Jay Parker and Lindsey Parker v. Glenn Weber

IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-16-00446-CV
JAY PARKER AND LINDSEY PARKER,
Appellants
v.
GLENN WEBER,
Appellee
From the 74th District Court
McLennan County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2015-2039-3
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Glenn Weber1 sued Jay and Lindsey Parker claiming ownership by adverse
possession of 20.62 acres to which the Parkers were record owners. After a bench trial,
the trial court awarded Weber title to the 20 acres pursuant to the 10- and 25-year
1
During the time this appeal has been pending, Glenn Weber died. Pursuant to Rule 7.1(a) of the Texas
Rules of Appellate Procedure, the appeal will remain styled as it was docketed, and the Court “will proceed
to adjudicate the appeal as if all parties were alive.” TEX. R. APP. P. 7.1(a)(1).
statutory limitations provisions for adverse possession. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. §§ 16.026; 16.027 (West 2002). Because there is no evidence to support Weber’s
claim of adverse possession, the trial court’s judgment is reversed, and judgment is
rendered that Weber take nothing.
BACKGROUND
In 2014, Jay and Lindsey Parker (collectively referred to as “Parker”) purchased
102 acres from Dick Taylor. At the same time, Taylor separately sold the 20 acres at issue
to Parker. A fence separated the 20 acres from the 102 acres. Weber owned 560.9 acres
on the north, east, and west sides of the 20 acres. In 2015, Weber sued Parker after a clash
between the parties occurred regarding Parker placing a ladder over the fence to access
the 20 acres from the 102 acres and Parker’s actions in clearing that fence line.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
The trial court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law in support of its
judgment. In nine issues on appeal, the Parkers assert there is no evidence or insufficient
evidence to support the trial court’s relevant findings and conclusions.
Findings of fact entered in a case tried to the court have the same force and dignity
as a jury verdict. Anderson v. City of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 794 (Tex. 1991). Thus,
we review findings of fact by the same standards that are applied in reviewing the legal
and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a jury's answer to a jury question. Id.
We review the trial court's conclusions of law de novo; that is, we review the trial court's
Parker v. Weber Page 2
legal conclusions drawn from the facts to determine their correctness. See BMC Software
Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002).
When both legal and factual sufficiency challenges are raised on appeal, the
reviewing court must first examine the legal sufficiency of the evidence. See Glover v. Tex.
Gen. Indemnity Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981); Wells v. Johnson, 443 S.W.3d 479, 492-
493 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2014, pet. denied). When reviewing a legal sufficiency
challenge, we must consider the evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable
factfinder could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a reasonable
factfinder could not. Cent. Ready Mix Concrete Co. v. Islas, 228 S.W.3d 649, 651 (Tex. 2007);
City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 827 (Tex. 2005). Anything more than a scintilla
of evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding. Cont'l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez,
937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. 1996); Leitch v. Hornsby, 935 S.W.2d 114, 118 (Tex. 1996). When
the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is so weak as to do no more than create a mere
surmise or suspicion of its existence, the evidence is no more than a scintilla and, in legal
effect, is no evidence. Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex. 1983).
In reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge, we must consider, examine, and
weigh the entire record, considering both the evidence in favor of, and contrary to, the
challenged findings. Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406-07 (Tex. 1998).
In doing so, we consider and weigh all the evidence and set aside the disputed finding
only if it is so contrary to the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be
Parker v. Weber Page 3
clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Id. at 407.
Adverse Possession
The doctrine of adverse possession is based on statutes of limitation (three, five,
ten, or twenty-five years depending on various statutory factors and conditions) for the
recovery of real property. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 16.021-.037 (West
2002); see Wells v. Johnson, 443 S.W.3d 479, 488 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2014, pet. ref’d). It
allows a person to claim title to real property presently titled in another and ultimately
vests title to the property with the adverse claimant. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN § 16.030(a) (West 2002); Session v. Woods, 206 S.W.3d 772, 777 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2006, pet. denied).
Adverse possession is defined as "an actual and visible appropriation of real
property, commenced and continued under a claim of right that is inconsistent with and
is hostile to the claim of another person" throughout the statutory period. TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. § 16.021(1) (West 2002) (emphasis added). See Minh Thu Tran v. Macha,
213 S.W.3d 913, 914 (Tex. 2006); Moore v. Stone, 255 S.W.3d 284, 288 (Tex. App.—Waco
2008, pet. denied). Exclusive possession of the land is required to support an adverse
possession claim; thus, the claimant must wholly exclude the owner from the property.
Harlow v. Giles, 132 S.W.3d 641, 646-47 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2004, pet. denied).
Possession must be actual, visible, continuous, notorious, distinct, hostile, and of such
character as to indicate unmistakably an assertion of a claim of exclusive ownership in
Parker v. Weber Page 4
the occupant. Id. Due to the harsh nature of divesting a property owner of title otherwise
rightfully held, the statutory prerequisites must be strictly complied with. Wells, 443
S.W.3d at 488; see also Tran, 213 S.W.3d at 915. Thus, one seeking to establish title to land
by virtue of the statute of limitations has the burden of proving every fact essential to that
claim by a preponderance of the evidence. Rhodes v. Cahill, 802 S.W.2d 643, 645 (Tex.
1990). And inferences are never indulged in the adverse claimant's favor. Bywaters v.
Gannon, 686 S.W.2d 593, 595 (Tex. 1985); Moore, 255 S.W.3d at 288.
Casual Fence v. Designed Enclosure
This case essentially turns on whether a fence around Weber’s acreage, which he
asserted included the 20 acres as its southern border, was a designed enclosure or a casual
fence. The trial court found that the fence was a designed enclosure.
Under the applicable case law, there are two kinds of fences: "casual fences" and
fences that "designedly enclose" an area. Rhodes v. Cahill, 802 S.W.2d 643, 646 (Tex. 1990).
The adverse claimant who relies upon grazing as evidence of his adverse use and
enjoyment must show as part of his case that the land in dispute was designedly enclosed.
McDonnold v. Weinacht, 465 S.W.2d 136, 142 (Tex. 1971). When the disputed tract of land
has been enclosed with other land, especially when such other land is held by the
claimant under deed, the enclosure is casual or incidental; and the occasional grazing of
the disputed tract will not amount to such adverse and hostile possession and use as will
support the statute of limitations. Orsborn v. Deep Rock Oil Corp., 153 Tex. 281, 267 S.W.2d
Parker v. Weber Page 5
781, 785 (Tex. 1954). Further, if a fence existed before the claimant took possession of the
land, and the claimant fails to demonstrate the purpose for which it was erected, then the
fence is a "casual fence." Rhodes, 802 S.W.2d at 646. Repairing or maintaining a casual
fence, even for the express purpose of keeping the claimant's animals within the enclosed
area, generally does not convert a casual fence into a designed enclosure. Rhodes, 802
S.W.2d at 646; McDonnold, 465 S.W.2d at 142-43.
—Evidence
With this case law in mind, we turn to the evidence presented at trial. At the
outset, we note that many times the testimony at trial was not clear. While our review is
made more difficult due to many “here,” “there,” and “this” references made to exhibits
by witnesses and counsel, it is clear that the 20 acres at issue was situated at the north
end of the 102 acres also purchased by Parker. Weber owned almost 561 acres to the
north, east, and west of the 20 acres. The boundary line between the two properties is a
creek. The entire disputed 20 acres lies between that creek, which forms the west, north,
and east sides of the 20 acres and the fence, which formed the south side of the 20 acres.
Even a casual review of the survey introduced as Exhibit 1 (attached hereto as an
appendix) would suggest that the fence location was selected due to the cost and
difficulty of building a fence in and along the actual property line, the creek.
When Weber’s father bought the land, and when Weber bought it from him, they
both “assumed” that they were buying all the acreage “under fence” which Weber
Parker v. Weber Page 6
believed would include the 20 acres. The entire acreage was used as a “brush and cow
pasture” where goats and cattle grazed. The fences that encompassed the entirety of what
Weber thought was his land were built in 1903. There was no testimony as to who built
the fences or for what purpose the fences were built. Thus, according to case law, Weber’s
fence was a casual fence.
Weber claims, however, that in 1959, he “rebuilt” the fences, including the fence
that separated Parker’s 102 acres from the 20 acres; thus making the fence a designed
enclosure. A person claiming land by adverse possession may change the character of a
casual fence so much that it becomes a designed enclosure; and evidence of such a
substantial modification is sufficient to support a finding of adverse possession. Rhodes
v. Cahill, 802 S.W.2d 643, 646 (Tex. 1990); Butler v. Hanson, 432 S.W.2d 559, (Tex. Civ. App.
— El Paso), aff'd, 455 S.W.2d 942 (Tex. 1970). In Butler v. Hanson, 455 S.W.2d 942, 944-45
(Tex. 1970), the Texas Supreme Court agreed with the Court of Appeals that the fence in
question was no longer a casual fence because the adverse possessor changed the
character of the fence by adding a “net fence” to the existing 3-strand barbed wire so as
to make a better fence to hold sheep and put in new posts in between the old posts around
the entire ranch. The possessor made it “his fence.” See McDonnold v. Weinacht, 465
S.W.2d 136, 144 (Tex. 1971).
There is no such evidence here. Although Weber testified specifically that as to
the fence on the 20 acres he hired someone with an air drill to bore holes in the rock for
Parker v. Weber Page 7
the fence posts and iron posts were placed in every hole, what Weber did to rebuild the
entire fence on his acreage is unknown. His testimony was only that he “rebuilt” the
fence. There was no testimony as to the purpose of the rebuilt fence, what the fence used
to be made of, or what the remainder of the fence was rebuilt with. See e.g. Mendoza v.
Ramirez, 336 S.W.3d 321, 329 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2010, pet. denied) (case distinguished
from Butler where possessor only replaced barbed wires and posts of original fence and
did not change the nature of the fence completely). Thus, there was no more than a
scintilla of evidence to support the trial court’s finding that the fence was substantially
modified in such a way as to change its character from a casual fence to a designed
enclosure.
Moreover, the evidence shows that the fence around Weber’s land and the 20 acres
was not entirely “enclosed.” Again, from what we gather from the testimony, the western
part of the 20 acres included a 50 or 60 foot high bluff. A creek ran at the base of the bluff.
It was undisputed that the 20 acres was fenced only on its south side which bordered the
102 acres and that the fence was incomplete. It stopped at the bluff and did not follow
the bluff down to the creek or connect with a fence on the other side of the creek.
The dispute was whether access to the land beyond the end of the fence could be
made. Parker believed the gap in the fence from the bluff to the creek was about 30-40
feet and that cattle could squeeze through. Weber was not asked about, and thus, did not
testify to, whether there was a gap in the fence or whether his livestock could access land
Parker v. Weber Page 8
beyond the end of the fence. Weber’s son, Christopher, agreed that the fence on the 20
acres did not go down the bluff and connect to another fence, but disagreed that the 20
acres was not enclosed by a fence. He did not explain his disagreement.
The only testimony that possibly explained why access around the end of the fence
could not be made came from Travis Dechaume, a resident of Crawford who was familiar
with the disputed 20 acres. Travis asserted that the bluff acted as part of the fence and
that there was no need for a continued fence down the bluff because, “Cows can’t fly.”
In some situations, a natural landscape could, along with other fencing, create a complete
enclosure. In Houston Oil Co. v. Skeeler, the court held that “testimony clearly showed that
… [a] bayou served as a complete barrier and kept livestock within or without the entire
enclosure at all times, and that the bayou was of such a character as to form, together
with the fences on the other three sides of the tract of land, a complete enclosure.”
Houston Oil Co. v. Skeeler, 178 S.W.2d 740, 741 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1944, no pet).
Here, however, there is no “clear testimony” that the bluff served as a “complete barrier”
which kept Weber’s cows and goats within the fenced acreage. First, while we agree with
Travis’s statement that “Cows can’t fly,” we cannot infer from that statement that the
bluff was a complete barrier. Bywaters v. Gannon, 686 S.W.2d 593, 595 (Tex. 1985)
(inferences not indulged in favor of adverse possessor). Second, there was no testimony
at all as to whether the goats that grazed the acreage could graze beyond the end of the
fence.
Parker v. Weber Page 9
Accordingly, there is no more than a scintilla of evidence, and thus no evidence,
that the 20 acres, with the bluff and other fencing, was designedly enclosed as found by
the trial court.
Other Evidence of a Hostile Claim
Without a designed enclosure, Weber would have to prove some other form of
possession that was actual, visible, continuous, notorious, distinct, hostile, and
unmistakable to satisfy his claim of adverse possession. See De Las Fuentes v. McDonald,
85 Tex. 132, 20 S.W. 43, 44 (1892) (mere occupancy of land by grazing without substantial
enclosures or other permanent improvements not sufficient to support adverse
possession); Gandy v. Culpepper, 528 S.W.2d 333, 337 (Tex. Civ. App.—Beaumont 1975, no
pet.) (same).
—Continual Grazing
The trial court found Weber continuously used the 20 acres for grazing. Evidence
showed he ran approximately 60 head of cows on the entire acreage, one cow per ten
acres. There was no testimony as to how often the cows could or did graze on the 20
acres. Also, there was no testimony as to how many goats grazed the entire acreage or
the 20 acres. That Weber’s cows and goats may have crossed onto the 20 acres to graze is
no evidence of adverse possession. See Harmon v. Overton Refining Co., 109 S.W.2d 457,
on rehearing, 110 S.W.2d 555 (1937) (when livestock come from an adjoining tract owned
by the owner of the animals, their crossing the boundary is not itself notice of a hostile
Parker v. Weber Page 10
claim). Thus, there is no evidence to support the trial court’s finding of continuous
grazing of the 20 acres.
—Casual Use
The trial court found that Weber used the 20 acres in such a way that would notify
the record owner that a hostile claim was being asserted. Weber contended he cut brush
off the land. Christopher asserted that he rode horses with Weber and spent summers in
the creek as a child, and generally asserted that he enjoyed nature, cut small cedar, cleared
the land, and “maintained” the land. However, casual activities such as these do not
constitute adverse possession. See Rhodes v. Cahill, 802 S.W.2d 643, 645 (Tex. 1990)
(grazing, selective clearing); McDonnold v. Weinacht, 465 S.W.2d 136, 144 (Tex. 1971)
(grazing, cutting and gathering natural crop, cutting weeds); Stevens v. Pedregon, 106 Tex.
576, 579 (Tex. 1915) (sporadic cultivation); Mendoza v. Ramirez, 336 S.W.3d 321, 329 (Tex.
App.—El Paso 2010, pet. denied) (grazing, family gatherings); King Ranch, Inc. v. Garcia,
No. 04-13-00605-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 10395, *16 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Sept. 17,
2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (family gatherings, grazed cattle, hunted, and occasionally
grew crops); Moore v. Stone, 255 S.W.3d 284, 288-89 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. denied)
(grazing, cutting and gathering natural crop, sporadic cultivation); Harlow v. Giles, 132
S.W.3d 641, 648 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2004, pet. denied) (grazing, occasional hunting,
including construction of deer blinds and deer feeders). Thus, the testimony presents
nothing more than a casual use of the 20 acres which is no evidence to support the trial
Parker v. Weber Page 11
court’s finding of a hostile claim by Weber.
—Built and Maintained Roads
The trial court also found that Weber constructed and maintained roads on the 20
acres. One of the roads on the 20 acres was an old public wagon road that was established
in 1903 as a means to travel to Crawford. There was no evidence that Weber constructed
or maintained that particular road. The use of a roadway that the claimant did not build
is no evidence of adverse possession. See Minh Thu Tran v. Macha, 213 S.W.3d 913, 915
(Tex. 2006). Another road was built from the bluff down to the creek by Eugene
Dechaume. Eugene did not testify. Christopher said the road was built for Weber 15-20
years ago. Weber only stated that “Dechaume built the road off the bluff.” Weber did
not say that he had Dechaume build the road. Further, there was no testimony as to how
that road was “built,” what it was made of, whether it continued to be used, what its
current condition was, or whether it was “maintained” by Weber. In other words, there
was no testimony regarding its permanency, and we cannot infer that it was such a
permanent improvement as to support a claim of adverse possession. See De Las Fuentes
v. McDonald, 85 Tex. 132, 20 S.W. 43, 44 (1892) (permanent improvement); Bywaters v.
Gannon, 686 S.W.2d 593, 595 (Tex. 1985) (inferences not indulged in favor of adverse
possessor). Thus, there is no more than a scintilla of evidence to support the trial court’s
finding that Weber built and maintained roads on the 20 acres.
Parker v. Weber Page 12
CONCLUSION
After reviewing the record under the appropriate standards, we find there is no
evidence that Weber’s fence was a designed enclosure, that Weber made substantial
modifications that changed the nature of the fence from a casual fence to a designed
enclosure, that Weber made use of the 20 acres in such a way that would notify Parker of
Weber’s hostile claim, or that Weber built and maintained roads on the 20 acres. Thus,
the evidence is legally insufficient to show an actual, visible, hostile use of the 20 acres,
and the trial court erred in entering a judgment for Weber pursuant to the 10- and 25-
year statutes of limitation.2
Parker’s issues are sustained; the trial court’s judgment is reversed; and judgment
is rendered that Weber take nothing.
TOM GRAY
Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Scoggins
Reversed and rendered
Opinion delivered and filed May 16, 2018
[CV06]
2
Because of this determination, we need not discuss the trial court’s remaining findings or conclusions.
But if we are in error as to there being legally insufficient evidence, we are obviously of the view that the
evidence is factually insufficient as well.
Parker v. Weber Page 13
APPENDIX
Parker v. Weber Page 15