Marlonia Ivy v. Victor Garcia and Wanda Garcia

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-20-00448-CV
Marlonia Ivy, Appellant
v.
Victor Garcia and Wanda Garcia, Appellees
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 4 OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY
NO. 17-1299-CC2-4, THE HONORABLE JOHN MCMASTER, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The lawsuit underlying this appeal arises from appellant Marlonia Ivy’s purchase
of residential property (the “Property”) from appellees Victor Garcia and Wanda Garcia.
Asserting claims for common-law fraud and violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices
Act (DTPA), Ivy contends that the Garcias failed to disclose certain information and made
misleading and false statements about the condition of the Property prior to her purchase. After
the trial court granted the Garcias’ no-evidence motion for summary judgment, Ivy filed her
notice of appeal in this Court. Applying the law-of-the-case doctrine, we reverse the summary
judgment and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
This is the second appeal arising from Ivy’s suit. The first appeal was filed by Ivy
after the trial court granted a traditional motion for summary judgment in favor of the Garcias on
the ground that the as-is clause in the parties’ purchase contract precluded Ivy’s recovery on all
of her claims as a matter of law. See Ivy v. Garcia, No. 03-18-00545-CV, 2019 Tex. App.
LEXIS 6962, at *5-6 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 9, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.). On review, we
recognized that a buyer who agrees to purchase something “as is” agrees to make his own
appraisal of the bargain and accept the risk that he may be wrong. Id. at *6 (citing Prudential
Ins. Co. of Am. v. Jefferson Assocs., Ltd., 896 S.W.2d 156, 161 (Tex. 1995)). Therefore, as a
general rule, an as-is clause in a purchase contract negates the elements of causation and reliance
for any DTPA, fraud, or negligence claims relating to the value or condition of the property.
Id. at *6. A buyer is not bound to an as-is contract, however, if the contract is a product of
fraudulent representation or concealment by the seller. Id. at *6-7. Thus, as applied to this case,
we explained that “Ivy is not bound by the as-is clause if the Garcias intended to induce her into
the contract by making a fraudulent misrepresentation or by concealing information and if Ivy
relied on the misrepresentation in entering into the as-is contract.” Id. at *7. “To raise an issue
of fact as to the enforceability of the as-is clause in response to the Garcias’ motion for summary
judgment, Ivy was required to adduce more than a scintilla of evidence to support the claim that
she was fraudulently induced to purchase the Property ‘as is.’” Id.
Based on the summary-judgment record, we determined that Ivy had failed to
raise a fact issue as it related to most of the alleged defects that were the basis of her claims. Id.
at *9 (explaining that “buyer’s independent inspection precludes a showing of causation and
reliance if the buyer continued to complete the purchase after the inspection revealed the same
information that the seller allegedly failed to disclose,” (citing, in part, Williams v. Dardenne,
345 S.W.3d 118, 125-26 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. denied))). For example, Ivy
complained that the Garcias had failed to disclose issues of water penetration, deterioration, and
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damage in the roof and attic; water penetration and damage in the master bathroom; and
nonfunctioning light fixtures. Id. The record established that these defects, and others, had been
(1) revealed during an independent inspection of the Property, procured by Ivy during the
contract’s option period; (2) presented to her in an inspection report; and (3) relied on by Ivy to
renegotiate her purchase contract with the Garcias. Id. at *9-10. Consequently, to the extent
Ivy’s claims for DTPA violations, fraud, and misrepresentation were based on these defects,
which were identified in the inspection report, we concluded that the claims were defeated as a
matter of law. Id. at *10.
We also concluded, however, that not all of the defects alleged by Ivy had been
revealed by the independent inspection. Id. at *11. Specifically, the inspection did not reveal
whether a fire had previously occurred or an encroachment existed on the Property. Id. An
incident report from the local fire department, made part of the summary-judgment record,
revealed that there had been a fire on the Property in 2007 and that one of the “owners” of the
Property, who at the time were the Garcias, had informed a responding fire department official
that “there was a small fire behind the washer and [it] was extinguished.” Id. In addition, the
Garcias indicated in their Seller’s Disclosure Notice that they were not aware of any previous
fires, and according to Ivy’s affidavit, she would not have entered into an as-is purchase contract
had she known about the fire. Id. at *12; see Tex. Prop. Code § 5.008(a) (seller of residential
property shall give to purchaser of property written notice as prescribed by statute or
substantially similar thereto). “Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to Ivy,” we
concluded that Ivy “met her burden to adduce more than a scintilla of evidence to support her
claim that she was fraudulently induced to purchase the Property ‘as is.’” Ivy, 2019 Tex. App.
LEXIS 6962, at *12. “Because a genuine issue of material fact exist[ed] as to the enforceability
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of the as-is clause with respect to Ivy’s remaining DTPA, fraud, and misrepresentation claims
[i.e., claims related to the fire and the alleged encroachment],” we reversed the trial court’s
grant of traditional summary judgment and remanded the cause to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with the opinion. Id. at *13.
On remand, the Garcias filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment on
Ivy’s assertion that she was fraudulent induced to purchase the Property “as is.” See Tex. R.
Civ. P. 166a(i). In their motion, the Garcias asserted that in the absence of any viable claim of
fraudulent inducement, Ivy’s remaining DTPA, fraud, and misrepresentation claims are barred
by application of the as-is clause and that, consequently, final summary judgment in favor of the
Garcias on Ivy’s remaining claims is proper. After Ivy filed a response to the motion, the trial
court granted the Garcias’ no-evidence motion for summary judgment. Following a hearing on
attorney’s fees, the trial court signed a final judgment dismissing Ivy’s claims and ordering her to
pay in excess of $100,000 in attorney’s fees, including “attorney’s fees of $47,527.50 and
expenses of $509.31 for defending against Plaintiff’s claims from the conclusion of the 2018
Appeal through the date of entry of this judgment.”
In what are effectively two issues on appeal, Ivy contends that (1) trial court erred
in granting the Garcias’ no-evidence motion for summary judgment because a material issue of
fact exists as to the enforceability of the as-is contract and, specifically, whether it was the
product of fraudulent inducement, and (2) the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court’s
award of attorney’s fees and expenses.1 In response, the Garcias argue that “[a]lthough this court
1
As a pro se litigant, Ivy is held to the same standard as those represented by counsel.
See United Copper Indus., Inc. v. Grissom, 17 S.W.3d 797, 805 n.6 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000,
pet. dism’d). Nonetheless, we liberally construe her brief and address her appellate issues and
arguments to the extent we can discern them. See id. Applying that standard, these are the only
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reversed the trial court’s original grant of summary judgment based upon the undisclosed alleged
fire, it did not make findings that [Ivy] established through summary-judgment evidence each of
the requisite elements of a claim of fraud or fraud in the inducement” and that Ivy failed to
produce legally sufficient evidence to support these elements.
ANALYSIS
The issues presented by this appeal implicate the law-of-the-case doctrine. Under
this doctrine, a decision rendered in a former appeal is generally binding in a later appeal of
the same case. Paradigm Oil, Inc. v. Retamco Operating, Inc., 372 S.W.3d 177, 182 (Tex. 2012)
(citing Briscoe v. Goodmark Corp., 102 S.W.3d 714, 716 (Tex. 2003)). The doctrine is a
court-made doctrine, based on public policy, and aimed at putting an end to litigation. Briscoe,
102 S.W.3d at 716. “By narrowing the issues in successive stages of the litigation, the law of the
case doctrine is intended to achieve a uniformity as well as judicial economy and efficiency.” Id.
In addition, the doctrine “discourages parties from relitigating an issue in the hope of finding
a more favorably disposed tribunal.” Roman v. Ramirez, 573 S.W.3d 341, 348 (Tex. App.—
El Paso 2019, pet. denied).
The law-of-the-case doctrine does not absolutely bar re-consideration of the same
issue in a subsequent appeal. Rather, application of the doctrine lies within the discretion of the
appellate court, depending on the particular circumstances of each case. Gotham Ins. Co. v.
Warren E & P, Inc. 455 S.W.3d 558, 562 n.8 (Tex. 2014); see City of New Braunfels v. Carowest
Land, Ltd., 549 S.W.3d 163, 174 (Tex. App.—Austin 2017) (determining that law-of-the-case
two issues that we can reasonably discern from Ivy’s briefing. To the extent Ivy is attempting to
raise other issues, we conclude that she has waived them due to inadequate briefing. See Tex. R.
App. P. 38.1(i).
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doctrine did not preclude appellate court from revisiting its prior conclusion about subject-matter
jurisdiction based on previously unraised and unconsidered jurisdictional doctrine), vacated on
other grounds by Carowest Land, Ltd. v. City of New Braunfels, 615 S.W.3d 156 (Tex. 2020).
Also, if an appellate court’s original decision is clearly erroneous, the original decision is not
binding in a subsequent appeal. Briscoe, 102 S.W.3d at 716; see Roman, 573 S.W.3d at 348
(explaining that “‘clearly erroneous’ for law-of-the-case purposes, means something more than a
mere disagreement with the prior decision”).
In Ivy’s first appeal, this Court determined that a “genuine issue of material fact
exists as to the enforceability of the as-is clause” with respect to alleged defects not identified in
the inspection report because Ivy had produced more than a scintilla of evidence to support her
assertion that she was fraudulently induced to enter into the as-is contract. Ivy, 2019 Tex. App.
LEXIS 6962, at *12-13. In the appeal now before us, the Garcias do not contend that our
previous decision was “clearly erroneous.” See Briscoe, 102 S.W.3d at 716. Instead, the Garcias
argue that in our prior opinion, we concluded that “there was more than a scintilla to support one
of the elements of fraud in the inducement” but left open the possibility of a no-evidence motion
as to “the remaining elements” of fraudulent inducement. Specifically, the Garcias contend that
this Court determined that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether they had
“made a material representation that was false” but that we did not determine whether there was
any fact issue as to whether (1) the Garcias knew the representation was false or made the
representation recklessly (i.e., without knowledge of the truth), and with the intent that Ivy rely
on the representation; (2) Ivy reasonably relied on the representation; and (3) Ivy suffered injury
as a result. See JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v Orca Assets G.P., 546 S.W.3d 648, 653 (Tex.
2018) (summarizing elements of claim for simple fraud). The Garcias contend in their no-
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evidence motion for summary judgment and now on appeal that Ivy failed to present evidence
sufficient to create a fact issue as to these remaining elements.
The Garcias’ interpretation of our prior holding as it relates to Ivy’s assertion of
fraudulent inducement is incorrect. As previously discussed, in the first appeal, we explained
that “Ivy is not bound by the as-is clause if the Garcias intended to induce her into the contract
by making a fraudulent misrepresentation or by concealing information and if Ivy relied on the
misrepresentation in entering into the as-is contract.” Ivy, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 6962, at *7
(citing Van Duren v. Chife, 569 S.W.3d 176, 188 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no pet.)
(party asserting fraudulent inducement was required to show that the other party “made a false
material representation, knew it was false when made, intended to induce reliance, and did
induce reliance”)). The Garcias had moved for traditional summary judgment on the ground that
the as-is clause defeated the elements of causation and reliance as a matter of law. Id. (citing
Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 896 S.W.2d at 161). Consequently, to defeat the Garcias’ motion for
summary judgment based on her assertion that the as-is clause was procured by fraud—
effectively, a counter defense, Ivy was required to present evidence sufficient to raise a fact
issue on each element of fraudulent inducement. See Trudy’s Tex. Star, Inc. v. City of Austin,
307 S.W.3d 894, 905-06 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.) (explaining that when movant
seeking traditional summary judgment against other party’s cause of action meets its initial
burden to conclusively negate at least one element of that cause of action, burden shifts to
nonmovant to raise genuine issue of material fact; if nonmovant relies on affirmative defense to
meet that burden, “it must present evidence sufficient to raise a fact issue on each element of the
affirmative defense”).
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The evidence presented by Ivy in response to the Garcias’ traditional motion for
summary judgment, viewed in the light most favorable to Ivy, suggested that (1) the Garcias
were aware of a previous fire on the Property but failed to disclose it in the Seller’s Disclosure
Notice, despite a specific question in the Notice about previous fires, and (2) Ivy would not have
entered into the as-is purchase contract had she been made aware of the fire, i.e., she relied on
the representation in the Notice.2 Ivy, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 6962, at *12. In other words, the
summary-judgment evidence suggested that the Garcias knowingly misrepresented whether
there had previously been a fire on the Property and that Ivy reasonably relied on the
misrepresentation by entering into the as-is contract. See Van Duren, 569 S.W.3d at 188.
Although we did not separately discuss whether the evidence was sufficient to raise a fact issue
as to whether the Garcias intended to induce Ivy’s reliance on the as-is clause, we necessarily
determined that the evidence was sufficient to support this element by concluding that “Ivy met
her burden to adduce more than a scintilla of evidence to support her claim that she was
2
Without citing any supporting authority, the Garcias also contend that the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment was proper because Ivy did not present any evidence showing that
she “suffered a pecuniary injury as a result of” relying on the Garcias’ alleged misrepresentation.
When fraudulent inducement is asserted as a counter defense to an as-is clause, the claimant
establishes “reliance” and “injury” by showing that she would not have entered into the as-is
contract but for the alleged misrepresentation or fraudulent nondisclosure. See Larsen v. Carlene
Langford & Assoc., 41 S.W.3d 245, 253 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. denied) (“To successfully
raise the counter-defense of fraudulent inducement, the buyer must present some summary
judgment evidence that ‘but for’ the representations of the seller regarding the condition of the
subject of the contract, the buyer would not have assented to a contract that contained an ‘as is’
clause.”); Williams v. Dardenne, 345 S.W.3d 118, 25-26 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,
pet. denied) (explaining that reliance in context of fraudulent inducement, requires evidence
that claimant would not have entered into contract but for alleged misrepresentation or
nondisclosure). We disagree with the Garcias’ contention that, in this context, the claimant must
also present evidence of a pecuniary injury resulting from that reliance. Although Ivy must
establish that she sustained damages to ultimately succeed on her claims for affirmative relief,
the Garcias did not move for summary judgment on that or any other element of Ivy’s underlying
substantive claims.
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fraudulently induced to purchase the property ‘as is.’” See Trudy’s Tex. Star, 307 S.W.3d
at 905-906; see also Ritchey v. Pinnell, 357 S.W.3d 410, 412-13 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012,
no pet.) (because evidence suggested that seller was aware that plumbing and electrical work
violated permit and code requirements and failed to disclose same, buyer met burden to create
fact issue as to enforceability of as-is clause); Springs Window Fashions Div., Inc. v. Blind Maker,
Inc., 184 S.W.3d 840, 880 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet. granted, judgm’t vacated w.r.m.)
(noting that fraudulent intent may be established by either direct or circumstantial evidence, and
that “[i]ntent tends to be a fact question uniquely within the realm of the trier of fact because it
so depends on the credibility of witnesses and the weight given to their testimony”).
We previously determined that Ivy met her burden to adduce more than a scintilla
of evidence to support her assertion that she was fraudulently induced to purchase the property
as-is. Ivy, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 6962, at *13. Our decision was not clearly erroneous and
was based on the same record and argument as that presented now in this appeal. Under
the circumstances, we conclude that the law-of-the-case doctrine applies and precludes
reconsideration of whether there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Ivy was
fraudulently induced to purchase the Property “as is.” Consequently, the trial court erred in
dismissing Ivy’s remaining DTPA, fraud, and misrepresentation claims on the ground that
they are barred by application of the as-is clause in the parties’ purchase contract. Because the
trial court’s award of attorney’s fees and expenses is predicated on the Garcias’ status as the
prevailing parties under the purchase contract, we also reverse the trial court’s award of
attorney’s fees and expenses.
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CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s final judgment and remand for further proceedings.
__________________________________________
Chari L. Kelly, Justice
Before Chief Justice Byrne, Justices Triana and Kelly
Reversed and Remanded
Filed: January 21, 2022
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