Okonkwo, Ex Parte Chidiebele Gabriel

PD-1259-15
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 10/28/2015 5:51:35 PM
NO. PD-1259-15 Accepted 11/2/2015 11:25:44 AM
_________________________________ ABEL ACOSTA
CLERK
IN THE
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
_________________________________
EX PARTE CHIDIEBELE GABRIEL OKONKWO
_________________________________
ON DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT HOUSTON
CAUSE NO. 14-14-00835-CR
_________________________________
Appealed from the 434th District Court
of Fort Bend County, Texas
Cause No. 09-DCR-052539
_________________________________
PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
_________________________________
Josh Schaffer
State Bar No. 24037439
1021 Main St., Suite 1440
Houston, Texas 77002
November 2, 2015 (713) 951-9555
(713) 951-9854 (facsimile)
josh@joshschafferlaw.com
Attorney for Appellant
CHIDIEBELE GABRIEL OKONKWO
ORAL ARGUMENT NOT REQUESTED
IDENTITY OF THE PARTIES
Appellant: Chidiebele Gabriel Okonkwo
3323 Thistlegrove Lane
Sugar Land, Texas 77498
Trial Counsel: Sean Buckley
770 South Post Oak Lane, Suite 620
Houston, Texas 77056
Appellate Counsel: Brian Wice
440 Louisiana, Ste. 900
Houston, Texas 77002
Habeas Counsel: Josh Schaffer
1021 Main, Ste. 1440
Houston, Texas 77002
Trial Prosecutor: Rodolfo Ramirez
301 Jackson St., Room 101
Richmond, Texas 77469
Appellate & Habeas Prosecutor: Gail Kikawa McConnell
301 Jackson St., Room 101
Richmond, Texas 77469
Trial & Habeas Judge: James Shoemake
434th District Court Judge
301 Jackson St., Room 125
Richmond, TX 77469
i
SUBJECT INDEX
Page
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY .................................................. 1
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT .......................................... 2
GROUNDS FOR REVIEW .................................................................................. 2-3
STATEMENT OF THE CASE ............................................................................. 3
ARGUMENT ......................................................................................................... 4
FIRST GROUND FOR REVIEW .............................................................. 4
WHERE THE JURY HAD TO RESOLVE WHETHER
APPELLANT REASONABLY BELIEVED THAT THE
COUNTERFEIT MONEY WAS AUTHENTIC, THE
FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN HOLDING
THAT COUNSEL DID NOT PERFORM DEFICIENTLY WHEN
HE CONCEDED DURING SUMMATION THAT APPELLANT
ACTED “IN A TOTALLY UNREASONABLE WAY THAT
LACKS COMMON SENSE EVEN AT A BASIC LEVEL” (5
R.R. 177).
A. Statement Of Facts............................................................................ 4
B. Arguments And Authorities ............................................................. 5
1. The standard of review on an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim.......................................................................... 5
2. Counsel performed deficiently when he conceded during
summation that appellant acted “in a totally unreasonable
way that lacks common sense even at a basic level.” ........ 6
ii
Page
3. The Court of Appeals’ decision conflicts with applicable
decisions of the Supreme Court and another court of
appeals, calls for an exercise of the Court’s power of
supervision, and fails to address the issue raised by
appellant’s arguments ........................................................ 9
SECOND GROUND FOR REVIEW......................................................... 13
THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN
APPLYING THE WRONG STANDARD OF REVIEW WHEN IT
ANALYZED THE PREJUDICIAL EFFECT OF APPELLANT’S
REMAINING ALLEGATONS OF DEFICIENT PERFORMANCE
INDIVIDUALLY INSTEAD OF CUMULATIVELY, CONTRARY
TO STRICKLAND V. WASHINGTON, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), AND EX
PARTE AGUILAR, No. AP-75,526, 2007 WL 3208751 (TEX. CRIM.
APP. 2007).
A. Statement Of Facts............................................................................ 13
B. Arguments And Authorities ............................................................. 14
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 16
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE.............................................................................. 17
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .................................................................... 17
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 18
iii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases Page
Brown v. State, 978 S.W.2d 708 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1998, pet. ref’d) ...... 12
Craig v. State, 847 S.W.2d 434 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1984, no pet.)............... 6,8,10
Ex parte Aguilar, No. AP-75,526, 2007 WL 3208751 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007) ................................................................................................3,4,6,13,15
Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d 128 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) ........................ 14
Ex parte Okonkwo, No. 14-14-00835-CR (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2015) ............................................................................................................ 2
Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973) ........................................................ 11
Herring v. New York, 422 U.S. 853 (1975) ..................................................... 10-11
Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365 (1986) ................................................ 16
Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419 (1995) ................................................................. 6,16
McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759 (1970) ................................................... 5
Okonkwo v. State, 357 S.W.3d 815 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist] 2011)..... 1
Okonkwo v. State, 398 S.W.3d 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) ............................... 1,8,10
Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932) ................................................................ 5
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) ........................................ 3-6,11,13,15
Wiley v. Sowders, 647 F.2d 642 (6th Cir. 1981) .............................................. 7
iv
Constitutional Provisions Page
U.S. CONST. amend. VI.......................................................................................... 5
U.S. CONST. amend. XIV ................................................................................... 5
Statutory Provision
TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE art. 11.072 (West 2014) ............................................ 1
Rules
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1 .......................................................................................... 12
TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(a) ..................................................................................... 12
TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(c) ..................................................................................... 12,16
TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(f) ...................................................................................... 12
v
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Appellant was charged with the third-degree felony offense of forgery in cause
number 52,539 in the 434th District Court of Fort Bend County. He pled not guilty
before the Honorable James Shoemake. A jury convicted him on July 16, 2010.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, the court assessed his punishment at three years in
prison, probated for three years, on October 22, 2010. Sean Buckley represented him
at trial.
The Fourteenth Court of Appeals reversed appellant’s conviction in a
published opinion issued on December 20, 2011.1 The Court of Criminal Appeals
reversed that judgment and affirmed the conviction in a published opinion issued on
May 15, 2013.2 Okonkwo v. State, 357 S.W.3d 815 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist] 2011), rev’d, 398 S.W.3d 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Brian Wice represented
him on appeal.
Appellant filed a habeas corpus application pursuant to article 11.072 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure on May 23, 2014 (C.R. 173-202). The Honorable James
Shoemake entered a nunc pro tunc order deleting the fine on June 10 (C.R. 221);
conducted a hearing on September 5; and denied habeas corpus relief on September
1
The Court of Appeals held that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request an
instruction in the jury charge on the defense of mistake of fact.
2
This Court held that counsel was not ineffective because the State already had to prove
that appellant knew that the money was forged as an element of the offense.
1
23, 2014 (C.R. 323).3 Present counsel represented him in the habeas proceeding.
The Fourteenth Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of habeas corpus relief in
an unpublished opinion issued on August 27, 2015. Appellant did not move for
rehearing. Ex parte Okonkwo, No. 14-14-00835-CR (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2015) (not designated for publication) (Appendix). Present counsel
represented him.
This Court previously granted an extension of time to file the petition for
discretionary review. It must be filed by October 28, 2015.
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Appellant does not request oral argument because the issues, though
important, involve well-settled legal principles and can be resolved on the briefs.
However, should the Court want to hear argument, counsel eagerly will present it.
GROUNDS FOR REVIEW
1. Where the jury had to resolve whether appellant
reasonably believed that the counterfeit money was
authentic, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals erred in
holding that counsel did not perform deficiently when he
conceded during summation that appellant acted “in a
totally unreasonable way that lacks common sense even
at a basic level” (5 R.R. 177).
3
The trial court created confusion when it signed conflicting orders that granted and
denied relief and adopted both appellant’s and the State’s proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law on September 23, 2014 (C.R. 323, 341, 404). The State sought clarification
of the ruling (C.R. 343-86). The court asserted on October 9 that it signed the order granting
relief inadvertently and intended to sign the State’s findings and deny relief (C.R. 404).
2
2. The Fourteenth Court of Appeals erred in applying the
wrong standard of review when it analyzed the
prejudicial effect of appellant’s remaining allegations of
deficient performance individually instead of
cumulatively, contrary to Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668 (1984), and Ex parte Aguilar, No. AP-75,526,
2007 WL 3208751 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant attempted to use counterfeit money to obtain a money order from
an HEB grocery store. The State alleged that he committed forgery by possessing
and presenting counterfeit money, knowing that it was forged, with the intent to
defraud the store.
Appellant’s defense at trial was that he did not know the money was forged
and reasonably believed it was authentic. A native of Nigeria, he testified that he
received a large amount of cash in the mail from a man in Nigeria who wanted him
to purchase a car in the United States and ship it to Nigeria. Appellant tested some
of the bills with a counterfeit-detection pen and concluded that they were authentic.
The man asked him to obtain money orders to pay some invoices. He purchased
money orders using the money at two grocery stores, but HEB rejected the money
and called the police. The verdict depended on his credibility.
The Court of Appeals erred in two respects. First, where the jury had to
resolve whether appellant reasonably believed that the counterfeit money was
authentic, it erroneously concluded that counsel did not perform deficiently when
3
he conceded during summation that appellant acted “in a totally unreasonable way
that lacks common sense even at a basic level.” Second, it applied the wrong
standard of review when it analyzed the prejudicial effect of appellant’s remaining
allegations of deficient performance individually instead of cumulatively, contrary
to Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and Ex parte Aguilar, No. AP-
75,526, 2007 WL 3208751 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
ARGUMENT
FIRST GROUND FOR REVIEW
WHERE THE JURY HAD TO RESOLVE WHETHER
APPELLANT REASONABLY BELIEVED THAT THE
COUNTERFEIT MONEY WAS AUTHENTIC, THE
FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN
HOLDING THAT COUNSEL DID NOT PERFORM
DEFICIENTLY WHEN HE CONCEDED DURING
SUMMATION THAT APPELLANT ACTED “IN A
TOTALLY UNREASONABLE WAY THAT LACKS
COMMON SENSE EVEN AT A BASIC LEVEL” (5 R.R.
177).
A. Statement Of Facts
The indictment alleged that appellant, with intent to defraud, possessed
forged money with intent to pass the money and “with knowledge that the [money]
was forged” (C.R. 4). The court instructed the jury in the application paragraph of
the charge to convict appellant if it found, beyond a reasonable doubt, inter alia,
that he acted “with knowledge that the [money] was forged” (C.R. 40). Appellant
testified that he did not know the money was counterfeit and believed it was
4
authentic (4 R.R. 205, 212, 215-17, 228, 233; 5 R.R. 11-12, 19, 67, 74, 139-40).
Counsel began his summation by conceding that the State proved beyond a
reasonable doubt that appellant acted “in a totally unreasonable way that lacks
common sense even at a basic level” (5 R.R. 177).
B. Argument And Authorities
1. The standard of review on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
Appellant had a right to the effective assistance of counsel at trial. U.S.
CONST. amends. VI and XIV; Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 68-72 (1932).
Counsel must act within the range of competence demanded of counsel in criminal
cases. McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 (1970).
In Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), the Supreme Court
addressed the federal constitutional standard to determine whether counsel rendered
reasonably effective assistance. The defendant first must show that counsel’s
performance was deficient—that counsel made errors so serious that he was not
functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.
Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense—that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair
trial with a reliable result.
The defendant must identify specific acts or omissions of counsel that are
alleged not to have been the result of reasonable professional judgment. The
5
reviewing court must then determine whether, in light of all the circumstances, the
identified acts or omissions were outside the range of professionally competent
assistance. Ultimately, the defendant must show “a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Counsel’s errors are
considered cumulatively to determine whether applicant was prejudiced. Ex parte
Aguilar, No. AP-75,526, 2007 WL 3208751, *3 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (not
designated for publication).
Appellant need not show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors,
he would have been acquitted. Rather, the issue is whether he received a fair trial
that produced a verdict worthy of confidence. Cf. Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419,
434 (1995).
2. Counsel performed deficiently when he conceded during summation
that appellant acted “in a totally unreasonable way that lacks
common sense even at a basic level.”
Defense counsel performs deficiently where his summation is affirmatively
prejudicial. See Craig v. State, 847 S.W.2d 434, 435-36 (Tex. App.—El Paso
1984, no pet.) (counsel summarized evidence in manner favorable to State,
misquoted testimony in manner unfavorable to defendant, and argued that
punishment verdict would not deter lifestyle of defendant or his “bandito friends”).
6
Counsel cannot concede the defendant’s guilt during summation where he pleads
not guilty. Wiley v. Sowders, 647 F.2d 642, 649-50 (6th Cir. 1981). It is
prejudicial for counsel to concede during summation that the defendant acted
unreasonably where that concession relates to the only contested element of the
alleged offense and undermines the entire defensive theory.
By the time of summation, counsel thought that the jury believed that
appellant was either a criminal or an idiot (C.R. 213; AX 1 at 8). Counsel decided
to embrace the notion that he was an idiot and conceded that he acted without
reason and common sense. Counsel admits that he did not give adequate thought
to the argument before making it; that he should have said that appellant was
gullible or naive without conceding that appellant acted unreasonably; and that his
concession conflicted with the defensive theory that appellant reasonably believed
that the money was authentic because a sampling of bills were tested by a
counterfeit-detection pen and several stores previously accepted the bills.
Counsel regrets making this particular argument and, as a result of this case,
will never do so in the future (C.R. 213; AX 1 at 8). He admits that it was not a
sound strategy to concede that appellant acted unreasonably and without common
sense where the defensive theory was that appellant reasonably believed that the
money was authentic. He recognized the harm of this argument when this Court
observed on discretionary review that he presented inconsistent defensive theories.
7
See Okonkwo, 398 S.W.3d at 696. In a footnote, this Court cited this particular
argument as an example of that inconsistency. Id. at n. 7. Counsel admits that he
should have argued that appellant lacked the intent to commit forgery because he
honestly and reasonably believed that the money was authentic (C.R. 213; AX 1 at
8). Counsel performed deficiently in this regard. Craig, 847 S.W.2d at 435-36
(counsel ineffective in making prejudicial argument summarizing evidence in
manner favorable to State).
In the habeas proceeding, the trial court adopted the State’s proposed
conclusion that counsel executed a reasonable strategy to acknowledge appellant’s
“odd behavior and shortcomings up front, and focus the jury’s attention on the
critical issue in the case” (C.R. 335, 340; Finding 60; Conclusion 17). This
conclusion ignores the allegation because it fails to address counsel’s conduct in
conceding that appellant acted unreasonably and without common sense.
Appellant does not complain about counsel’s strategic decision to acknowledge
appellant’s “odd behavior and shortcomings,” or to focus the jury on whether
appellant knew that the money was counterfeit. The issue is that counsel should
have employed this strategy without conceding such an important part of the
defense—that appellant reasonably believed the money was authentic. The trial
court totally ignored counsel’s affidavit on this issue.
8
3. The Court of Appeals’ decision conflicts with applicable decisions
of the Supreme Court and another court of appeals, calls for an
exercise of the Court’s power of supervision, and fails to address
the issue raised by appellant’s arguments.
The Court of Appeals concluded that the habeas record “supports the trial
court’s finding that counsel’s acknowledgment of appellant’s odd behavior up front
was a sound trial strategy.” Appendix at 8. It asserted that there was evidence
suggesting that appellant knew the money was counterfeit; that counsel “sought to
gain credibility with the jury by admitting that [this] behavior seemed odd”; and that
counsel attempted to “explain away the oddity.” Appendix at 8-9. It held that this
was a “calculated risk.” Appendix at 9.
The Court of Appeals acknowledged that appellant specifically complained
about counsel’s description of his behavior as “unreasonable” but held that this did
not constitute deficient performance. Appendix at 9. It concluded that the jury did
not have to determine whether appellant acted reasonably, but only whether he
intended to pass counterfeit money. This analysis was dead wrong. The only
contested issue at trial was whether appellant reasonably believed that the money he
presented to the store was authentic. Stated otherwise, appellant contended that he
did not know that the money was counterfeit. The jury had to resolve whether this
belief was reasonable.4 This Court recognized on discretionary review that the State
4
Indeed, the State contended on direct appeal that the jury could not have convicted
appellant without rejecting his testimony that he believed the money to be authentic.
9
had to prove that appellant knew the money was forged as an element of the offense.
Okonkwo, 398 S.W.3d at 691, 695. Counsel destroyed the defense when he
conceded during summation that appellant did not act reasonably. His argument was
contrary to appellant’s not guilty plea, undermined appellant’s testimony, and was
objectively deficient. The Court of Appeals totally ignored that appellant’s
“knowledge” was an essential element of the offense, and it neither discussed nor
distinguished Craig.
Additionally, the Court of Appeals failed to address appellant’s argument that
counsel’s concession was especially harmful in light of this Court’s decision on
discretionary review. Specifically, this Court cited the complained-of argument as
an example of counsel’s failure to present consistent defensive theories. Okonkwo,
398 S.W.3d at 696, n. 7. The Court of Appeals ignored this footnote despite
appellant’s reliance on it.
The importance of closing argument in a criminal case cannot be
underestimated. The Supreme Court has recognized that there can be “no doubt
that closing argument for the defense is a basic element of the adversary fact-
finding process in a criminal trial.” Herring v. New York, 422 U.S. 853, 858
(1975). That Court observed, id. at 862:
It can hardly be questioned that closing argument serves
to sharpen and clarify the issues for resolution by the trier
of fact in a criminal case. For it is only after all the
evidence is in that counsel for the parties are in a position
10
to present their respective versions of the case as a whole.
Only then can they argue the inferences to be drawn from
all the testimony, and point out the weaknesses of their
adversaries’ positions. And, for the defense, closing
argument is the last clear chance to persuade the trier of
fact that there may be reasonable doubt of the
defendant’s guilt.
Defense counsel has a duty to present arguments that support, rather than
undermine, the defendant’s position. If the defendant contests guilt, counsel has a
duty to argue that the State did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt one or more
of the elements of the offense. Lawyers “are advocates, and bound by professional
duty to present all available evidence and arguments in support of their clients’
positions and to contest with vigor all adverse evidence and views.” Gagnon v.
Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 787 (1973). Indeed, “no aspect of such advocacy could be
more important than the opportunity finally to marshal the evidence for each side
before submission of the case to judgment.” Herring, 422 U.S. at 862.
Counsel owed appellant a duty of loyalty that the Supreme Court has
described as “the most basic of counsel’s duties.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692. He
breached that duty when he conceded during summation that appellant acted
unreasonably, where the defensive theory was that appellant reasonably believed
that the money was authentic. No sound strategy could justify counsel’s conduct.
Indeed, he admits that this argument was unsound.
Finally, it is telling that the Court of Appeals severed this allegation of
11
deficient performance from the other seven, choosing to presume that the others
constituted deficient performance but did not cause prejudice. That decision
demonstrates loudly that the Court of Appeals could not avoid the prejudicial
effect of counsel’s concession, which was especially harmful where it occurred
immediately before the jury began deliberations. See Brown v. State, 978 S.W.2d
708, 715 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1998, pet. ref’d) (“. . . the harm arose immediately
before the jury was to retire and deliberate. Thus, its potential effect was not as
attenuated as it would have been had the misconduct occurred elsewhere.”). The
court’s decision not to presume that counsel’s concession was deficient and
consider its prejudicial effect along with the other allegations of deficient
performance begs the question: “Is this one of those cases where counsel’s
conduct was so prejudicial, it could not have been the result of a sound strategy?”
The Court should grant review because the Court of Appeals decided an
important question of law in conflict with the applicable decisions of the Supreme
Court and another court of appeals; so far departed from the accepted and usual
course of judicial proceedings as to call for an exercise of the Court’s power of
supervision; and failed to address the issue raised by appellant’s arguments. TEX.
R. APP. P. 47.1, 66.3(a), 66.3(c), & 66.3(f).
12
SECOND GROUND FOR REVIEW
THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS ERRED
IN APPLYING THE WRONG STANDARD OF
REVIEW WHEN IT ANALYZED THE PREJUDICIAL
EFFECT OF APPELLANT’S REMAINING
ALLEGATONS OF DEFICIENT PERFORMANCE
INDIVIDUALLY INSTEAD OF CUMULATIVELY,
CONTRARY TO STRICKLAND V. WASHINGTON, 466 U.S.
668 (1984), AND EX PARTE AGUILAR, No. AP-75,526,
2007 WL 3208751 (TEX. CRIM. APP. 2007).
A. Statement Of Facts
In addition to appellant’s allegation that counsel performed deficiently in
making a prejudicial concession during summation, appellant raised seven other
allegations of deficient performance in the Court of Appeals:
1. Counsel failed to object to inadmissible testimony that most suspects
cooperate during investigations and that, in other cases, cooperative
suspects consented to searches that revealed contraband;
2. counsel elicited improper opinion testimony that one of the lead police
investigators believed that appellant knew the money was counterfeit;
3. counsel elicited inadmissible testimony that guilty people in
counterfeit cases profess their innocence;
4. counsel opened the door to inadmissible testimony that the State’s
expert on counterfeit money had never seen Nigerians victimize other
Nigerians in a scheme to defraud;
5. counsel failed to object to improper cross-examination regarding what
the defense witnesses would have done had they received a package
containing a large amount of cash;
6. counsel failed to object to the prosecutor’s comment that appellant had
engaged in plea negotiations and, when responding to the prosecutor,
13
acknowledged that appellant made admissions during plea
negotiations; and
7. counsel failed to object to the prosecutor improperly asking appellant
if the lead case agent was lying about the money being counterfeit.
Counsel provided an affidavit in the habeas proceeding in which he admitted that
none of these acts or omissions was based on sound trial strategy (C.R. 206-12;
AX 1). The trial court ignored counsel’s affidavit and concluded that he did not
perform deficiently in any of these seven instances.
The Court of Appeals presumed that counsel performed deficiently in all
seven instances and determined whether they caused prejudice. Appendix at 10.
In conducting the prejudice analysis, it stated that “counsel’s alleged errors are
examined not as isolated instances, but in the context of the overall record.”
Appendix at 11 (citing Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d 128, 132 (Tex. Crim. App.
1993)). It then did the exact opposite by analyzing the prejudicial effect of each of
the seven allegations of deficient performance individually, instead of considering
their cumulative effect on the entire trial. Appendix at 11-19.
B. Argument And Authorities
The Court of Appeals applied the wrong standard of review when it
concluded that each allegation of deficient performance, standing alone, did not
adversely affected the outcome of the trial. This is an erroneous application of the
standard for determining prejudice. Rather, a court reviewing an ineffective-
14
assistance-of-counsel claim is required to consider the cumulative effect of each act
or omission that constitutes deficient performance and determine whether there is a
reasonable probability that, but for these errors, considered collectively, the
outcome of the proceeding would have been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at
693-96. This Court reiterated that standard of review in 2007 in Ex parte Aguilar,
2007 WL 3208751 at *3.5 The Court of Appeals’ legal conclusions constitute an
unreasonable application of Strickland and Aguilar in light of the evidence
presented at the trial and in the habeas proceeding.
This case was defensible and turned on whether the jury believed appellant’s
testimony that he did not know the money was counterfeit. His credibility was the
most important issue. As a result of counsel’s errors, the jury heard inadmissible,
prejudicial testimony that the police believed that appellant was guilty; that
cooperative suspects in other cases were guilty; that guilty people protest their
innocence; and that Nigerians do not victimize other Nigerians. The prosecutor
improperly asked appellant if the lead case agent was lying. The harmful, cumulative
effect of this testimony was compounded when counsel allowed the jury to hear that
appellant had engaged in plea negotiations during which he made admissions.
Further damaging appellant’s credibility, counsel allowed the State to elicit
improperly from defense witnesses that they would not have acted the same as
5
This case demonstrates why Aguilar should have been published. This Court denied
motions to publish it in 2007 and 2013.
15
appellant had they received a package with a large amount of cash. Collectively,
these errors place the State’s case in a much more favorable light and appellant’s
case in a much less favorable light. But for these errors, there is a reasonable
probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.
Post-Strickland, the Supreme Court has recognized that the essence of an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim is that “counsel’s unprofessional errors so
upset the adversarial balance between defense and prosecution that the trial was
rendered unfair and the verdict rendered suspect.” Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477
U.S. 365, 374 (1986). When examining prejudice, the question is not whether
appellant more likely than not would have received a different verdict but for
counsel’s errors, but whether, in light of the errors, he received a trial resulting in a
verdict worthy of confidence. Cf. Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434. Appellant’s verdict is
not worthy of confidence.
The Court should grant review because the Court of Appeals decided an
important question of law in conflict with the applicable decisions of this Court
and the Supreme Court. TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3(c).
CONCLUSION
The Court should grant review and order full briefing to resolve these
important issues.
16
Respectfully submitted,
/S/ Josh Schaffer
Josh Schaffer
State Bar No. 24037439
1021 Main St., Suite 1440
Houston, Texas 77002
(713) 951-9555
(713) 951-9854 (facsimile)
josh@joshschafferlaw.com
Attorney for Appellant
CHIDIEBELE GABRIEL OKONKWO
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I served a copy of this document on Gail Kikawa McConnell, assistant
district attorney for Fort Bend County; and on Lisa McMinn, State Prosecuting
Attorney, by electronic mail on October 28, 2015.
/S/ Josh Schaffer
Josh Schaffer
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
The word count of the countable portions of this computer-generated
document specified by Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i), as shown by the word-
processing program that was used to create the document, is 2,940 words. This
document complies with the typeface requirements of Rule 9.4(e), as it is printed in
a conventional 14-point typeface with footnotes in 12-point typeface.
/S/ Josh Schaffer
Josh Schaffer
17
APPENDIX
Opinion of the Fourteenth Court of Appeals
18
Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed August 27, 2015.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-14-00835-CR
EX PARTE CHIDIEBELE GABRIEL OKONKWO
On Appeal from the 434th Judicial District Court
Fort Bend County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 09-DCR-052539
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this appeal from the trial court’s denial of habeas-corpus relief, the
applicant asserts the trial court abused its discretion in denying relief based upon
the alleged ineffective assistance of applicant’s trial counsel. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Appellant/applicant Chidiebele Gabriel Okonkwo appeals the trial court’s
order denying him habeas-corpus relief as to his forgery conviction. The evidence
at applicant’s trial for this offense showed applicant attempted to obtain a money
order from a grocery store using counterfeit currency.1 Applicant testified that he
received the cash in the mail from a man in Nigeria named Bada Tunde, who sent
him $60,000 in $100 bills in exchange for applicant’s help in purchasing a car from
the United States and shipping it to Nigeria. Applicant testified that he hid this
money in a tin can in his bathroom and suspected the money might be counterfeit.
The bills had a “real strong gassy smell,” glitter that rubbed off the bills, and
several bills had the same serial number. According to applicant, he tested the bills
with a counterfeit-detection pen and determined they were not counterfeit.
Applicant testified that he intended to obtain $5000 in money orders, but he
purchased the money orders in odd amounts. Applicant purchased $832 from one
grocery store and $568 from a second store before attempting to use the money to
purchase a money order from a third grocery store. By making money-order
purchases in these amounts, applicant was able to avoid identifying himself, as he
would have been required to do if he had made just one money-order purchase for
the entire amount he sought to obtain from the separate money orders. The clerks
at the third grocery store suspected the money was counterfeit and refused to give
applicant a money order. According to applicant, as he drove out of the store
parking lot, he spotted a police car, and then drove back into the parking lot, where
police detained him. When a police officer asked applicant what he was doing at
1
Because no party offered into evidence in the habeas proceeding the reporter’s record from the
trial that resulted in applicant’s forgery conviction (“Reporter’s Record”), our appellate record
does not contain the Reporter’s Record. Though the better course would have been to submit the
Reporter’s Record as evidence, the trial court considered the Reporter’s Record in the habeas
proceeding and cited it in the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. The parties cited
the Reporter’s Record, and the trial court relied extensively on the Reporter’s Record in making
the court’s habeas ruling. On this record, we conclude that the trial court took judicial notice of
the Reporter’s Record. The Reporter’s Record is contained in this court’s files in Cause No. 14-
11-00037-CR, applicant’s direct appeal of his conviction, which is a related proceeding
involving the same or nearly the same parties as applicant’s appeal today. Under these particular
circumstances, on our own motion, we take judicial notice of the Reporter’s Record.
2
the store, applicant responded that he was buying groceries and did not mention
anything about the money order. At trial, the State presented expert testimony
from Agent Audrey Gibson, a United States Secret Service Agent, who concluded
the bills were counterfeit.
The jury found applicant guilty of forgery. The trial court assessed
punishment at three years’ confinement, suspended the imposition of the sentence,
and placed applicant on community supervision for a term of three years.
Applicant appealed his conviction, and this court reversed the conviction, holding
that applicant was denied effective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel
failed to request a jury instruction on applicant’s mistake-of-fact defense. See
Okonkwo v. State, 357 S.W.3d 815, 818, 821 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2011), rev’d, 398 S.W.3d 689 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The Court of Criminal
Appeals reversed this court’s judgment and rendered judgment affirming the trial
court’s judgment. See Okonkwo v. State, 398 S.W.3d at 695–97. In his application
for habeas-corpus relief, applicant asserted he received ineffective assistance of
counsel in various respects other than his trial counsel’s failure to request a jury
instruction on applicant’s mistake-of-fact defense. The trial court denied relief.
Applicant now challenges that ruling on appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
In one issue, applicant challenges the trial court’s denial of relief, arguing
that applicant was denied effective assistance of counsel at the guilt/innocence
phase of trial on the forgery offense.
A. State’s Mootness Argument
As an initial matter, the State argues that this appeal is moot because
applicant has been released early from community supervision. The record reflects
3
that shortly after applicant perfected appeal from the trial court’s habeas-corpus
order, the trial court signed an order in which the court terminated applicant’s
community supervision after applicant had completed fifteen months of
community supervision.
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 11.072 establishes the procedures
for an application for a writ of habeas corpus in felony or misdemeanor cases in
which the applicant seeks relief from a judgment of conviction ordering
community supervision. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.072 § 1 (West 2015).
Article 11.072, entitled “Procedure in Community Supervision Case,” provides as
follows:
At the time the application is filed, the applicant must be, or have
been, on community supervision, and the application must challenge
the legal validity of
(1) the conviction for which or order in which community supervision
was imposed; or
(2) the conditions of community supervision.
When applicant filed his habeas-corpus application, he was or had been on
community supervision, and he challenged the legal validity of the conviction for
which community supervision was imposed. The trial court denied his application,
and applicant timely appealed.2 See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.072 § 8.
Nonetheless, the Texas Legislature has indicated that an applicant must be
confined or under restraint for habeas-corpus relief to be appropriate. See Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.23 (West 2015) (stating that “[t]he writ of habeas
corpus is intended to be applicable to all such cases of confinement and restraint,
where there is no lawful right in the person exercising the power, or where, though
2
In his application, applicant challenged both his conviction and the conditions of community
supervision, but this appeal deals only with applicant’s challenge to his conviction.
4
the power in fact exists, it is exercised in a manner or degree not sanctioned by
law”); Ex parte Schmidt, 109 S.W.3d 480, 481–84 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). The
State argues that this appeal is moot because appellant is not confined or under
restraint and his community supervision has been terminated.
The Legislature has broadly defined the terms “confined” and “restraint.”
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.21 (West 2015) (stating that “confined”
refers not only to the actual corporeal and forcible detention of a person, but
likewise to any coercive measures by threats, menaces or the fear or injury,
whereby one person exercises a control over the person of another, and detains him
within certain limits”); id. art. 11.22 (West 2015) (stating that “restraint” means
“the kind of control which one person exercises over another, not to confine him
within certain limits, but to subject him to the general authority and power of the
person claiming such right”). This court has held that an individual is confined or
under restraint, as necessary to seek habeas-corpus relief, if the individual faces
collateral consequences resulting from the conviction in question. See Le v. State,
300 S.W.3d 324, 326–27 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.); Ex
parte Wolf, 296 S.W.3d 160, 166–67 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet.
ref’d). An individual faces collateral consequences if the conviction may have
detrimental collateral consequences in some future proceeding. Tatum v. State,
846 S.W.2d 324, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Potential deportation as a result of
the conviction constitutes sufficient collateral consequences to support habeas-
corpus jurisdiction and to prevent a habeas-corpus case from being moot. See Le,
300 S.W.3d at 326. See also Fiswick v. United States, 329 U.S. 211, 221–23, 67
S. Ct. 224, 91 L. Ed. 196 (1946) (concluding that court had jurisdiction to review
lawfulness of conviction even though that sentence already had been served
because of potential immigration consequences of conviction, including being
5
subject to deportation and possible difficulty in establishing good character for
naturalization purposes).
The record reveals that applicant holds a “green card.” Applicant argues that
he will be subject to deportation if his conviction is not set aside. Because
potential deportation is a collateral consequence, applicant is confined or under
restraint for habeas-corpus purposes and may seek habeas-corpus relief even
though he is no longer subject to community supervision. See Le, 300 S.W.3d at
326. We conclude that this appeal is not moot.
B. Ineffective-Assistance-of-Counsel Claims
In his application for habeas-corpus relief, appellant asserted various acts or
omissions of his trial counsel that he claims constituted ineffective assistance of
counsel. Both the United States and Texas Constitutions guarantee an accused the
right to assistance of counsel. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tex. CONST. art. I, §10.
This right necessarily includes the right to reasonably effective assistance of
counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d
674 (1984); Ex parte Gonzales, 945 S.W.2d 830, 835 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). To
prove ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must show that (1) trial counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, based on
prevailing professional norms; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that the
result of the proceeding would have been different but for trial counsel’s deficient
performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688B92. The reviewing court indulges a
strong presumption that (1) counsel’s actions and decisions were reasonably
professional and were motivated by sound trial strategy, and (2) that counsel’s
conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. See
Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). To overcome the
presumption of reasonable professional assistance, any allegation of
6
ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the record must
affirmatively demonstrate the ineffectiveness. See id. at 814.
The applicant for a writ of habeas corpus has the burden of proving the
applicant’s allegations by a preponderance of the evidence. Ex parte Wolf, 296
S.W.3d at 166. We review a trial court’s ruling on an application for writ of
habeas corpus for an abuse of discretion. Ex parte Fassi, 388 S.W.3d 881, 886
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). We decide whether a trial court
abused its discretion by determining whether the court acted without reference to
any guiding rules or principles, or in other words, whether the court acted
arbitrarily or unreasonably. Ex parte Wolf, 296 S.W.3d at 166. A trial court
abuses its discretion when its decision lies outside of the zone of reasonable
disagreement. Id.
In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a habeas-corpus application, we must
review the record evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling,
regardless of whether the court’s findings are implied or explicit. Ex parte Fassi,
388 S.W.3d at 886. We review de novo the ultimate question of whether there is a
reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different
but for trial counsel’s allegedly deficient performance. See Johnson v. State, 169
S.W.3d 223, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Ex parte Fassi, 388 S.W.3d at 887. We
must uphold the trial court’s judgment as long as it is correct on any theory of law
applicable to the case. See Ex parte Taylor, 36 S.W.3d 883, 886 (Tex. Crim. App.
2001) (per curiam).
On appeal, applicant asserts that the trial court erred by not finding
ineffective assistance of counsel as to eight acts or omissions of appellant’s trial
7
counsel.3
1. Counsel’s Closing Argument
In the eighth ground of ineffective assistance, applicant asserts that his trial
counsel conceded during closing argument that applicant acted in a “totally
unreasonable way that lacks common sense even at a basic level.” According to
applicant, this concession amounted to ineffective assistance because the argument
was affirmatively prejudicial.
In an affidavit, applicant’s trial counsel stated that he was convinced by the
end of the trial that the jury believed applicant was either stupid or guilty, so he
argued that applicant was stupid. Counsel stated that he should have crafted the
argument in a different way so as to make the same point without conceding that
applicant’s behavior was unreasonable. The trial court concluded that it was a
reasonable trial strategy to acknowledge applicant’s odd behavior and
shortcomings upfront. Applicant argues that this finding does not directly address
counsel’s conduct in conceding that applicant acted unreasonably.
Applicant was indicted for forgery. The jury charge explained that “[a]
person commits forgery if he forges a writing with intent to defraud or harm
another.” The jury was charged that “[a] person acts intentionally, or with intent,
with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his
conscious objective or desire in the conduct [to] cause the result.”
The record supports the trial court’s finding that counsel’s acknowledgment
of applicant’s odd behavior upfront was a sound trial strategy. See Ex Parte
Rogers, 369 S.W.3d 858, 862 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The record reveals that the
jury received evidence that suggested applicant knew the money was counterfeit.
3
Applicant complained of ten acts or omissions of his trial counsel in his application in the trial
court, but he has not argued two of these acts or omissions on appeal.
8
To convince the jury that applicant did not know the money was counterfeit,
counsel sought to gain credibility with the jury by admitting that applicant’s
behavior seemed odd. Trial counsel then attempted to explain away the oddity.
This decision was a calculated risk by trial counsel. See Alexander v. State, 282
S.W.3d 701, 706 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d) (noting that
appellate courts cannot find deficiency from a calculated risk by trial counsel that
simply did not work).
Applicant objects to counsel’s use of the term “unreasonable” as a descriptor
for applicant’s actions. But, the jury was not required to determine whether or not
applicant’s actions were reasonable; the inquiry put to the jury was whether or not
applicant intended to pass counterfeit money. In light of the charge and question
before the jury, the fact that counsel used the term “unreasonable” in describing
applicant’s actions does not make counsel’s strategy deficient. Applicant’s trial
counsel took a calculated risk in arguing to the jury that applicant was naïve. That
risk was reasonable given the evidence presented. See id. The record contains
sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that counsel’s legal
representation of applicant did not fall below an objective standard of
reasonableness. Under the applicable standard of review, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in concluding that applicant did not prove by a preponderance
of evidence the first prong of the test for ineffective assistance of counsel. See Ex
parte Rogers, 369 S.W.3d at 862; Alexander, 282 S.W.3d at 706; Taylor v. State,
947 S.W.2d 698, 704 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref’d). Applicant’s
argument is without merit.
2. Other Alleged Deficiencies
Applicant asserts that trial counsel was deficient for seven additional
reasons. The trial court found trial counsel was not deficient in any respect. There
9
is no requirement that an appellate court address the prongs of the test for
ineffective assistance of counsel in any particular order. Strickland, 104 S. Ct. at
2069; Hagens v. State, 979 S.W.2d 788, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
1998, pet. ref’d). Nor is there a requirement that appellate courts address both
prongs of the test if one prong is not satisfied. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104
S.Ct. at 2069; Hagens, 979 S.W.2d at 793. The trial court made specific findings
that the first, second, fourth, and sixth presumed deficiencies either did not affect
applicant’s defense or were not prejudicial under the second prong of Strickland.
Although the trial court did not make findings regarding parts of applicant’s third,
fifth, and seventh presumed deficiencies, and the trial court did not make an
express conclusion of law as to whether applicant suffered prejudice based on the
other seven alleged deficiencies, the trial court made fact findings supporting a
failure to prove the second prong of Strickland. Because we review the second
prong of Strickland de novo and the trial court made findings that address
prejudice, we conclude the trial court made sufficient fact-findings in this regard to
enable appellate review. We are to uphold the trial court’s judgment on any
ground supported by the record. See Ex parte Fassi, 388 S.W.3d at 887. We
presume for the sake of argument that counsel was deficient for these seven
reasons, and we determine whether the alleged deficiencies caused applicant to
suffer prejudice.
Presuming, for the sake of argument, that counsel was deficient for the
reasons expressed in applicant’s first seven grounds, applicant still had the burden
of proving in the trial court a reasonable probability that the result of the
proceeding would have been different but for trial counsel’s allegedly deficient
performance. Ex parte Lane, 303 S.W.3d 702, 709 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). When
assessing the second prong of the test for ineffective assistance of counsel,
10
counsel’s alleged errors are examined not as isolated incidents, but in the context
of the overall record. Ex parte Menchaca, 854 S.W.2d 128, 132 (Tex. Crim. App.
1993). Thus, we examine and clarify each of applicant’s grounds and determine
whether the trial court’s specific findings of fact with respect to each ground are
supported by the record before analyzing whether the record supports the
conclusion that applicant did not show prejudice under the second prong of
Strickland.
First, applicant asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel
because counsel failed to object to testimony from three different police officers
(Captain Michael Berezin, Sergeant Saul Luera, and Officer Andrew Robb) that
they had conducted searches revealing contraband in circumstances where the
suspect cooperated with their investigation. According to applicant, counsel was
deficient for failing to object to this testimony because it is irrelevant and
inadmissible under Texas Rules of Evidence 401, 403, 701, or 702.
Applicant contends that this testimony showed that guilty people consent to
searches. If the officer’s testimony had shown guilty people consent to searches,
the officers’ testimony may have undermined a possible inference by the jury that
applicant’s consent to searches showed he did not believe he had committed a
crime. But, the officers’ testimony did not show that guilty people consented to
searches. The officers’ testimony did not address whether the other suspects were
responsible for the contraband found during the searches or whether those suspects
had acted with criminal intent. The officers did not state that the other suspects
were guilty. Thus, the record supports the trial court’s determination that the
testimony did not relate to applicant’s mental state. The record, and the trial
court’s finding of fact, support the conclusion that the officers’ testimony did not
undermine the jury’s ability to infer that applicant consented to the searches
11
because he did not realize the money was counterfeit. See id.; Ex parte Martinez,
330 S.W.3d 891, 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We conclude this testimony did not
undermine applicant’s defensive theory. At trial, applicant argued that he did not
intend to commit forgery because he did not know the money was counterfeit. The
trial court determined that applicant’s mental state was the only contested issue and
that the officers’ testimony did not relate to that issue.
The trial court found the evidence of applicant’s guilt strong. According to
the trial court, the only contested issue at trial was whether applicant knew the
money he passed was counterfeit. The trial court made a finding that the following
evidence strongly suggests applicant is guilty:
 Applicant discarded the mailing container in which he received
the stacks of $100 bills.
 Applicant hid approximately $54,000 of the bills in a tin can in
his master bathroom.
 The money applicant hid in the tin can had a “strong gassy”
odor, the text was off, “glitter” rubbed off the money, and there
were multiple bills with the same serial number.
 Before attempting to use the money to purchase a money order
at one store, applicant made purchases for money orders in the
amounts of $568 and $852 at two other stores.
 Applicant kept his money order purchases below the amounts at
which he would need to produce identifying information in case
the currency was counterfeit.
 When applicant was turned away from the third store, applicant
drove out of the parking lot, spotted a police car, and drove
back into the parking lot. He was subsequently detained by a
police officer and asked what he was doing. Applicant
responded that he was buying groceries.
The record supports the trial court’s findings that the evidence of applicant’s guilt
is strong. Applicant failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that, but
12
for counsel’s allegedly deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. See Ex parte Lane, 303 S.W.3d at 712.
Second, applicant asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel
because counsel elicited testimony in cross-examining an investigating police
officer, Captain Berezin, that Captain Berezin suspected both that (1) applicant
knew the money was counterfeit and (2) applicant was making counterfeit money.
Applicant complained in the trial court about Captain Berezin’s testimony that he
suspected early on that applicant knew the money was counterfeit and he believed
that applicant “possibly” was making counterfeit money. Captain Berezin testified
that if those suspicions were not present, police would not have been investigating
the matter. Applicant asserts that this testimony was improper expert testimony
under Texas Rules of Evidence 701 and 702.
Captain Berezin testified three times that he did not form an opinion as to
applicant’s guilt. The trial court found that while Captain Berezin testified that he
would not have been investigating the matter if he did not suspect applicant knew
the money was counterfeit, or that applicant was possibly making counterfeit
money, the testimony did not go to the ultimate issue of whether applicant knew
that the currency was forged. The jury knew that the police investigated applicant
and that the police ultimately arrested applicant. Based on the grocery-store
clerk’s testimony, the jury almost certainly presumed that the police at least
suspected applicant had committed forgery. Captain Berezin explained that,
although police had that suspicion, he did not form any opinion as to whether or
not applicant actually knew that the currency was forged. Applicant does not
explain how Captain Berezin’s testimony, that the police were investigating
applicant because they suspected he had committed the crime, was any more
damaging than the facts the jury already knew. See Thacker v. State, 999 S.W.2d
13
56, 68 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d) (holding that failure to
object to inadmissible evidence was not ineffective assistance of counsel because
other evidence provided jury same information); Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d at
903. The record, therefore, contains evidence that supports the trial court’s finding
that this testimony did not affect the jury’s verdict. As detailed above, the record
evidence also supports the trial court’s finding that the evidence of applicant’s guilt
is strong. Applicant failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that, but
for counsel’s allegedly deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. See Ex parte Lane, 303 S.W.3d at 712.
Third, applicant asserts that counsel elicited inadmissible testimony from
Secret Service Agent Audrey Gibson that it was common for individuals caught
with counterfeit money to deny the money is counterfeit. Applicant asserts that the
testimony was inadmissible because it was irrelevant under Texas Rules of
Evidence 401, 402, 701, and 702. The trial court found that applicant cooperated
with the investigation and consented to searches of his person, car, and residence.
According to the trial court, counsel’s performance was not deficient because
counsel contrasted applicant’s behavior with the behavior of individuals who did
not cooperate with investigations. On appeal, applicant highlights the ways in
which he did not cooperate with the investigation and concludes that Agent
Gibson’s testimony was prejudicial because it communicated to the jury that guilty
people sometimes profess their innocence. But, Agent Gibson’s testimony does
not require that conclusion. Agent Gibson testified that she had experience with
individuals who claimed that counterfeit money was real and attempted to get the
money back. Agent Gibson did not testify that these people were guilty or that
they knew the money was counterfeit, so her testimony did not address the only
contested issue in the case. Given the fact that Agent Gibson’s testimony did not
14
address the only contested issue in the case and the support in the record for the
trial court’s finding that the evidence of applicant’s guilt is strong, applicant failed
to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that but for counsel’s allegedly
deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See
Ex parte Lane, 303 S.W.3d at 712.
Fourth, applicant asserts that counsel was deficient in “opening the door” to
the admission of testimony from Agent Gibson that Agent Gibson had never seen
Nigerians prey on other Nigerians. During cross-examination, counsel asked
Agent Gibson if it were possible for Nigerians to prey on other Nigerians. Agent
Gibson responded that it was possible. On redirect examination, the prosecutor
elicited testimony from Agent Gibson that Agent Gibson had never seen a Nigerian
target another Nigerian. Applicant asserts that counsel was deficient in “opening
the door” to the admission of this testimony because it would have been
inadmissible under Texas Rules of Evidence 401, 403, 701, and 702 if counsel had
not opened the door.
Agent Gibson testified she had been working on the counterfeit squad only
six months. The trial court found Agent Gibson’s testimony did not affect
applicant’s ability to present his defensive theory. Applicant argues that he
suffered prejudice from this testimony because Agent Gibson testified that
Nigerians do not victimize other Nigerians. But, Agent Gibson’s testimony was
only that she had not seen such victimization in her experience. Agent Gibson also
testified that it was possible for Nigerians to be victims of schemes by other
Nigerians. This testimony bolstered applicant’s defense because Agent Gibson
testified that there was a possibility applicant could have been targeted, even if she
had not seen a Nigerian target another Nigerian. Particularly in light of the
supportive testimony counsel obtained by “opening the door,” and the support in
15
the record for the trial court’s finding that the evidence of applicant’s guilt is
strong, we conclude that the record supports the trial court’s finding that this
testimony did not prejudice applicant’s defensive theory. See Ex parte Lane, 303
S.W.3d at 712.
Fifth, applicant asserts that counsel failed to object to improper cross-
examination testimony from three defense witnesses regarding what those
witnesses would have done had they received a package containing a large amount
of cash. Applicant asserts that the testimony of all three witnesses is inadmissible
under Texas Rules of Evidence 401 and 403. According to applicant, the
testimony of the second and third witnesses also constitutes improper impeachment
of a character witness under Texas Rules of Evidence 405(a) and 608(a).
The first witness, Joan Nwuli, testified regarding applicant’s conduct after
applicant was arrested. On cross-examination, Nwuli testified over counsel’s
objection that she would call police if she received $54,600 in a tin can. But
counsel did not object to a question that elicited testimony from Nwuli that, if she
received a tin can containing $54,600, she “definitely” would not deposit that
money in the bank. Nwuli then explained that she has more “street smarts” than
applicant. The trial court found this testimony provided an explanation for
applicant’s unusual behavior. The record supports the trial court’s finding that
testimony supported applicant’s defensive theory by offering a potential
explanation for applicant’s behavior—he simply did not realize the money was
counterfeit.
The second witness, Chris Okeke, testified as a character witness on
applicant’s behalf. Applicant asserts that counsel provided ineffective assistance
because counsel did not object to Okeke’s testimony that Okeke did not keep large
amounts of cash in a tin can in his bathroom or in tubes of lotion. The third
16
witness, Myke Okafor, testified on cross-examination that he would call the police
if he received a large amount of cash in the mail because he would think the money
was counterfeit. Applicant asserts his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to this testimony.
The testimony from Okeke and Okafor did not contradict applicant’s
testimony. Applicant’s defense was that applicant did not know the money was
counterfeit and applicant argued that he was naïve. That a character witness
testified that if he received a large amount of money in the mail he would have
thought it was counterfeit did not undercut applicant’s theory. We conclude, in
light of the strong evidence of applicant’s guilt, applicant failed to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that but for counsel’s allegedly deficient
performance, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
Sixth, applicant asserts that counsel was deficient in failing to object to a
comment that insinuated applicant had participated in plea negotiations and in
making a comment insinuating that applicant made statements or admissions at
plea negotiations. Applicant asserts that the jury should not have heard any
reference to his participation in plea negotiations or to admissions allegedly made
as part of that process. See Tex. R. Evid. 410(4).
Mentioning the accused’s participation in plea negotiations can be harmful
because the jury could infer that individuals do not enter into plea negotiations if
they are innocent. See Canfield v. State, 429 S.W.3d 54, 74 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d). There is a risk jurors would conclude that an innocent
person would not contemplate admitting guilt. Id. But, the potential harm depends
on the context of the trial. See id.; Neugebauer v. State, 974 S.W.2d 374, 377
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 1998, pet. ref’d).
At trial, counsel elicited testimony from applicant that he met with the
17
prosecutor and offered to testify before the grand jury but was not allowed to
testify. The prosecutor objected on the grounds that this testimony “goes into
some plea negotiations and whole other mounds of stuff in this case.” Counsel
responded, “I’m not asking him any statements or admissions or any discussions
during the plea negotiations, just the fact that he volunteered to come and discuss
it, which relates to his state of mind.” The trial court found any deficiency in these
statements did not cause applicant prejudice.
The record shows the testimony before the jury was somewhat
ambiguous. The prosecutor objected to the testimony that applicant sought to
testify before the grand jury on the grounds that it referenced plea negotiations and
counsel responded to that objection by stating that it did not refer to the plea
negotiations. The trial court found “counsel simply wished to show that applicant
had volunteered to come and discuss his case with the prosecutor, a fact ‘relating to
his state of mind.’” Counsel did not affirmatively state that plea negotiations
occurred. Still, even though counsel’s comment was made in the context of
refuting the State’s assertion, applicant complains the jury might have concluded
that counsel engaged in plea negotiations because counsel referred to “the plea
negotiations.”4 Yet, the jury also could have concluded that counsel simply was
responding to the State’s objection fully, by explaining that the testimony did not
refer to a statement, admission, or discussion during plea negotiations.
Accordingly, the record contains evidence that supports the trial court’s finding
that the statement “simply” showed applicant volunteered to discuss the case with
the prosecutor.
Although we acknowledge the possibility that applicant’s counsel’s
statement caused applicant some harm, we conclude, based on the strength of the
4
Emphasis added.
18
evidence of applicant’s guilt, and the ambiguous nature of the stray reference to
plea negotiations, applicant did not prove that but for the statement, the result of
the proceeding would have been different. See Canfield, 429 S.W.3d at 74.
Seventh, applicant asserts that counsel was deficient in failing to object to
the prosecutor’s query asking applicant whether Agent Gibson was lying when she
said the money was counterfeit. Applicant responded to this question by stating
that he thought the money might be counterfeit, but he denied saying Agent Gibson
lied. Applicant asserts that this question was impermissible because a witness may
not give an opinion regarding the truth or falsity of another witness’s testimony.
Applicant does not specifically state how the question caused him to suffer
prejudice. Rather than attack Agent Gibson’s testimony, applicant stated that he
thought the money might be counterfeit. Applicant’s defense strategy was to
explain how he did not know the money was counterfeit and did not intend to pass
counterfeit money. His answer that Agent Gibson might be right about the money
being counterfeit did not affect his defense. He denied stating that Agent Gibson
was lying. We conclude, in light of the strong evidence of applicant’s guilt,
applicant failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that but for counsel’s
allegedly deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. See Ex parte Lane, 303 S.W.3d at 712.
Based on the evidence presented against applicant and the nature of all seven
of the presumed deficiencies, we conclude that the record supports the conclusion
that applicant did not show a reasonable probability that the result of the
proceeding would have been different but for any one or more of the alleged
deficiencies. Accordingly, the record supports a denial of habeas-corpus relief as
to the first through seventh grounds based on the second prong of Strickland. See
id.; Ex parte Napper, 322 S.W.3d 202, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Adekeye v.
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State, 437 S.W.3d 62, 75 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d).
For the foregoing reasons, applicant’s sole appellate issue is overruled and
the trial court’s order denying habeas-corpus relief is affirmed.
/s/ Kem Thompson Frost
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Jamison and Busby.
Do Not Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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