHARANZA LAW OFFICE, P.C.
P. O. Box 1825
June 25, 2015 Lufkin, Texas 75902
936/634-8568
936/634-0306 (FAX)
SBN: 00783820
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Identity of All Parties ................................................................................................. 3
Index of Authorities .................................................................................................. 4
Statement Regarding Oral Argument ........................................................................ 6
Statement of the Case................................................................................................. 6
Statement of the Procedural History .......................................................................... 7
Grounds for Review ................................................................................................... 7
Ground for Review No. 1........................................................................................... 8
Does the holding in Yarbrough v. State violate due process the Texas Constitution
and United States Constitution and Texas law?
Does the failure to instruct the jury on established statutory conditions of
supervision of a sex offender violate due process the Texas Constitution and
United States Constitution?
Ground for Review No. 2 ........................................................................................ 16
Did the appellate court err in finding sufficient evidence of “penetration” to
support the conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child?
Ground for Review No. 3......................................................................................... 19
Did the appellate court err in finding no err in upholding the admission of the
SANE report?
Argument.................................................................................................................. 21
Prayer ....................................................................................................................... 22
Certificate of Service ............................................................................................... 23
1
Certificate of Compliance ....................................................................................... 24
Appendix ................................................................................................................. 25
2
IDENTITY OF ALL PARTIES
Pursuant to Tex.R.App.P. 55.2(a), the following is a list of parties to the trial
court’s judgment and the names and addresses of trial and appellate counsel.
1. James Scott Frels, TDCJ # 01843329 Appellant
Stiles Unit
3060 FM 3514
Beaumont, Texas 77705
2. Albert J. Charanza, Jr., Counsel for Appellant at trial and appeal
P.O. Box 1825
Lufkin Texas 75902
(936) 634-8568
3. Bennie Shiro, Counsel for The State of Texas at trial and on appeal
District Attorney for Trinity County
P.O. Box 400
126 W. 1st
Groveton, Texas 75845
(936) 642-2401
4. The Honorable Elizabeth Coker, Trial Judge
258th Judicial District Court
P.O. Box 1079
101 West Mills Street, Suite 286
Livingston, Texas 77351
(936) 327-6847
3
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
CASES: PAGE
Yarbrough v. State, 779 S.W.2d 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) ................................ 10
Yarbrough v. State, 742 S.W.2d 62, 64 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1987) ......................... 10
Brass v. State, 643 S.W.2d 443 (1982) .................................................................... 11
Flores v. State, 513 S.W.2d 66 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) ......................................... 11
Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 357 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)............13,14,15,16, 21
Jimenez v. State, 419 S.W.3d 706, 714 (Tex. App.-Houston 2013, pet. ref’d) ....... 17
Cornet v. State, 359 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) .............................. 17
See Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) .................. 17
Ortiz v. State, 834 S.W.2d 343, 348 (Tex.Crim.App App. 1992) ........................... 19
Blasdell v. State, 384 S.W.3d 824, 831 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ............................ 20
RULES:
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12 § 11 .............................................8, 12
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07 ...................................................... 9,14
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07 §3(b) ............................................... 10
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07 §4(a) ...........................................13,15
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 ...............................................9,14, 22
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. § 1.03 (5), 104, 105 .........................10,13,14, 22
4
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12 ...................................................13,14
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12 § 13 (B), (G) ..............................12,13
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12 § 11 ............................................13,14
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12 § 2, 4 ............................................... 13
TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10, 19. .........................................................................9,13,14
TEX. CONST. art. I, § 13 ..................................................................................13, 21
U.S. CONST. amend. V, VI ......................................................................9,13,14, 21
U.S. CONST. amend. XIV ...................................................................................... 14
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TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:
Comes now JAMES SCOTT FRELS, by and through his Attorney of
Record, and respectfully urges this Court to grant discretionary review of the above
named cause, pursuant to the rules of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals.
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Oral argument is requested since the issues on appeal address constitutional
issues as raised in this petition.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
On September 6, 2012, Defendant was arraigned by the trial court on a four
count indictment issued on April 19, 2012 alleging Aggravated Sexual Assault of a
Child and Indecency with a Child. (CR 3-5) On February 28, 2013, the trial court
granted the State’s Motion to Amend Indictment. (CR 22-25) On March 4, 2013, a
jury was selected and jury trial began. Frels pled guilty to Count II and not guilty
to all other counts. On March 6, 2013, the jury returned a verdict of guilty to
Counts I and IV and not guilty to Count III. (CR 47-50, Vol. 5) The jury assessed
punishment. (CR 34) Frels was sentenced to twenty (20) years on Count II and
seventy-five (75) years on Counts I and IV. (Vol.6, CR 47, 51, 72-73)
On March 26, 2013, Frels filed his Motion for New Trial alleging newly
discovered evidence provided by the Trinity County District Attorney’s Office
regarding a subsequent interview by Silver Choate aka Alice Smith that had not
6
been disclosed to the defense. (CR 61-63) Silver Choate elected not to use a
pseudonym. On May 16, 2013, the trial court denied the Motion for New Trial.
(CR 62) On May 24, 2013, Frels filed his Notice of Appeal. (CR 65, 75) On April
22, 2015, the 12th Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction.
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Scot Frels was charged by indictment with Aggravated Sexual Assault of a
Child and Indecency with a Child that allegedly occurred on February 9, 2012.
From March 4-6, 2013, a jury trial was held. Frels pled guilty to Count II,
Indecency with a Child by Contact and not guilty to all other counts. The jury
returned a verdict of guilty to Counts I and IV and not guilty to Count III. The jury
assessed punishment and sentenced Frels to prison. On May 16, 2013, the trial
court denied the Motion for New Trial. On May 24, 2013, Frels filed his Notice of
Appeal. On April 22, 2015, the 12th Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction in an
unpublished opinion.
On May 22, 2015, this Court granted an extension to file this petition to June
22, 2015. Frels request the court to grant his motion to extend the deadline by two
days and accept his Petition for Discretionary Review.
GROUNDS FOR REVIEW
Ground for Review No. 1 – Does the holding in Yarbrough v. State violate due
process the Texas Constitution and United States Constitution and Texas law?
7
Does the failure to instruct the jury on established statutory conditions of
supervision of a sex offender violate due process the Texas Constitution and
United States Constitution?
Ground for Review No. 2 – Did the appellate court err in finding sufficient
evidence of “penetration” to support the conviction for aggravated sexual assault of
a child
Ground for Review No. 3 – Did the appellate court err in finding no err in
upholding the admission of the SANE report
GROUND FOR REVIEW NO. 1
Does the holding in Yarbrough v. State violate due process the Texas
Constitution and United States Constitution and Texas law?
Does the failure to instruct the jury on established statutory conditions of
supervision of a sex offender violate due process the Texas Constitution and
United States Constitution?
The Court of Criminal Appeals has not addressed the issue of instructing a
jury to include conditions of community supervision in its punishment charge since
1989. The courts of appeal generally hold that an appellant has not directed them
to any authority that requires a trial court to include conditions of community
supervision in its punishment charge to a jury. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art 42.12, § 11(a) (stating "[t]he judge may impose any reasonable condition"). A
trial court determines what conditions to include and what to leave out in ordering
community supervision. See id. (stating that "[t]he judge of the court . . . shall
determine the conditions of community supervision").
8
However, jury charges in criminal cases are incomplete based on the
statutory requirements of Article 37.07, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, and
Article 36.14, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Under Article 36.14, the
purpose of a charge is to provide the jury with the statutory law applicable to the
case to guide them in their deliberations and not expressing any opinion as to the
weight of the evidence. “Subject to the provisions of Article 36.07 in each felony
case and in each misdemeanor case tried in a court of record, the judge shall,
before the argument begins, deliver to the jury, except in pleas of guilty, where a
jury has been waived, a written charge distinctly setting forth the law applicable to
the case; not expressing any opinion as to the weight of the evidence, not summing
up the testimony, discussing the facts or using any argument in his charge
calculated to arouse the sympathy or excite the passions of the jury.” Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. art. 36.14. (Emphasis added)
The court, by denying the requested defense punishment instructions, did not
provide all the relevant law related to the case since Frels was eligible for
community supervision. The charge unfairly was weighted to the jury consider
only imprisonment and not consider the factors of community supervision based on
the charge submitted. This failure to instruct the jury on the law of community
supervision violated Frels right to a fair trial under Articles I, §§ 10 and 19 of the
Texas Constitution, the 5th and 6TH amendments of the U.S. Constitution and Texas
9
Code of Criminal Procedure § 1.03(5) (right to a fair and impartial trial), 1.04 (due
course of law), 1.05 (rights of the accused). The trial court and appellate court
erred in denying the relevant provisions of the law as applied to this case and
therefore committed harmful and reversible error.
“After the introduction of such evidence has been concluded, and if the jury
has the responsibility of assessing the punishment, the court shall give such
additional written instructions as may be necessary and the order of procedure and
the rules governing the conduct of the trial shall be the same as are applicable on
the issue of guilt or innocence.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 37.07 § 3(b)
In Yarbrough v. State, 779 S.W.2d 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989), the Court of
Criminal Appeals agreed with a decision by the Dallas Court of Appeals that held
that the trial court was not required to submit the statutory terms of probation in the
jury charge on punishment. Yarbrough, 779 S.W.2d at 845 (agreeing with court of
appeals that conditions of probation need not be included in jury charge);
Yarbrough v. State, 742 S.W.2d 62, 64 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1987) (holding trial
court was not required to submit probation conditions in jury charge), pet. dism'd,
improvidently granted, 779 S.W.2d 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). In Yarbrough,
the Court specifically overruled Brass v. State, 643 S.W.2d 443 (1982), a prior
court of appeals decision that held that an accused is "entitled to have all of the
allowable statutory terms and conditions of probation enumerated in the court's
10
charge to the jury upon a proper objection or request." See Yarbrough, 779 S.W.2d
at 844 (overruling Brass v. State, 643 S.W.2d 443 (1982), that held conditions of
probation must be included in charge); see also Brass v. State, 643 S.W.2d 443,
444 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, pet. ref'd) (finding error where trial
court denied defendant's request to submit conditions of probation in jury charge),
overruled by 779 S.W.2d 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). The court of appeals
decision in Brass stemmed from its interpretation of Flores v. State, 513 S.W.2d 66
(Tex. Crim. App. 1974), where the Court of Criminal Appeals endorsed the
enumeration of probationary conditions in the jury charge. See Flores v. State, 513
S.W.2d 66, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) (finding that although "it is considered
good practice to enumerate in the court's charge the probationary conditions which
the court may impose if probation is recommended by the jury, the failure to so
enumerate the said conditions is not harmful to the accused"). Despite this
endorsement, it has been argued that no statute or decision requires the trial court
to include conditions of probation in the jury charge and trial courts do not err in
not providing the conditions of probation be included in the jury charge, nor has
fundamental error been shown in this issue on appeal. Cf. McNamara v. State, 900
S.W.2d 466, 468 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1995, no pet.) (holding that failure to
enumerate conditions of probation in charge is not harmful); Saenz v. State, 879
S.W.2d 301, 306 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1994, no pet.) (stating that trial court
11
need not inform jury of any conditions of probation in charge); Herrera v. State,
848 S.W.2d 244, 248 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1993, no pet.) (determining that
omission of conditions of probation from jury charge is not fundamental error).
During the punishment charge conference, Frels objected to the jury charge
for not including all the statutory conditions of community supervision or an
intoxication instruction. On March 6, 2013, Frels submitted proposed written
detailed jury instructions applicable to the punishment phase regarding the
applicable conditions of community supervision in a case involving sex offenders.
(CR 35-39, Vol. 6, pp. 66-68, CR 35-39) The court overruled his objections. (Vol.
6, p. 68) Frels was found guilty of a sex offense involving a child and the
supervision conditions requested by the Frels were taken from Article 42.12 § 13B
and 42.12 § 13G of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. These conditions are
in addition to the standard basic conditions of community supervision applicable
under 42.12, § 11. The court’s punishment charge in this case contained neither
the standard conditions of supervision under § 11 or the specific sex offender
conditions under Article 42.12 § 13B and 42.12 § 13G. Frels listed 24 different
conditions that could apply to someone on supervision in for a sex offense against
a child. (Vol. 6, p. 66) The charge only provided the statuatory language of
community supervision found in 42.12 § 2 and 4 “community supervision shall be
granted by the Court if the jury recommend supervision” as required under Article
12
42.12, § 2 and 4. Since the court was willing to include the provisions of Article
42.12 § 2 and 4, it was reversible error, and an abuse of discretion, to keep out the
statutory law under Article 42.12 § 11 and those under §§ 13B and 13G which
apply to sex offenders.
The court placed the provisions related under Article 37.07 § 4 relevant to
parole but failed to inform the jury about all the potential applications of the law
under Article 42.12 as to the conditions of community supervision. The court
committed reversible error by overruling Frels requested written instructions,
including the applications for parole and not the potential applications of
community supervision. If the courts in Texas are instructed to provide the jury
the law applicable to the case, then the courts need to provide the jury all the
statutory law and not just part of the law. Yarbrough needs to be overruled or
clarified to address the current statutory law in Texas as it applies to punishment in
criminal cases.
In Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 357 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), this Court
concluded that the parole law charge was not unconstitutional, and thus it was not
error for the trial court to include the legislatively-mandated instruction in its
punishment charge. In this case, Frels argues that it is a violation of a defendant’s
due process rights as guaranteed under Article 1, § 13 & 19 of the Texas
Constitution, the 5th &14th Amendments of the U.S. Constitution and Texas Code
13
of Criminal Procedure § 1.04 by not providing the statutory law under Article
42.12 in a jury charge. It is a fundamental legal precept that no person shall be
deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process and due course of law.
U.S. CONST. amends. V, XIV; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 19; TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 1.04 (Vernon 2014).
By way of example, the constitution of parole law is mandated under Article
37.07 but trial courts ignore, and are not required to provide, the statutory law
mandated by Article 42.12 when instructing the jury of the applicable law as
required under Article 36.14. It is absurd to require parole law instructions to be
given and not provide the law that applies to community supervision. The law is
the law. Either provide the jury all the law or none of the law. Clearly, the courts
want Texas juries to have all the law. The trial and appellate court erred in not
requiring all the law of Texas to be given to the jury in this case. The error was
harmful on a constitutional basis because it denied Frels right to a fair trial under
Articles I, §§ 10 and 19 of the Texas Constitution, the 5th and 6TH amendments of
the U.S. Constitution and Texas Code of Criminal Procedure § 1.03(5) (right to a
fair and impartial trial) 1.04 (due course of law), 1.05 (rights of the accused) .
The statutory parole charge, as provided in this case, instructs a jury in very
general terms about the existence and possible grant of parole. Luquis v. State, 72
S.W.3d 355, 360 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The statutory parole charge, Tex. Code
14
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 4(a), instructs a jury in very general terms about the
existence and possible grant of parole. It explicitly informs the jury that persons
such as appellant are ineligible for release on parole until they have served one-half
of their sentence or thirty years, whichever is less. The instruction also refers to the
concept of "good conduct time" and states that a person sentenced to prison might
earn some reduction in his period of incarceration (though not a reduction of his
sentence) through the discretionary award of good conduct time. The final two
paragraphs of the instruction clearly warn the jury that neither they, nor anyone
else, can accurately predict how the concepts of "good conduct time" or parole
might be applied to any particular person and thus they may not consider how
those concepts might apply to the defendant. Id.
In Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 357 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), this Court
stated:
The Texas Legislature enacted legislation that requires the trial judge
to instruct the jury in the precise wording that the statute recites. Article
37.07, section 4(a) sets out, verbatim, the words that the trial judge is to use.
There are even quotation marks around the wording of the instruction. That
is at least some indication that the Legislature did not want any creative
deviations from its chosen language. The Legislature prefaced its instruction
language with directions that "the court shall charge the jury in writing as
follows: …" The use of the word "shall" generally indicates a mandatory
duty. There is no reason to think that the Legislature enacted merely a
suggested parole law jury instruction, one that trial judges should cut and
paste as they see fit.
Trial judges, then, are faced with a dilemma. If they do not give the
statutorily mandated instruction, they violate the Legislature's law. If they do
give the instruction, defendants such as appellant and those similarly situated
15
may claim that portions of the instruction might be misleading and
inapplicable to them. Trial judges may occasionally doubt the wisdom of a
particular law, but they are not free to ignore explicit legislative directions
unless those directives are clearly unconstitutional. Therefore, because the
trial judge in this case instructed the jury according to the legislative dictate
expressed in article 37.07, section 4(a), he did not commit error.
The legislatively mandated instruction informs the jury about parole and good
conduct time generally, but it also explicitly tells them not to consider the manner
in which the parole law or good conduct time might be applied to this particular
defendant. Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 364 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)
The purpose of a criminal jury charge is to give the jury the statutory law
applicable to the case to guide them in their deliberations. The court, by denying
the written requested instructions, did not provide all the relevant law related to the
case since Frels was eligible for community supervision. The charge in this case
was unfairly weighted to the jury considering only imprisonment and not
considering the factors of community supervision based on the charge submitted
by the court. The court erred in denying the relevant provisions of the law as
applied to this case and therefore committed harmful reversible error.
GROUND FOR REVIEW NO. 2
Did the appellate court err in finding sufficient evidence of “penetration” to
support the conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child
The issue in this case was whether penetration occurred was contested.
Silver Choate testified that Frels was not just touching her with his “thingy,” but
16
was “pushing it” while on top of her, and that he was trying to “push his thing into
[her] private part.” When asked why he stopped, she replied, “[H]e said it
wouldn’t go in.” However, she testified that he tried “to push his thing in” for a
couple of minutes. Frels was unable to achieve an erection and could not
penetrate the victim’s sexual organ. The appellate court noted that “[t]hough
penetration is an element of aggravated sexual assault, erection is not.” Jimenez
v. State, 419 S.W.3d 706, 714 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d).
Citing Cornet v. State, 359 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012),
“penetration” of the female sexual organ occurs when there is “tactile contact
beneath the fold of complainant’s external genitalia.” The act of “pushing aside
and reaching beneath a natural fold of skin into an area of the body not usually
exposed to view, even in nakedness, is a significant intrusion beyond mere
external contact” and constitutes penetration for purposes of the sexual assault
statute. Id. Contact regarded as more intrusive than contact with the victim’s outer
vaginal lips amounts to penetration of the female sexual organ. Id. Although the
state may prove penetration by circumstantial evidence, and the victim need not
testify as to penetration, the evidence must prove penetration beyond a reasonable
doubt. See Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)
Frels “tried to insert [his] penis into her vagina, but could not get it in.” He
said he “was too drunk to get a full erection,” but that he was “semi-erect.” He also
17
admitted in the second statement that he “rubbed the lips of her vagina.” In
contrast, at trial, he testified that he was totally unable to obtain an erection, even
though he admitted to placing a condom on his penis. Specifically, Frels testified
that he “got her in the missionary position and attempted to penetrate her and due
to [his] intoxication [he] just was flaccid and could not do anything.” This
contradicts his second written statement in which he stated that he was “semi-
erect.”
Emily May, the nurse conducting a Sexual Assault Nurse Examination
(SANE), testified she observed redness and abrasions in the “left exterior facet”
of the victim’s sexual organ, along with two hymeneal tears. The location of the
tears in the hymen indicated they occurred while the patient was lying in a
supine position. She also testified that in order for there to be injuries to the
hymen, something would have to penetrate the labia. She indicated that the
injuries were recent; however she could not determine when or how the physical
observations occurred. She also opined that the injuries were consistent with
penetration by a penis, and the penis must be erect in order to cause the injuries
suffered which was not consistent with the testimony at trial. Additionally, May
confirmed that the injuries could have occurred from self-exploration and that no
other sexual trauma was noted.
18
Based on Frels and Choate’s testimony, penetration did not occur. The
testimony did not support the element of penetration. The appellate court erred in
holding that “the jury could have rationally concluded that Appellant’s sexual
organ had tactile contact beneath the fold of the victim’s external genitalia, that
the contact was more intrusive than contact with the victim’s outer vaginal lips,
and that he pushed aside and reached beneath a natural fold of skin into an area of
the body not usually exposed to view. Consequently, the jury could have
rationally concluded that Appellant penetrated the victim’s sexual organ.” The
court of appeals is assuming facts not in evidence in the trial of this case. Choate’s
testimony does not support the court’s opinion and it is reversible error since the
element of penetration was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
GROUND FOR REVIEW NO. 3
Did the appellate court err in finding no err in
upholding the admission of the SANE report
In this case, the issue of penetration was hotly contested. Frels filed a
pretrial written objection to the SANE report as inadmissible hearsay because the
SANE report checked off a box of the report indicating penetration. The appellate
court, citing Ortiz v. State, 834 S.W.2d 343, 348 (Tex.Crim.App App. 1992),
opined that the report was allowed under the Rules of Evidence as an expert report.
The SANE nurse, Emily May, testified. The appellate court also opined the
objection to the SANE report was not preserved. Frels filed a written pretrial
19
objection that was overruled by the court. During the trial, Frels counsel pointed to
the specific objectionable portion of the SANE record relating to penetration which
was overruled. (Vol. 4, p. 43) Given the content of the expert testimony, the
context in which it was offered, and, most pertinently, the lack of other evidence to
establish penetration by the defendant, the appellate court erred in concluding that
this opinion was not objectionable. Not all expert testimony that is logically
"relevant" will invariably serve to "assist" a jury for purposes of Rule 702. Blasdell
v. State, 384 S.W.3d 824, 831 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). “A judicious application of
the Rule 702 helpfulness standard and Rule 403 balancing factors is necessary.
Such determinations must necessarily be resolved on a case-by-case basis, as they
will depend upon factors such as the content of the testimony, the context in which
it is offered, and the state of the evidence.” Id. In Blasdell v. State, 384 S.W.3d
824, 826 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012), this Court held the court of appeals erred in
concluding that the forensic psychologist's weapon focus effect testimony was not
relevant to the issues in the case. Blasdell v. State, 384 S.W.3d 824, 826 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012) As the quantity and quality of evidence establishing a
defendant's identity as the perpetrator of the charged offense increases, the
possibility that expert testimony will facilitate the jury's resolution of a contested
issue related to the charge that issue will decrease concomitantly. At some point, a
trial court may decide that the expert testimony is, on balance, insufficiently
20
helpful to the jury's resolution of the issue to justify the time and resources it would
take to present it at trial. Such a decision under Rule 702 would fall squarely
within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.
In this case, the decision of whether penetration occurred with a flaccid
penis was to be determined from the testimony of the fact witnesses, Silver Choate
and Scott Frels. It was reversible error to admit State’s Exhibit 6, the SANE report
over defendant’s objection.
ARGUMENT
Since 1989, the appellate courts have followed the Court of Criminal
Appeals affirmation that instructing a jury to include conditions of community
supervision in its punishment charge should not be included. However, in 2002, in
Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 357 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), this court mandate
that parole be given to the jury in the punishment phase of a trial. The trial court,
by denying Frels requested defense punishment instructions, did not provide all the
relevant law related to the case since Frels was eligible for community supervision.
The charge unfairly was weighted to the jury consider only imprisonment by
emphasizing the applicable parole law and not consider the law and factors of
community supervision based on the charge submitted. This failure to instruct the
jury on Texas law of community supervision violated Frels right to a fair trial
under Articles I, §§ 10 and 19 of the Texas Constitution, the 5th and 6TH
21
amendments of the U.S. Constitution and Texas Code of Criminal Procedure §
1.03(5) (right to a fair and impartial trial), 1.04 (due course of law), 1.05 (rights of
the accused).
The courts of appeal have been erring in holding that appellants have not
directed them to any authority that requires a trial court to include conditions of
community supervision in its punishment charge to a jury. Frels has established
that under Article 36.14, the purpose of a charge is to provide the jury with the
statutory law applicable to the case to guide them in their deliberations and not
expressing any opinion as to the weight of the evidence. Yarbrough v. State
violates due process as guaranteed under the Texas Constitution, United States
Constitution and Texas law and emphasizes parole law over the law of community
supervision. The failure to instruct the jury on established statutory conditions of
supervision of a sex offender violates due process the Texas Constitution and
United States Constitution and Frels suffered harmful error in not having his
requested instructions.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE, Appellant prays the Court of Appeals grant this petition for
Discretionary review and this Court reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.
22
Respectfully submitted,
/s/Albert J. Charanza, Jr.
ALBERT J. CHARANZA, JR.
CHARANZA LAW OFFICE, P.C.
P.O. Box 1825
Lufkin, Texas 75902
936-634-8568
936-634-0306 (fax)
State Bar No. 00783820
Attorney for James Scott Frels
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
The undersigned hereby certifies that on this day June 24, 2015 the Petition for
Discretionary Review was filed electronically with the Clerk of the Court of
Criminal Appears at Court of Criminal Appeals Of Texas, P.O. Box 12308, Capitol
Station, Austin, Texas 78711 for filing and handling in that Court pursuant to
Tex.R.App.P. 68.7 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.
(2) Pursuant to Tex.R.App.P. 68.11, a legible copy of said petition has been
mailed by U.S. Mail to:
LISA MCMINN
STATE PROSECUTING ATTORNEY
P.O. BOX 13046
AUSTIN, TEXAS 78711
BENNY SHIRO
DISTRICT ATTORNEY
TRINITY COUNTY
P.O. BOX 400
GROVETON, TEXAS 75845
/s/Albert J. Charanza, Jr.
ALBERT J. CHARANZA, JR.
CHARANZA LAW OFFICE, P.C.
23
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I certify that this document contains 4,277 words, counting all parts of the
document except those excluded by Tex. R. App. P. 9.4(i)(1). The body text is in
14 point font.
/s/Albert J. Charanza, Jr.
ALBERT J. CHARANZA, JR.
CHARANZA LAW OFFICE, P.C.
24
APPENDIX
1. Memorandum Opinion Issued on April 22, 2015.
25
NO. 12-13-00241-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
JAMES SCOTT FRELS, § APPEAL FROM THE 258TH
APPELLANT
V. § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE § TRINITY COUNTY, TEXAS
MEMORANDUM OPINION
James Scott Frels appeals his convictions and sentences for aggravated sexual assault of a
child and his sentence for indecency with a child. He raises six issues on appeal. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant met the victim’s mother on an online dating site. After a two and a half month
period of social interaction, Appellant took the victim and her mother to a bar. While at the bar,
Appellant paid for several alcoholic beverages that all three of them drank. Appellant’s adult
son, who resided at Appellant’s home at the time, later arrived at the bar. He drank only one
beer while there. The group decided to leave, and Appellant drove the victim and her mother to
his home. Appellant’s son returned to the home in his own vehicle. The exact events that
occurred next were disputed, but it is undisputed that Appellant committed sexual acts with the
thirteen year old victim in his bedroom. The next day, Appellant’s son, a witness to the events,
reported his father’s conduct to law enforcement. Later that day, Appellant voluntarily provided
two written statements within a three hour period. In the first statement, Appellant admitted no
wrongdoing. In the second, he admitted engaging in sexual acts with the victim. The officers
subsequently arrested Appellant.
A grand jury charged Appellant in a four count indictment for various sexual acts with
the victim. Specifically, Appellant was indicted for indecency with a child through sexual
contact by touching the child’s genitals, a second degree felony as alleged (count two). The
remaining three counts alleged that Appellant committed the first degree felony offense of
aggravated sexual assault of a child under the age of fourteen by penetrating the child’s sexual
organ with his sexual organ (count one), causing the sexual organ of the child to contact his
mouth (count three), and causing the sexual organ of the child to contact Appellant’s sexual
organ (count four).
Just as Appellant’s jury trial began, he pleaded guilty to the indecency with a child
allegation in count two. The trial proceeded on the three aggravated sexual assault offenses. The
jury found Appellant guilty of counts one and four, and not guilty of count three. After a
punishment hearing, the jury sentenced Appellant to twenty years of imprisonment and a
$10,000.00 fine on count two, and seventy-five years of imprisonment with no fine on counts
one and four respectively. The trial court ordered that all sentences be served concurrently.
Appellant filed a motion for new trial alleging that the victim, in a posttrial interview, stated for
the first time that Appellant and the victim had an additional sexual encounter prior to the date
alleged in the indictment. After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion. This appeal
followed.
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF PENETRATION
In his fourth issue, Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support a finding
that he penetrated the victim’s sexual organ as alleged in count one of the indictment.
Standard of Review
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the appellate court must determine whether,
considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury was rationally
justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99
S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010). The duty of a reviewing court is to ensure that the evidence presented actually
supports a conclusion that the defendant committed the crime charged. See Williams v. State,
235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
2
Considering the evidence “in the light most favorable to the verdict” under this standard
requires the reviewing court to defer to the jury’s credibility and weight determinations, because
the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.
Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; see Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789. This familiar
standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the
testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from the basic facts to
ultimate facts. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789. “[A] court faced with a record
of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences must presume—even if it does not
affirmatively appear in the record—that the trier of fact resolved any such conflicts in favor of
the prosecution, and must defer to that resolution.” Id., 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2793.
Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor and
can alone be sufficient to establish guilt. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007).
Applicable Law
To satisfy the elements of aggravated sexual assault of a child as alleged in count one of
the indictment, the State was required to prove that Appellant intentionally or knowingly
penetrated the sexual organ of the victim, a child under fourteen at the time, with his sexual
organ. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i), (a)(2)(B) (West Supp. 2014).
Within the context of sexual assault, “penetration” of the female sexual organ occurs
when there is “tactile contact beneath the fold of complainant’s external genitalia.” Cornet v.
State, 359 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The act of “pushing aside and reaching
beneath a natural fold of skin into an area of the body not usually exposed to view, even in
nakedness, is a significant intrusion beyond mere external contact” and constitutes penetration
for purposes of the sexual assault statute. Id. Contact regarded as more intrusive than contact
with the victim’s outer vaginal lips amounts to penetration of the female sexual organ. Id.
The state may prove penetration by circumstantial evidence, and the victim need not
testify as to penetration. See Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990);
Murphy v. State, 4 S.W.3d 926, 929 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, pet. ref’d). Evidence of the
slightest penetration is sufficient to uphold a conviction, so long as it is shown beyond a
reasonable doubt. Luna v. State, 515 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974).
3
Discussion
Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s finding that he
penetrated the victim’s sexual organ with his sexual organ. The evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the verdict, shows that a few weeks before the incident, the victim’s mother
mentioned to the victim that she should have sex with someone experienced rather than someone
who would hurt her. The mother suggested that Appellant should be that person. At the bar on
the night of the offenses, Appellant and the victim’s mother ordered approximately sixteen beers,
six “Jell-O shots,” and five “Smirnoff” malt beverages on Appellant’s credit card. The victim, a
thirteen year old female, consumed all of the malt beverages. The victim testified that while at
the bar, Appellant showed her his cell phone, which contained an unsent text message stating, “If
you stay the night, I want you.”
The victim testified further that her mother briefly passed out after they returned to
Appellant’s home, and that Appellant grabbed the victim by the arm and took her to his bedroom
where they began engaging in sexual activities. Appellant’s son, who was present at the house at
the time, testified that Appellant’s dog opened the door to the bedroom. Appellant’s son
observed that a light was on, and he saw his father, nude, on top of the victim, who was also
nude. He stated that he could not see actual penetration, but that he heard the victim ask
Appellant to “take it out. It hurts.” He testified that Appellant was in between the victim’s legs
and her legs were around him at the time.
The victim testified that Appellant was not just touching her with his “thingy,” but was
“pushing it” while on top of her, and that he was trying to “push his thing into [her] private part.”
When asked why he stopped, she replied, “[H]e said it wouldn’t go in.” However, she testified
that he tried “to push his thing in” for a couple of minutes.
The nurse conducting the Sexual Assault Nurse Examination (SANE) testified at trial that
she examined the victim the day after the offenses took place. She testified that she observed
redness and abrasions in the “left exterior facet” of the victim’s sexual organ, along with two
hymenal tears. In her written report, the SANE nurse noted that it was too painful for the victim
to accommodate the speculum in her vagina as part of her exam, and that there was also redness
and an abrasion to the perineum on her “posterior fourchette.” She testified that the location of
the tears in the hymen indicated they occurred while the patient was lying in a supine position.
She also testified that in order for there to be injuries to the hymen, something would have to
4
penetrate the labia. She indicated that the injuries were recent because the tissues were red and
tender to the touch, and there was no “rejuvenation tissue” present. She also opined that the
injuries were consistent with penetration by a penis, and the penis must be erect in order to cause
the injuries suffered.
Appellant points to his written statements and his testimony, along with similar testimony
from the victim, that he was unable to achieve an erection and could not penetrate the victim’s
sexual organ. We note that “[t]hough penetration is an element of aggravated sexual assault,
erection is not.” Jimenez v. State, 419 S.W.3d 706, 714 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013,
pet. ref’d). Turning to his written statements, Appellant denied any wrongdoing in his first
statement. He admitted in his second statement, which was voluntarily given approximately
three hours after his first statement, that he “tried to insert [his] penis into her vagina, but could
not get it in.” He said he “was too drunk to get a full erection,” but that he was “semi-erect.” He
also admitted in the second statement that he “rubbed the lips of her vagina.” In contrast, at trial,
he testified that he was totally unable to obtain an erection, even though he admitted to placing a
condom on his penis. Specifically, Appellant testified that he “got her in the missionary position
and attempted to penetrate her and due to [his] intoxication [he] just was flaccid and could not do
anything.” This contradicts his second written statement in which he stated that he was “semi-
erect.” It is within the province of the jury as factfinder to resolve conflicts in the testimony and
the evidence. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319, 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2789, 2793. Given the evidence it
heard, the jury could have disbelieved Appellant’s testimony at trial that he was unable to
penetrate the victim.
Finally, Appellant also points to the lack of DNA testing on buccal swabs taken from the
victim, but the victim and Appellant both testified that he used a condom. It does not appear
from the record that the authorities recovered the condom used in the incident. The SANE nurse
concluded that DNA testing was unlikely to be helpful because Appellant used a condom. The
jury could have reasonably inferred that the fact that Appellant used a condom precluded the
recovery of useful DNA evidence that could exonerate him.
Based on the evidence, the jury could have rationally concluded that Appellant’s sexual
organ had tactile contact beneath the fold of the victim’s external genitalia, that the contact was
more intrusive than contact with the victim’s outer vaginal lips, and that he pushed aside and
reached beneath a natural fold of skin into an area of the body not usually exposed to view.
5
Consequently, the jury could have rationally concluded that Appellant penetrated the victim’s
sexual organ. See Cornet, 359 S.W.3d at 226.
Appellant’s fourth issue is overruled.
ADMISSIBILITY OF SANE EXAM
In his third issue, Appellant contends that the SANE report was inadmissible hearsay, a
portion of the report invaded the province of the jury, and the report also improperly bolstered
the victim’s testimony.
Standard of Review
A trial court’s decision to admit evidence over an objection is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. McCarty v. State, 257 S.W.3d 238, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). If the decision of
the trial court is within the zone of reasonable disagreement and was correct under any theory of
law applicable to the case, it will be upheld on appeal. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372,
391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
Applicable Law
To preserve a complaint for appellate review, the complaining party must have presented
a specific and timely request, motion, or objection to the trial court and, further, must have
obtained an adverse ruling. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. The complaint on appeal must comport
with the complaint made at trial. Lovill v. State, 319 S.W.3d 687, 691–92 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009).
An “invading the province of the jury” objection is no longer recognized as a valid
objection to opinion testimony. Ortiz v. State, 834 S.W.2d 343, 348 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992);
Mock v. State, 848 S.W.2d 215, 225 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1992, pet. ref’d); see also TEX. R.
EVID. 704. “The doctrine which prohibited testimony that would invade the province of the jury
‘is and has been long dead’ as a proposition of law.” Mays v. State, 563 S.W.2d 260, 263 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1978) (quoting Boyde v. State, 513 S.W.3d 588, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974)).
Discussion
In the first part of this issue, Appellant argues that the trial court improperly admitted the
SANE report under the hearsay exceptions for business records and for statements made for
purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment. See TEX. R. EVID. 803(4), (6) (medical diagnosis or
treatment and business records exceptions to hearsay rule). He contends that the exam was
6
conducted for investigatory purposes rather than for diagnosing or treating a medical condition
of the victim. Appellant did not raise this objection at trial. However, he filed a pretrial written
objection to the report on these grounds, but failed to secure a ruling on his objection.
Consequently, Appellant waived this portion of his third issue, and we do not address it. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(2)(A).
In the second component of this issue, Appellant contends that the SANE nurse’s
opinion, as expressed in her written report stating, “‘Was there penetration?’ And it’s checked
off: ‘Female sexual organ[,]’” invaded the province of the jury because it was an opinion on the
ultimate issue to be decided by the jury. The fact that the nurse, in her report, states that there
was penetration is not objectionable on this ground, because the rules of evidence permit opinion
testimony on ultimate issues of fact. See TEX. R. EVID. 704; Ortiz, 834 S.W.2d at 348.
In the final component of his third issue, Appellant contends that “[w]hen a sexual abuse
examination is at issue, and there is no physical evidence of abuse, the testimony of the sexual
assault examiner can only be seen as an attempt to directly bolster the credibility of the
complainant and a direct comment on the complainant’s truthfulness.” See Salinas v. State, 166
S.W.3d 368, 371 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d). Consequently, his argument
continues, the portion of the SANE nurse’s report indicating that the victim’s sexual organ was
penetrated is an improper comment on the victim’s truthfulness. We note that Appellant did not
object to the report or the nurse’s testimony on this ground. His only objection was that it
“invaded the province of the jury.” In other words, the argument made on appeal does not
comport with the objection he made at trial, and therefore he has failed to preserve it. See Lovill,
319 S.W.3d at 691–92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
But even if we were to review that portion of this issue, Appellant has not demonstrated
reversible error. While we agree with the general statement of law relied upon by Appellant in
Salinas, it is inapplicable here. Salinas is predicated on an absence of evidence of physical
abuse. Salinas, 166 S.W.3d at 370-71. There, the nature of the alleged abuse left no physical
evidence. Id. at 370. Nevertheless, the trial court allowed the examining physician to testify that
the victim was sexually assaulted solely on the basis of the child’s statements to the physician.
Id. The court held that “[b]ecause there was no [physical evidence of sexual abuse], [the
physician’s] testimony can only be seen as an [improper] attempt to directly bolster the
credibility of the complainant and a direct comment on the complainant’s truthfulness.” Id. at
7
371. In this case, we have already described ample evidence of the sexual assaults, including the
physical evidence of penetration from the SANE nurse’s testimony and report, along with
Appellant’s own admissions of his attempts to sexually assault the victim. For that reason, the
holding in Salinas is inapplicable to the facts of the present case.
Appellant’s third issue is overruled.
IMPROPER CLOSING ARGUMENT
In his second issue, Appellant argues that the prosecutor improperly injected facts not in
evidence during the closing argument on punishment and that he went outside the scope of
permissible argument.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s ruling on an objection to improper jury argument for abuse of
discretion. See Garcia v. State, 126 S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). To preserve error
in cases of improper prosecutorial argument, the defendant must, until he receives an adverse
ruling, (1) make a timely and specific objection; (2) request an instruction that the jury disregard
the matter improperly placed before the jury; and (3) move for a mistrial. Cockrell v. State, 933
S.W.2d 73, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Cook v. State, 858 S.W.2d 467, 473 (Tex. Crim. App.
1993).
Applicable Law
The law provides for, and presumes, a fair trial free from improper argument by the
prosecuting attorney. Long v. State, 823 S.W.2d 259, 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Permissible
jury argument falls into one of four areas: (1) summation of the evidence; (2) reasonable
deduction from the evidence; (3) an answer to the argument of opposing counsel; or (4) a plea
for law enforcement. Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 570 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Cannady v.
State, 11 S.W.3d 205, 213 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
Counsel is generally given wide latitude in drawing inferences from evidence as long as
they are reasonable, fair, legitimate, and offered in good faith. See Gaddis v. State, 753 S.W.2d
396, 398 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). It is improper for the state to argue that the community
expects a certain verdict or punishment. See Borjan v. State, 787 S.W.2d 53, 56 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1990). The state may, however, request the jury to represent or be the voice of the
community when reaching its verdict. See Cortez v. State, 683 S.W.2d 419, 421 (Tex. Crim.
8
Ohio App. 1984). The state may also properly remind the jury that its decision can reflect a desire for
strong law enforcement. See Goocher v. State, 633 S.W.2d 860, 864–65 (Tex. Crim. App.
1982).
A plea for law enforcement is proper argument and may take many forms, including
arguments that draw on the jury verdict’s impact on the deterrence of crime in general and the
community at large. Borjan, 787 S.W.2d at 55–56 (observing that state may argue that jury
should deter specific crimes by its verdict); Nelson v. State, 881 S.W.2d 97, 102 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d). Moreover, matters of common knowledge may be
incorporated into final argument without express support in the evidence. Carter v. State, 614
S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981).
Even when an argument exceeds the permissible bounds of proper argument, it is not
reversible unless the argument is extreme or manifestly improper, violates a mandatory statute,
or injects into the trial new facts harmful to the accused. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 115
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The remarks must have been a willful and calculated effort on the part
of the state to deprive Appellant of a fair and impartial trial. Id. (citing Cantu v. State, 939
S.W.2d 627, 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). In determining whether improper jury argument
warrants a mistrial, we balance three factors: (1) severity of the misconduct (the magnitude of the
prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s remarks); (2) measures adopted to cure the misconduct (the
efficacy of any cautionary instruction by the judge); and (3) the certainty of conviction absent the
misconduct (the strength of the evidence supporting the conviction). Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d
249, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
Discussion
Appellant points to several statements by the prosecutor during the punishment phase that
he alleges are improper argument warranting a new trial. First, he alleges the argument that
Appellant and the victim’s mother planned the sexual conduct is the injection of a new fact
unsupported by the record. The evidence admitted at trial shows that this statement is both a
summation of the evidence and a reasonable deduction from the evidence. As we have stated,
the victim testified that a few weeks before the sexual assaults, her mother brought up the topic
of sex and stated “better you do it with someone experienced than somebody that will hurt you.”
She testified that her mother told her Appellant should be that person.
9
On the night of the offenses, the victim’s mother actively assisted in her daughter’s
intoxication. While the offenses occurred, Appellant’s son asked the victim’s mother why she let
this happen, and in response, she tried to “calm [him] down.” Moreover, he testified that the
victim’s mother was aware of the conduct, watched from the doorway as it occurred, and did
nothing to stop it. One of the investigating officers testified that the victim’s mother was
arrested for endangering a child, and that he subsequently filed an additional charge against her
for sexual performance of a child.
The victim testified at trial that her mother knew she was going into Appellant’s room.
She also stated that her mother entered Appellant’s bedroom at or near the time the sexual acts
happened or just as they concluded. Her mother got in the bed with her clothes off. Also, the
victim testified that her mother asked her the morning after, without the victim’s raising it,
whether Appellant “put his thingy in [her].” The victim replied “yes, but no.” She clarified that
“yes, [he put his thingy inside,] but he said he didn’t.” Similarly, the SANE notes indicate that
the victim said that her mother “came in and got in bed with [them as the sexual acts concluded].
[Appellant and the victim’s mother] started moving around. So [the victim] got up and went to
sleep on the couch.”
Finally, in Appellant’s first written statement, he said that Appellant’s son told him the
following day that the victim’s mother watched through the door and asked his son to just “let it
happen.”1 The jury could reasonably infer from all this evidence that Appellant and the victim’s
mother planned the encounter, which is a fair summation of the evidence and therefore a
permissible basis for jury argument.
Next, Appellant argues that the prosecutor improperly injected facts not in evidence by
referring to a cable television program filmed in Trinity County, entitled Fat Cops, which
humorously documents the daily lives of the City of Trinity’s residents and its police officers.
The trial court sustained his objection, but Appellant did not request an instruction to disregard
the comment or move for a mistrial. Consequently, he has waived this component of his second
issue. See Cockrell, 933 S.W.2d at 89.
Even if we were to address this portion of his second issue, we would conclude that it
was a proper plea for law enforcement. When reading the record as a whole, it is clear that the
1
Although Appellant acknowledged that his son told Appellant that he saw them having sex, Appellant
denied having sex with the victim.
10
prosecutor used this reference to the program to compare the comedic nature of it with what he
believed to be lax enforcement of sex crimes laws in the Trinity County area. The prosecutor
urged the jury, who likely was aware of the program, that it should refrain from allowing the
proceedings to become an episode of the show, and that it should enforce the law and levy a
severe punishment. As we have stated, a plea for law enforcement can take many forms. See
Borjan, 787 S.W.2d at 55–56. We cannot conclude that the prosecutor’s statements were
improper argument.
Similarly, Appellant contends that the prosecutor acted improperly when he argued that
he did not sleep well during the trial because he has worked hard and has “done everything [he]
could do.” He argues that this is a plea for empathy in that the prosecutor asked the jury to
assess a strict punishment because the prosecutor worked hard on presenting the case to them.
However, read in context, the prosecutor further explained that he would sleep well the night that
the trial concluded, because he fully presented his case, it was now in the jury’s hands, and it was
the jury’s responsibility to administer justice. The prosecutor continued that justice should be
achieved “for this victim in this case and also let’s punish this guy for what he did.” In the
context in which it was made, the prosecutor’s statement is a proper plea for law enforcement.
Finally, even if the trial court erred in allowing the prosecutor to make the complained of
arguments, the error would not result in a mistrial. The statements were brief, the trial court was
not asked for curative instructions on any of the errors, Appellant never moved for a mistrial, and
the evidence of guilt, which we have already described, is overwhelming.
Appellant’s second issue is overruled.
THE TRIAL COURT’S CHARGE ON PUNISHMENT
In his fifth issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to include all
statutory terms and conditions of community supervision applicable to sex offenders in its charge
to the jury on punishment. See, e.g., TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12 §§ 11, 13(B), (G),
(H), 14 (West Supp. 2014). The trial court is not required to list these terms and conditions as
part of its charge to the jury on punishment, and the trial court could properly refuse this request.
See Yarbrough v. State, 779 S.W.2d 844, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (per curiam); Croft v.
State, 148 S.W.3d 533, 539-40 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.).
Appellant’s fifth issue is overruled.
11
MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL – NEWLY DISCOVERED EVIDENCE
In his first issue, Appellant contends that he is entitled to a new trial because newly
discovered evidence showed that the victim “withheld relevant information prior to trial” that
affected the presentation of the case.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
Motions for new trial based on grounds of newly discovered evidence are not favored by
courts. Drew v. State, 743 S.W.2d 207, 225–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure Article 40.001 provides “[a] new trial shall be granted an accused where
material evidence favorable to the accused has been discovered since trial.” TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 40.001 (West 2006). In order for a defendant to be entitled to a new trial on the
basis of newly discovered or newly available evidence, the following four-part test must be met:
(1) the new evidence must have been unknown or unavailable to him at the time of trial; (2) his
failure to discover or to obtain the evidence was not due to his lack of diligence; (3) the new
evidence is admissible and not merely cumulative, corroborative, collateral, or impeaching; and
(4) the new evidence is probably true and will probably bring about a different result on another
trial. Carsner v. State, 444 S.W.3d 1, 2–3 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). The failure of the movant to
establish any one of the requirements for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence
supports the trial court’s denial of the motion. See Jones v. State, 234 S.W.3d 151, 157 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.) (citing Shafer v. State, 82 S.W.3d 553, 556 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2002, pet. ref’d)).
Discussion
Appellant argues that after the trial’s conclusion, the victim gave another interview, and
claimed that she and Appellant had sexual intercourse a week or two prior to the alleged incident
in this case. Appellant asserts that had he known this, his strategy would have been different.
Namely, he contends he would have used the information to show that the victim lied, that it was
possible that the penetration occurred during the earlier event, and that he never penetrated the
victim on the night of the offenses for which he was indicted. Alternatively, Appellant argues
that he might have decided to plead guilty had he known of the interview.
It appears that the crux of Appellant’s claim is that he would have used the interview to
impeach the victim’s credibility at a new trial. This is an improper basis upon which to grant a
12
motion for new trial for newly discovered evidence. See Carsner, 444 S.W.3d at 2–3
(identifying impeachment as improper basis for new trial due to newly discovered evidence).
With regard to his complaint that the interview would dispel any possibility that he
penetrated the victim on the date alleged in the indictment, such a conclusion does not follow,
because we have already described ample evidence that he penetrated the victim’s sexual organ
on the night alleged in the indictment. Moreover, one of the focuses of Appellant’s defense was
that he was a man of good character and that this was an isolated incident that occurred while he
was intoxicated. Had the jury known that he committed other sexual offenses against the victim
on a prior occasion, it would likely have assessed an even harsher sentence. Consequently, we
fail to see how he was harmed by the omission of the evidence.
Finally, with regard to Appellant’s argument that he would have pleaded guilty had he
known of the interview, he cites no authority to support that a change in trial strategy based on
newly discovered evidence is a proper ground for a new trial under these circumstances. Nor
have we have found such authority.
Appellant’s first issue is overruled.
CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
In his sixth issue, Appellant argues that his concurrent sentences amount to cruel and
unusual punishment in violation of the United States and Texas constitutions. However,
Appellant made no timely objection to the trial court raising the issue of cruel and unusual
punishment and has, therefore, failed to preserve any such error. See Rhoades v. State, 934
S.W.2d 113, 120 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (waiver with regard to rights under the Texas
Constitution); Curry v. State, 910 S.W.2d 490, 497 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (waiver with regard
to rights under the United States Constitution); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; Mays v. State, 285
S.W.3d 884, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). (“Preservation of error is a systemic requirement that
a first-level appellate court should ordinarily review on its own motion[;] . . . it [is] incumbent
upon the [c]ourt itself to take up error preservation as a threshold issue.”). But even despite
Appellant’s failure to preserve error, we conclude that the sentences about which Appellant
complains do not constitute cruel and unusual punishment.
The legislature is vested with the power to define crimes and prescribe penalties. See
Davis v. State, 905 S.W.2d 655, 664 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1995, pet. ref’d); see also Simmons
13
v. State, 944 S.W.2d 11, 15 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1996, pet. ref’d). Courts have repeatedly held
that punishment which falls within the limits prescribed by a valid statute is not excessive, cruel,
or unusual. See Harris v. State, 656 S.W.2d 481, 486 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Jordan v. State,
495 S.W.2d 949, 952 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973); Davis, 905 S.W.2d at 664. In the case at hand,
Appellant was convicted of two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child, the punishment
range for which is five to ninety-nine years or life for each offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§§ 12.32, 22.021 (West 2011 & Supp. 2014). He was also convicted for indecency with a child
by contact, the punishment range for which as alleged, is two to twenty years of imprisonment.
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 12.33, 21.11 (West 2011). Here, the sentences imposed by the
trial court fall within the range set forth by the legislature. Therefore, the punishments are not
prohibited as cruel, unusual, or excessive per se.
Nonetheless, Appellant urges the court to perform the three part test originally set forth in
Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1983). Under this test, the
proportionality of a sentence is evaluated by considering (1) the gravity of the offense and the
harshness of the penalty, (2) the sentences imposed on other criminals in the same jurisdiction,
and (3) the sentences imposed for commission of the same crime in other jurisdictions. Solem,
463 U.S. at 292, 103 S. Ct. at 3011. The application of the Solem test has been modified by
Texas courts and the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 111 S. Ct. 2680, 115 L. Ed. 2d 836 (1991) to require a
threshold determination that the sentence is grossly disproportionate to the crime before
addressing the remaining elements. See, e.g., McGruder v. Puckett, 954 F.2d 313, 316 (5th Cir.
1992), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 849, 113 S. Ct. 146, 121 L. Ed. 2d 98 (1992); see also Jackson v.
State, 989 S.W.2d 842, 845–46 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, no pet.).
We first must determine whether Appellant’s sentences are grossly disproportionate. In
so doing, we are guided by the holding in Rummel v. Estell, 445 U.S. 263, 100 S. Ct. 1133, 63 L.
Ed. 2d 382 (1980). In Rummel, the Supreme Court addressed the proportionality claim of an
appellant who had received a mandatory life sentence under a prior version of the Texas habitual
offender statute for a conviction of obtaining $120.75 by false pretenses. See id., 445 U.S. at
266, 100 S. Ct. at 1135. A life sentence was imposed because the appellant also had two prior
felony convictions––one for fraudulent use of a credit card to obtain $80.00 worth of goods or
services and the other for passing a forged check in the amount of $28.36. Id., 445 U.S. at 266,
14
100 S. Ct. at 1134–35. After recognizing the legislative prerogative to classify offenses as
felonies and, further, considering the purpose of the habitual offender statute, the court
determined that the appellant’s mandatory life sentence did not constitute cruel and unusual
punishment. Id., 445 U.S. at 285, 100 S. Ct. at 1145.
In the case at hand, the two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child, along with the
indecency with a child count, were far more serious than the combination of offenses committed
by the appellant in Rummel, while Appellant’s seventy-five year sentences and twenty year
sentence are, in effect, no more severe than the life sentence upheld by the Supreme Court in
Rummel. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that if the sentence in Rummel was not
unconstitutionally disproportionate, then neither are the concurrent sentences assessed against
Appellant in the case at hand. Therefore, since the threshold test has not been satisfied, we need
not apply the remaining elements of the Solem test.
Appellant’s sixth issue is overruled.
DISPOSITION
Having overruled Appellant’s six issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
JAMES T. WORTHEN
Chief Justice
Opinion delivered April 22, 2015.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.
(DO NOT PUBLISH)
15
COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
JUDGMENT
APRIL 22, 2015
NO. 12-13-00241-CR
JAMES SCOTT FRELS,
Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
Appeal from the 258th District Court
of Trinity County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 9953)
THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the
judgment.
It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court
below for observance.
James T. Worthen, Chief Justice.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.