in the Interest of N.K.C., a Child

AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed January 31, 2022
S In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-20-00333-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF N.K.C., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 254th Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DF-18-21825
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Schenck, Smith, and Garcia
Opinion by Justice Garcia
NKC’s Father sought enforcement of a medical support order by filing a
Motion for Enforcement of Child Support Order. The trial court denied the motion
stating that medical support was terminated and re-allocated according to an agreed
modification order. On appeal Father raises one issue complaining about the court’s
ruling. We affirm, holding that the parties’ agreement to terminate child support
included the termination of the original medical support obligations and re-allocated
them between the parties.
I. Procedural History
A. The Divorce Decree
Appellant Father was married to Appellee Mother. They had two minor
children. They divorced in December 2007.
The parties’ divorce decree allocates child support, including medical support,
between the parties. The decree contains the following health care provision:
IT IS ORDERED that [Father] and [Mother] shall each provide medical
support and health care coverage for each child as set out in this order
as additional child support for as long as the Court may order [Father]
and [Mother] to provide support for the child under sections
154.001and 154.002 of the Texas Family Code.
(Names redacted, emphasis added).
The decree named both parents Joint Managing Conservators of the children
and granted Mother the exclusive right to establish the children’s residence.
B. The Modification Order
On December 19, 2017, the parties modified their support obligations by
agreement. The trial judge approved and signed an agreed Order in Suit to Modify
Parent-Child Relationship (modification order). The modification order terminated
Father’s parental rights to the parties’ younger child and granted him the exclusive
right to establish the residence of the parties’ older child. It ordered the following
relevant modification:
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Child Support
THE COURT FINDS that due to the income of the parties it is
in the best interest of the children that neither party be ordered to pay
child support. THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that as of March 1,
2017, neither party shall be ordered to pay child support.
IT IS ORDERED that [Father] shall provide health insurance for
[the older child], either through his own employment, that of his spouse,
or privately. [Father] shall be responsible for all of [the older child’s]
out of pocket medical expenses.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that beginning tax year 2016,
[Father] shall have the right to claim [the older child] on his taxes.
....
Termination
....
The Court also finds by clear and convincing evidence that
termination of the parent-child relationship between [Father] and [the
younger child] is in the best interest of the child.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the parent-child
relationship between [Father] and [the younger child] is terminated.
....
[Mother] shall provide health insurance for [the younger child],
either through her own employment, that of her spouse, or privately.
[Mother] shall be responsible for all of [the younger child’s] out of
pocket medical expenses.
Beginning with tax year 2016, [Mother] shall have the right to
claim [the younger child] on her taxes.
(Names redacted).
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C. The Enforcement Action
On February 4, 2019, Father filed his enforcement action as “Motion for
Enforcement of Child Support Order.” According to Father’s brief, Father incurred
medical expenses for the older child in May and June 2017, in the amount of
$2,110.70. He alleges Mother was responsible for these expenses.
Father requested that the court hold Mother in contempt, that she be jailed for
up to 180 days and fined up to $500 for failure to pay the medical expenses. In
addition to contempt remedies, Father sought confirmation of arrearages, judgment
plus interest on arrearages, attorney’s fees, costs, and interest.
On September 25, 2019, the trial judge began a hearing on the enforcement
action. Before Father’s attorney could elicit substantive testimony from Father, and
prior to Father’s resting and closing his case, the trial judge asked Father’s counsel
and Mother several questions, then orally denied Father’s request for enforcement:
I don’t agree that I am suppose[d] to separate these sentences. I believe
this is a contract. It was an agreed order, and I have to review everything
in the four corners of the document, and consider my interpretation.
And the way that the court interprets this is that the way it is written,
which is what I have to go on, which is all child support, which would
include the medical support was terminated as of March 1, 2017. And
that beginning that date [Father] was responsible for all [the older
child’s] out-of-pocket medical expenses.
So, to the extent those are the only issues that here [sic] today, I am
going to deny the request for enforcement based on that language.
The trial judge signed a final order denying Father’s requested enforcement
on February 13, 2020. This appeal followed.
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II. Analysis
Father’s sole issue on appeal asserts that the modification order is
unambiguous and that the trial court erred in ruling as a matter of law that he had no
right to seek enforcement or reimbursement of medical expenses incurred after
March 1, 2017. Central to Father’s position is the argument that, without specific
reference as such, medical support is not child support.
Father alternatively argues that there is at least an ambiguity in the
modification order that can be resolved only by factual analysis, which—according
to the hearing transcript—was cut short by the trial judge’s sua sponte interpretation
of the parties’ agreement and denial of Father’s motion.
A. Standard of Review
While we generally review a trial court’s denial of a child support enforcement
action for abuse of discretion, the issue on appeal only presents a question of law:
construction of an unambiguous order, which we review de novo. See Kachina
Pipeline Co. v. Lillis, 471 S.W.3d 445, 449 (Tex. 2015); Hollingsworth v.
Hollingsworth, 274 S.W.3d 811, 815 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.).
B. Applicable Law
The Family Code provides that the parties may enter into an agreement
concerning child support. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.124(a). If the agreement is
the child’s best interest, the court renders an order according to the parties’
agreement. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.124(b). In a proceeding in which periodic
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payments of child support are modified, the court shall render an order for the
medical support of a child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.181(a)(1).
While the court may not enforce terms of an agreement pertaining to child
support as a contract, the court necessarily interprets an agreed child support order
applying general rules of contract construction. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.124(c);
In re K.M.J., No. 02-09-00303-CV, 2011 WL 3525439, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth July 28, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Ex parte Jones, 358 S.W.2d 370,
375 (Tex. 1962) (orig. proceeding), overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Gorena,
595 S.W.2d 841 (Tex. 1979) (orig. proceeding)); see also Seagull Energy E&P, Inc.
v. Eland Energy, Inc., 207 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Tex. 2006).
Separate writings may be construed together if the connection appears on the
face of the documents by express reference or by internal evidence of their unity.
Kartsotis v. Bloch, 503 S.W.3d 506, 516 (Tex. App. —Dallas 2016, pet. denied).
Documents incorporated into an agreement by reference become part of that
agreement. Id. When a document is incorporated into another by reference, both
instruments must be read and construed together. Id.In construing a contract, we look to the language of the parties’ agreement.
Barrow-Shaver Res. Co. v. Carrizo Oil & Gas, Inc., 590 S.W.3d 471, 479 (Tex.
2019). Contract language that can be given a certain or definite meaning is not
ambiguous. Chrysler Ins. Co. v. Greenspoint Dodge of Houston, Inc., 297 S.W.3d
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248, 252 (Tex. 2009); see also In re C.W.W., No. 05-15-00960-CV, 2016 WL
3548036, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 28, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Ambiguity does not exist simply because parties disagree over meaning.
Piranha Partners v. Neuhoff, 596 S.W.3d 740, 743–44 (Tex. 2020).
Our primary concern is to determine the parties’ true intent as expressed in
their agreement. Kartsotis, 503 S.W.3d at 515. To that end, we examine and consider
the entire writing to harmonize and give effect to all the contract’s provisions so that
none will be rendered meaningless. Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex.
1983). Objective manifestations of intent control, not what one side or the other
alleges they intended to say but did not. URI, Inc. v. Kleberg Cty., 543 S.W.3d 755,
763–64 (Tex. 2018)
The most common type of child support order is one that requires the non-
custodial parent to pay the custodial parent a sum of money on a periodic basis. But
other types of support are authorized. See In re H.L.B., No. 05-18-01061-CV, 2020
WL 104623, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 9, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). Child
support includes providing the child with medical and dental care. See TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 154.074(3). A key tenet for child support is that it is a duty owed by a
parent to a child. In re H.L.B., 2020 WL 104623, at *3 (citing Ochsner v. Ochsner,
517 S.W.3d 717, 724–26 (Tex. 2016)). Medical support for a child is a child support
obligation. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.183 (a)(2)
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Every agreement incorporates the laws that exist at the time and place of its
making, regardless of whether that incorporation is express. Comcast Cable of
Plano, Inc. v. City of Plano, 315 S.W.3d 673, 684 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.).
Once the trial court approves the parties’ agreement and makes it part of the
judgment, the agreement is no longer merely a contract between private individuals.
See Hallsted v. McGinnis, 483 S.W.3d 72, 74–75 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2015, no pet.) (citing Ex parte Gorena 595 S.W.2d 841, 844 (Tex. 1979) (orig.
proceeding)). It becomes part of a valid and binding final judgment and is
enforceable as part of the order. See id. at 75 (citing Gorena, 595 S.W.2d at 844;
Jenkins v. Jenkins, 991 S.W.2d 440, 445 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied);
Shoberg v. Shoberg, 830 S.W.2d 149, 152 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1992,
no writ)).
C. The Parties’ Arguments and Counterarguments
The parties dispute when their original medical support obligation terminated
and when their re-allocated obligation commenced.
Father argues that the paragraph regarding child support is unambiguous,
stating that beginning March 1, 2017, neither party shall pay child support. He
asserts that the paragraphs relating to medical support are also unambiguous, stating
that each parent is responsible for the health insurance and out-of-pocket medical
expenses for the child in their respective possession as of the date of the order,
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December 19, 2017. Father maintains that since no date is given for this paragraph
its effective date must “by necessity” be the order’s entry date: December 19, 2017.
Liberally construing Mother’s briefing, we ascertain her response to Father’s
issue on appeal. While delving into extensive allegations concerning the parties’
conflicts, Mother also argues that the order is unambiguous. She states that it was
in the best interest of the children that neither party pay child support. She asserts
that medical support is child support, and the fact that both sentences are placed
under the same heading of “Child Support” supports the interpretation of medical
support as a type of child support. Mother alleges that Father intended to separate all
types of support completely from “the very beginning of (Father’s) Modification
case.”
The trial judge, after forgoing presentation of evidence, ruled that the child
support agreement was unambiguous and that the term “child support” encompasses
medical support in addition to periodic payments to mother. She interpreted the
agreement to make Father responsible for the older child’s healthcare expenses and
Mother responsible for the younger child’s healthcare expenses beginning the same
day as termination of their previous child support obligations. We agree with the
trial court.
D. Interpreting the parties’ agreement
Because the interpretation of an agreement is a legal question, we consider the
extent of the agreement, consider whether its terms can be given certain or definite
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meanings, and construe the order in the context of the entire document. See Seagull
Energy, 207 S.W.3d at 345; K.M.J., 2011 WL 3525439, at *2.
1. Original Decree and Modification
The agreed modification order states:
IT IS ORDERED that all relief requested in this case and not
expressly granted is denied. All other terms of the prior orders not
specifically modified in this order shall remain in full force and effect.
This paragraph expressly incorporates “prior orders” into the agreed
modification order by reference. The only prior order in the record is the parties’
divorce decree. As a prior order, it is incorporated into the modification order. See
Kartsotis, 503 S.W.3d at 516. With this incorporation, we construe the documents
together and harmonize their respective provisions. Id.
2. Definite Terms
The crux of the parties’ dispute involves the definition of the phrase “child
support.” Father claims that this phrase in the modification order was intended to
apply only to periodic payments from one parent to another. Mother claims that this
phrase was intended to apply to all types of support, including medical support.
The decree expressly classifies medical support and health care coverage as
child support. Construing the orders together, the phrase “child support” is given
certain and definite meaning. That meaning includes the definite categories of
monthly support payments, medical support, and health care coverage. Read
objectively in the context of the two documents, the term “child support” is not
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ambiguous. See Chrysler Ins. Co., 297 S.W.3d at 252; C.W.W., 2016 WL 3548036,
at *3.
Construing the modification as terminating only monthly support payments
renders the decree’s classification of medical support as child support meaningless.
That construction adds language that is not there. Yet Father urges us to read the
modification order as “child support, except medical support.”
To harmonize the orders, termination of the parties’ child support obligation
must include termination of both periodic payments and medical support as of the
date stated in the modification order, March 1, 2017. See Coker, 650 S.W.2d at 393.
Father complains that he can find “no case or interpretation of common
practice” that would allow the court to conclude that child support refers to the
children’s medical support. But we need look no further than the parties’ Decree of
Divorce, their Modification order, Father’s Motion for Enforcement, and the Texas
Family Code to find instances of “medical support” being referred to as “child
support” or “child support” existing in the form of medical support.
 The Decree of Divorce orders medical support and health care
coverage payable as additional child support.
 The modification order paragraph making Father responsible for all
the older child’s medical support is in the section titled “Child
Support.”1
1
Inclusion or exclusion of a support provision in an order’s child support section alone is not indicative
of whether that provision is considered child support. See H.L.B., 2020 WL 104623, at *4. It is listed here
as one of many instances of practice where medical support is arguably included as child support.
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 Even though he did not seek to enforce periodic support payments,
and sought to enforce only medical support, Father titled his own
petition for relief “Motion for Enforcement of Child Support Order.”2
 Texas Family Code § 153.074(3) includes in its definition of child
support the provision of medical and dental support.
 Texas Family Code Chapter 154 entitled “Child Support” contains
two types of support: Subchapter A, which sets forth rules for
calculating and establishing periodic payments, and Subchapter D,
which requires medical and dental support for children. Section
154.183 expressly characterizes it as a child support obligation.
In short, medical support is child support. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§ 154.183(a)(2); Hontanosas v. Hontanosas, No. 13-08-00309-CV, 2012 WL
432642, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Feb. 9, 2012, no pet.) (mem.
op.); see also H.L.B., 2020 WL 104623, at *3. It is an obligation of a parent to a
child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.183(a). It is ordered as child support, and it
is enforced as child support. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 154.183(a)(3).
3. Giving effect to terms in the context of the agreement
However, our analysis cannot stop at merging the orders and construing their
terms. The provision of the modification order that allocates the medical support
obligation between the parties does not have a beginning date.
2
Father could have titled his motion “Motion for Enforcement of Medical Support Order.” He did not.
He applied the common practice of using the phrase “child support” to refer to medical support.
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A court errs when it fails to allocate medical support in an action for
modification of child support. See State v. Hernandez, 802 S.W.2d 894, 897 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 1991, no pet.).
The Family Code requires child support modification orders to allocate
responsibility for the children’s medical support. Because the parties terminated
medical support on March 1, 2017, the subsequent paragraphs served the purpose of
allocating the responsibility on March 1, 2017. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§ 154.181(a).
To read the agreement to commence the parties’ medical support obligation
as of the date of entry of the order would ignore the mandate of Family Code
§ 154.181(a). We read the order as incorporating the Family Code requirement, even
though the incorporation is not express. See Comcast Cable of Plano, Inc., 315
S.W.3d at 684. Because the modification order terminated the parties’ child support
obligations as of March 1, 2017, and because § 154.181(a) therefore requires the
order to provide what the parties’ medical support obligations are, we must read the
re-allocation of the parties’ medical support obligations as being effective as of
March 1, 2017, also.
Had the parties’ agreed modification order terminated all child support
without allocating their respective medical support obligations at all, it might have
been rendered ambiguous. But that is not the case here. Starting the parties’ new
medical support obligation on the termination date of their old medical support
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obligation harmonizes the terms of the contract while satisfying the Family Code
mandate to define the parties’ medical support obligations.
E. Father’s alternative argument
Since we deem the modification order’s medical support provisions
unambiguous, we need not address Father’s alternative argument that the court
should have conducted a factual analysis to determine the meaning of ambiguous
terms contained in the modification order.
F. Mother’s request for sanctions
Mother’s brief includes a request for sanctions complaining of several matters,
including Father’s alleged failure to serve Mother with a motion for extension of
time and certain statements in Father’s brief. After consideration, we deny Mother’s
request for sanctions. Cf. Hale v. Rising S Co., LLC, No. 05-20-01025-CV, 2021 WL
1248273, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 5, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (denying
appellees’ request for Rule 45 sanctions).
III. Conclusion
We conclude that the divorce decree’s allocation of medical support was
terminated on March 1, 2017, and that the modification order re-allocated the
medical support obligation as of that date.
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We affirm the trial court’s order.
/Dennise Garcia/
DENNISE GARCIA
JUSTICE
Schenck, J., concurring
200333F.P05
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S
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
IN THE INTEREST OF N.K.C., A On Appeal from the 254th Judicial
CHILD, District Court, Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DF-18-21825.
No. 05-20-00333-CV Opinion delivered by Justice Garcia.
Justices Schenck and Smith
participating.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial
court is AFFIRMED.
It is ORDERED that appellee Ashley Montgomery recover her costs of this
appeal from appellant Jimmy Cail.
Judgment entered January 31, 2022.
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