Sammy Page v. State

IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-15-00120-CR
No. 10-15-00121-CR
No. 10-15-00122-CR
SAMMY PAGE,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the County Court at Law
Navarro County, Texas
Trial Court Nos. C35545-CR, C35546-CR and C35547-CR
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Sammy Page pleaded guilty to the following offenses: possession of a
Penalty Group 3 controlled substance in an amount of less than twenty-eight grams in a
drug-free zone, possession with intent to deliver a Penalty Group 1 controlled substance
in an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams in a drug-free zone, and
unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. The trial court assessed his punishment at
twenty months’ confinement in state jail, thirty-six years’ imprisonment, and ten years’
imprisonment, respectively. The trial court ordered the first two sentences to run
concurrently with each other and the third sentence to run consecutively to the first two.
These appeals ensued.
Before trial, Page filed a motion to suppress evidence, arguing in part that the
search warrant affidavit was insufficient to establish probable cause for the issuance of
the search warrant. The only evidence presented at the hearing on the motion to suppress
was the affidavit for search and arrest warrant, the search warrant signed by the
magistrate, and the return and inventory. The affidavit for search and arrest warrant
states in relevant part:
4. IT IS THE BELIEF OF THE AFFIANT, AND HE HEREBY CHARGES
AND ACCUSES THAT: On or about the 20th day of March 2014, the
suspect Sammy Page and subjects unknown to the affiant did then and
there knowingly and intentionally possess methamphetamine at the
suspected location.
5. AFFIANT HAS PROBABLE CAUSE FOR SAID BELIEF BY REASON
OF THE FOLLOWING FACTS: Affiant, Kenneth Dunagan, is a police
officer employed by the Corsicana Police Department assigned to the
Narcotics Division. On or about March, 20th 2014 the Affiant received
information from a Confidential Informant (CI) That a W/M subject
known to the Informant as Sammy was in possession of
methamphetamine at the suspected location. CI advised that within the
past 48 hours he or she had observed Sammy in possession of multiple
small plastic baggies containing methamphetamine. CI advised that he
or she has also observed Sammy in possession of a 9 mm pistol, which
he keeps on his person or within close proximity to his person. Affiant
is also aware that … Sammy Page has been arrested and convicted of
Possession of Marijuana under 2 ounces on multiple occasions,
Possession of Marijuana over 2 ounces under 4 ounces, Possession of a
Controlled Substance PG 1 under 1 gram, Unlawful Possession of a
Firearm by a felon, and Injury to a child/disabled/elderly with intent to
cause bodily injury. Affiant is aware of all charges and convictions by
viewing Sammy’s criminal history.
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Affiant has also received information from a separate Confidential
Source (CS) stating that Sammy Page resides at the target location and
advised he drives a maroon Buick. CS stated that Sammy Page sells
methamphetamine, marijuana and prescription medication.
Affiant requests a no knock warrant be issued due to Sammy Page’s
criminal history and information that he is in possession of a firearm.
Affiant believes that the information so furnished is true and correct,
and that the informant is credible, because said informant has furnished
information to affiant on at least three occasions in Navarro County,
Texas, and on each and every occasion, such information has proven
true, correct, and reliable.
Affiant now has reason to believe and does believe that Sammy Page is
knowingly and intentionally possessing Methamphetamine in violation
of the Texas Health and Safety Code.
The magistrate found, and stated in the search warrant, that the verified facts in
the affidavit show that the affiant had probable cause for the belief he expressed therein
and established the existence of proper grounds for issuance of the warrant. Accordingly,
the search warrant commanded the affiant to enter the suspected place and premises
described in the affidavit, to search for the personal property described in the affidavit,
and to seize the personal property and bring it before the magistrate. The warrant also
commanded the affiant to arrest and bring before the magistrate each person described
and accused in the affidavit. The return and inventory states that marijuana,
methamphetamine, and a pistol, among other things, were seized during the execution
of the search warrant.1 The trial court denied Page’s motion to suppress.
1At the punishment hearing, Detective Dunagan testified that when the search warrant was executed, the
officers found Page in the living room area of the suspected location with contraband near him and that no
one else was found at the suspected location.
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In his sole issue in each appeal, Page contends that the trial court erred in denying
his motion to suppress the evidence seized upon execution of the search warrant because
the search warrant affidavit is not sufficiently specific to support a finding of probable
cause to issue the warrant. Page argues that the affiant failed to include information from
which the reliability and veracity of the CI and CS could be verified and that the affiant
therefore relied “entirely upon the unverified allegations of an unknown person to obtain
the warrant.” Page argues that the affiant’s assertion that the CI had been previously
reliable was conclusory and insufficient. Page asserts that the affidavit provides no
support for the reliability of the CS and that the CS was essential because he or she
provided the identity of Page as the person to be searched/seized and because, without
the surname provided by the CS, the affiant could not have run the criminal history
search and then linked the criminal history to the person identified by the CI. Page also
notes that the affiant conducted no independent verification of the allegations made by
the confidential informants.
In assessing the sufficiency of an affidavit for a search warrant, the reviewing court
is limited to the four corners of the affidavit. State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011); Glaze v. State, 230 S.W.3d 258, 260 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, pet. ref’d).
Accordingly, and because of the constitutional preference for warrants, we apply a highly
deferential standard in reviewing a magistrate’s decision to issue a warrant. Illinois v.
Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 234-37, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2330-31, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527 (1983); McLain, 337
S.W.3d at 271. As long as the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that
probable cause existed, the magistrate’s probable-cause determination will be upheld.
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Gates, 462 U.S. at 236, 103 S.Ct. at 2331; McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271. The affidavit is not to
be analyzed hypertechnically. Gates, 462 U.S. at 236, 103 S.Ct. at 2331; McLain, 337 S.W.3d
at 271. Rather, the reviewing court should interpret the affidavit in a common-sense and
realistic manner, recognizing that the magistrate was permitted to draw reasonable
inferences. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271; Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55, 61 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
Probable cause exists when, under the totality of the circumstances, there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found at the specified location.
McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 272. It is a flexible and non-demanding standard. Id. The focus is
not on what other facts could or should have been included in the affidavit; the focus is
on the combined logical force of facts that are in the affidavit. State v. Duarte, 389 S.W.3d
349, 354-55 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
The affidavit need not reflect the direct observations of the affiant so long as the
magistrate is informed of some of the underlying circumstances supporting the affiant’s
belief that any informant involved, whose identity need not be disclosed, was credible or
his information reliable. United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108, 85 S. Ct. 741, 745-46,
13 L. Ed. 2d 684 (1965); State v. Ozuna, 88 S.W.3d 307, 310 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002,
pet. ref’d). Although an informant’s veracity, reliability, and basis of knowledge are
highly relevant in reviewing the sufficiency of an affidavit, these elements are not each
independent requirements, but closely intertwined issues that simply illuminate the
overall question of whether there is probable cause to believe that contraband or evidence
is located in a particular place. Gates, 462 U.S. at 230, 103 S.Ct. at 2328; Ozuna, 88 S.W.3d
Page v. State Page 5
at 310. The unnamed informant’s credibility may be established by allegations that the
informant has proved reliable on previous occasions. Blake v. State, 125 S.W.3d 717, 726
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). This reliability may be established by the
general assertions of the affiant, as stated in the affidavit, concerning the informant’s prior
reliability. Id. The informant’s tip, combined with independent police investigation, may
also provide a substantial basis for the probable-cause finding. Lowery v. State, 843 S.W.2d
136, 141 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, pet. ref’d) (citing Janecka v. State, 739 S.W.2d 813, 825
(Tex. Crim. App. 1987)).
In Hegdal v. State, 488 S.W.2d 782 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972), the affiant relied solely
upon information supplied by a confidential informant. Id. at 784. The affidavit reflected
that the informant had personally observed methamphetamine at the described location
within forty-eight hours of the date of the making of the affidavit. Id. The affidavit also
reflected that the affiant had received information from the “reliable and credible
informant on previous occasions and such information has proven to be true and correct.”
Id. Based on this, the Court of Criminal Appeals stated that “the magistrate was informed
of sufficient underlying circumstances from which the informer concluded that the
narcotics were where he claimed they were.” Id. at 785. The court also concluded that
“the affidavit detailed sufficient information from which the affiant concluded that the
informer was credible or his information reliable.” Id. The court thus held that the
affidavit was sufficient to reflect probable cause. Id.
Similarly, in this case, the affidavit reflects that the CI personally observed
“Sammy” with methamphetamine at the suspected location within forty-eight hours of
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the making of the affidavit. The affidavit also reflects that the CI had furnished
information to the affiant on at least three previous occasions and that such information
had proved true, correct, and reliable on each of those occasions. We therefore conclude,
under the reasoning set forth in Hegdal, that the affidavit contains sufficient facts from
which the magistrate could have determined that the CI was reliable and that, under the
totality of the circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a
crime would be found at the suspected location.
Based on Hegdal, Page’s criminal history is not necessary for the affidavit to reflect
probable cause. Furthermore, contrary to Page’s argument that the CS was essential
because he or she provided the identity of Page as the person to be searched/seized, the
search warrant actually commanded the affiant to enter the suspected place and premises
described in the affidavit (the apartment where the CI observed “Sammy” with
methamphetamine), to there search for the personal property described in the affidavit,
and to seize the personal property and bring it before the magistrate. Accordingly, the
CS was not “essential” for the affidavit to be sufficient to reflect probable cause.
Page argues that we should follow the Court of Criminal Appeals’ analysis in
Duarte. See Duarte, 389 S.W.3d at 349. In Duarte, the affidavit was based on a tip from a
first-time confidential informant who stated that Duarte had possessed cocaine at a
particular address within the past twenty-four hours. Id. at 352, 355. Although the
informant provided a “timely, first-hand tip,” the tip lacked detail, such as the quantity
and specific location of the cocaine, and police failed to corroborate the tip, except to
confirm Duarte’s address. Id. at 359-60. The court stated that “tips from anonymous or
Page v. State Page 7
first-time confidential informants of unknown reliability must be coupled with facts from
which an inference may be drawn that the informant is credible or that the information
is reliable.” Id. at 358. The court thus concluded that the tip did not create a substantial
basis upon which a magistrate could find probable cause. Id. at 360.
Here, the CI was not a first-time confidential informant; instead, he or she had a
“track record.” The affidavit in this case states that the CI had furnished information to
the affiant on at least three previous occasions and that such information had proved true,
correct, and reliable on each of those occasions. Duarte is therefore distinguishable from
this case. The Duarte court even stated that the tip “may be enough if the informant has
a track record and is known to be reliable. We have held as much [in Hegdal].” Id. at 359
n.44.
We hold that there was a substantial basis upon which the magistrate could have
determined the existence of probable cause. We overrule Page’s sole issue in each appeal.
We affirm the trial court’s judgments.
REX D. DAVIS
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Scoggins
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed August 3, 2016
Do not publish
[CRPM]
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