Alfredo Rodriguez Oviedo v. the State of Texas

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-19-00568-CR
NO. 03-19-00569-CR
Alfredo Rodriguez Oviedo, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE 147TH DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY
NOS. D-1-DC-18-300184 & D-1-DC-18-300185,
THE HONORABLE CLIFFORD A. BROWN, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Alfredo Rodriguez Oviedo pleaded guilty to two counts of aggravated
sexual assault of a child. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.021(a)(2)(B). Pursuant to a plea bargain, the
trial court sentenced Rodriguez Oviedo to thirty years’ confinement on each count, with the
sentences to run concurrently. In two issues, Rodriguez Oviedo challenges the trial court’s
denial of his motion for new trial and refusal of his request for a hearing on the motion. We will
affirm the trial court’s judgments of conviction.
BACKGROUND1
Rodriguez Oviedo was charged by indictment with two counts of aggravated
sexual assault of a child, two counts of indecency with a child by contact, and one count of
indecency with a child by exposure. Pursuant to a plea bargain, Rodriguez Oviedo pleaded
guilty to the two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child. In exchange, the State waived
the remaining counts and dismissed felony charges—including a charge of continuous sexual
abuse of a child—pending against Rodriguez Oviedo in other cases. The trial court followed the
punishment recommended by the State in the plea bargain and sentenced Rodriguez Oviedo to
thirty years’ confinement on each count, with the sentences to run concurrently.
Rodriguez Oviedo filed a motion for new trial, contending that his guilty plea was
involuntary because he had been denied effective assistance of counsel. In support of his
motion, Rodriguez Oviedo attached an unsworn declaration, in which he alleged that his trial
counsel had failed to conduct an adequate investigation or prepare for trial.
The trial court, in an effort to resolve the issue, ordered trial counsel to submit an
affidavit responding to Rodriguez Oviedo’s allegations. Following the submission of
trial counsel’s affidavit, Rodriguez Oviedo filed an affidavit from his brother,
Armando Rodriguez, in support of the motion, as well as a proposed order setting a hearing on
the motion. Trial counsel, in turn, filed an affidavit from another brother of Rodriguez Oviedo’s,
1
The following uncontroverted facts are taken from the parties’ briefing and the record
before the Court.
2
Juan Luis Rodriguez Oviedo.2 The trial court denied the motion for new trial without a hearing,
and this appeal followed.3
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for new trial, as well as its decision
on whether to hold a hearing on the motion, for an abuse of discretion. Corporon v. State,
586 S.W.3d 550, 557 (Tex. App.—Austin 2019, no pet.); see Gonzalez v. State, 616 S.W.3d 585,
594 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020); Gonzales v. State, 304 S.W.3d 838, 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
“In so doing, we reverse only when the trial judge’s decision was so clearly wrong as to lie
outside that zone within which reasonable persons might disagree.” Gonzales, 304 S.W.3d at
842 (quoting Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 339–40 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). The trial court’s
ruling is within the zone of reasonable disagreement “when there are two reasonable views of the
evidence.” Id.DISCUSSION
In two issues, Rodriguez Oviedo complains that the trial court abused its
discretion in denying his motion for new trial and refusing his request to hold a hearing on the
motion.
2
Because Rodriguez Oviedo and his brother share a surname, we will refer to Juan Luis
by his first names.
3
Although Rodriguez Oviedo waived his right to appeal as a term of the plea bargain,
the trial court gave him permission to appeal its order denying the motion for new trial. See Tex.
R. App. P. 25.2(a)(2)(B) (providing that in plea bargain case, defendant may appeal after getting
trial court’s permission).
3
Denial of the Motion for New Trial
In his first issue, Rodriguez Oviedo contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by denying his motion for new trial. In the motion, Rodriguez Oviedo alleged that his
guilty plea was involuntary because he received ineffective assistance of counsel prior to the plea
proceeding. Specifically, Rodriguez Oviedo complained that his attorney failed to conduct an
adequate investigation or prepare for trial, against Rodriguez Oviedo’s expressed wishes.
Rodriguez Oviedo claimed that trial counsel’s deficient representation rendered his
plea involuntary.
Rodriguez Oviedo asserts that trial counsel’s affidavit, filed in opposition to the
motion for new trial, “failed to refute the facts showing an entitlement to relief,” and the
trial court therefore denied the motion “without there being any evidence contradicting
[Rodriguez Oviedo’s] factual allegations.” Rodriguez Oviedo maintains that but for trial
counsel’s actions, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.
“[W]hen analyzing the trial court’s decision to deny a new trial based on
ineffective assistance of counsel, we view the relevant legal standards through the prism of an
abuse-of-discretion standard.” Branch v. State, 335 S.W.3d 893, 904 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011,
pet. ref’d). The test is not whether, in our opinion, “the facts present an appropriate case for the
trial court’s action” but whether the trial court “acted without reference to any guiding rules or
principles.” State v. Herndon, 215 S.W.3d 901, 907 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting Howell
v. State, 175 S.W.3d 786, 792 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). We view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Gonzalez, 616 S.W.3d at 594 (internal quotation
marks omitted).
4
When, as here, the trial court has not made express findings, we “will imply
findings necessary to support the ruling if they are reasonable and supported by the record” and
presume that the trial court made all findings in favor of the prevailing party. State v. Gutierrez,
541 S.W.3d 91, 98 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017); see Okonkwo v. State, 398 S.W.3d 689, 694 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2013). The trial court, as factfinder, is the sole judge of witness credibility.
Okonkwo, 398 S.W.3d at 694. We must afford “almost total deference to a trial court’s findings
of historical facts as well as mixed questions of law and fact that turn on an evaluation of
credibility and demeanor.” Id. This is so even when the court’s determinations are based solely
on affidavits, regardless of whether they are controverted. Id. Claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel “involve mixed questions of law and fact that often contain[ ] subsidiary questions of
historical fact, some of which may turn upon the credibility and demeanor of witnesses.”
Odelugo v. State, 443 S.W.3d 131, 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court but only decide whether its
decision was “arbitrary or unreasonable.” Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109, 112 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must demonstrate
under the totality of the evidence that “(1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, and (2) but for such deficient
performance, a reasonable probability exists that the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” Miller v. State, 548 S.W.3d 497, 499 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (citing Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). To prove deficient performance, the appellant must
show that “no reasonable trial strategy could justify counsel’s conduct.” Branch, 335 S.W.3d at904–05. In the context of a guilty plea, prejudice requires that the appellant show “that there is a
5
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would
have insisted on going to trial.” Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58–59 (1985). Where the alleged
error of counsel is a failure to investigate, “the determination whether the error prejudiced the
defendant by causing him to plead guilty rather than go to trial will depend on the likelihood that
discovery of the evidence would have led the attorney to change his recommendation as to the
plea,” an assessment “depend[ing] in large part on a prediction that the evidence likely would
have changed the outcome of a trial.” Cantu v. State, 993 S.W.2d 712, 718 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d). A defendant complaining about trial counsel’s failure to call witnesses
must show that the witnesses were available and that he would have benefitted from their
testimony. Id. at 719.
“Failure to make the required showing of either deficient performance or
sufficient prejudice defeats the ineffectiveness claim.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 700; accord Perez
v. State, 310 S.W.3d 890, 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Our review of counsel’s representation is
highly deferential; we must “indulge in a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct was
not deficient.” Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 307–08 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); see Strickland,
466 U.S. at 689. To rebut that presumption, a claim of ineffective assistance must be “firmly
founded in the record,” and “the record must affirmatively demonstrate” the meritorious nature
of the claim. Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Goodspeed
v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
No plea of guilty or plea of nolo contendere shall be accepted by the court unless
it appears that the defendant is mentally competent and that the plea is free and voluntary. Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. art. 26.13. “The test for determining the validity of a guilty plea is ‘whether
the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action
6
open to the defendant.’” State v. Guerrero, 400 S.W.3d 576, 588 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)
(quoting North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970)). “When a defendant enters into a
plea, attesting that she understands the nature of her plea and that it is being made knowingly and
voluntarily, she has the burden on appeal to show that her plea was involuntary.” Briggs v. State,
560 S.W.3d 176, 187 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); see Mason v. State, 527 S.W.3d 505, 509 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (describing burden as “heavy”). A defendant’s
decision to plead guilty when based upon erroneous advice of counsel is not done voluntarily and
knowingly. Ex Parte Moussazadeh, 361 S.W.3d 684, 688 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
Here, the trial court was faced with two pairs of conflicting statements. Both
Rodriguez Oviedo and Rodriguez insist that trial counsel was retained for $9,500 to take
Rodriguez Oviedo’s cases to trial but subsequently failed to conduct an adequate investigation.
When trial counsel purportedly told Rodriguez Oviedo that he could obtain a better plea offer
from the State, Rodriguez Oviedo maintains he responded that he did not want to accept any
offer because he was innocent. Rodriguez Oviedo alleges that trial counsel failed to interview
potential witnesses or return phone calls from Rodriguez Oviedo’s brothers and only met with
Rodriguez Oviedo twice. During the latter visit, Rodriguez Oviedo claims that trial counsel “was
in a big hurry” and told Rodriguez Oviedo “that there was no time to go to jury trial. [Trial
counsel] told [Rodriguez Oviedo he] had no choice but to accept the offer of the State of 30 years
in prison.” Rodriguez likewise attests that trial counsel failed to return his calls or attend
scheduled meetings with the brothers. He states that trial counsel only met with them on the
day of the plea proceeding and told them that there was not enough time for a jury trial.
However, Rodriguez also contends that trial counsel “said that if [they] wanted a jury trial for
[Rodriguez Oviedo], [they] would have to come up with between” $270,000 and $300,000.
7
The facts as presented in trial counsel’s affidavit largely contradict those in
Rodriguez Oviedo’s and Rodriguez’s statements. He states that he was retained by Juan Luis on
Rodriguez Oviedo’s behalf to represent Rodriguez Oviedo in his criminal cases and “see all
options with the ultimate goal of reducing the sentence to the minimal possible.” Trial counsel
claims that after informing the family that his fees for representation and trial were $8,000 and
$25,000, respectively, he was given a retainer of $8,000. According to trial counsel, from the
beginning Rodriguez Oviedo never intended to go to trial but only wanted “to get the best
possible deal”; Rodriguez Oviedo’s “tactical approach” was to obtain the lowest possible
sentence to lessen “the potential of an extremely long sentence if he w[ere] to go to trial.” Trial
counsel attests that Rodriguez Oviedo was particularly concerned about the possibility of a life
sentence and would have been “perfectly content in accepting a plea deal” for less than
forty years.
Trial counsel maintains that prior to the plea proceeding he had multiple meetings
with Rodriguez Oviedo, at which they reviewed discovery materials and discussed the charges
against Rodriguez Oviedo, their ranges of punishment, the risks associated with trial, and the
possible immigration consequences of a conviction. He also explains that he and Rodriguez
Oviedo traded stories of individuals who had rejected plea deals only to receive significantly
more severe sentences following a trial. Trial counsel contends that Rodriguez Oviedo became
especially concerned following his arraignment on the continuous sexual abuse of a child charge4
and, when it became clear that he would not be able to post bond, instructed trial counsel that he
would be willing to accept thirty years in the aggravated cases so long as the remainder of the
4
An individual serving a sentence for continuous sexual abuse of a child is ineligible for
release on parole. Tex. Gov’t Code § 508.145(a).
8
charges were dismissed. Trial counsel asserts that on the day of the plea proceeding he advised
Rodriguez Oviedo that he did not have to plead guilty if he did not wish to and reminded him
that it was not a trial date. Trial counsel also states that when he conveyed to Rodriguez Oviedo
the State’s warning that all plea offers would be withdrawn if Rodriguez Oviedo did not accept
the offer of thirty years, Rodriguez Oviedo directed him to accept the offer and expressed his
willingness to plead.
Juan Luis’s affidavit corroborates trial counsel’s account. Juan Luis agrees that
he paid trial counsel “a minimum retainer fee” to begin work on Rodriguez Oviedo’s cases and
met with trial counsel “on a continuous basis since the date that [he] hired [Juan Luis] to
represent [his] brother.” Juan Luis explains that he was present at the plea proceeding and was
“fully advised of [his] brother’s right to have a trial. The risks of going to trial were extreme[,]
and it was [his] brother’s free choice to accept his plea.” He adds that “Rodriguez Oviedo [was
advised] that he had a right to have a trial. [His] brother waived that right and entered a plea
freely, knowingly, and voluntarily.” Juan Luis rejects Rodriguez’s claim that trial counsel told
the brothers that it would cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to go to trial, calling it
“completely false.” To the contrary, Juan Luis acknowledges that he was advised the retainer for
a trial would be approximately $25,000.
The record of the plea proceeding and Rodriguez Oviedo’s plea documents
likewise reinforce trial counsel’s and Juan Luis’s renditions of events. Rodriguez Oviedo
acknowledged in open court that he had discussed the immigration consequences of a guilty plea
with trial counsel; understood “everything going on in court here today”; and understood that by
pleading guilty, he would be giving up certain rights, including the right to a jury trial. When
asked whether he still wished to enter a guilty plea even though it would mean giving up those
9
rights, Rodriguez Oviedo responded, “Yes.” Rodriguez Oviedo denied that anyone had “forced
[him], threatened [him], or coerced [him] in any way to enter th[e] plea.” In his plea documents,
Rodriguez Oviedo indicated by his initials and signature that he had been admonished of his
rights, including the right to a jury trial, which he waived; was satisfied that he had been
effectively represented; and voluntarily and freely pleaded guilty. After the punishment hearing,
Rodriguez Oviedo requested that trial counsel, and not a substitute, appear with him at a victim
allocution set by the trial court for a later date.
Given the contradictions between Rodriguez Oviedo’s and Rodriguez’s
statements and the remainder of the record, we must find that the trial court made implied
findings against the credibility of Rodriguez Oviedo’s and Rodriguez’s statements and in favor
of trial counsel’s and Juan Luis’s affidavits. Colyer v. State, 428 S.W.3d 117, 122 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2014) (“[We] presume that all reasonable factual findings that could have been made
against the losing party were made against that losing party.”) As noted above, we afford
“almost total deference” to the trial court’s findings of historical fact and mixed questions of fact
and law that are grounded in a credibility determination. Okonkwo, 398 S.W.3d at 694; see
Holden v. State, 201 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (stating that “deferential” standard
applies to review of trial court’s determination of historical facts when based solely upon
affidavits). The trial court was “free to disbelieve” Rodriguez Oviedo’s and Rodriguez’s
statements, and we may not substitute our judgment for its. Riley v. State, 378 S.W.3d 453, 457
(Tex. Crim. App. 2012), overruled on other grounds by Miller v. State, 548 S.W.3d 497 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2018); see Webb, 232 S.W.3d at 112.
Accepting as true the facts recounted by trial counsel and Juan Luis, we cannot
say that the trial court’s decision to deny the motion for new trial was outside the zone of
10
reasonable disagreement. Gonzalez, 616 S.W.3d at 594. Where, as here, the alleged error is a
failure to investigate, “strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are
reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations
on investigation. In other words, counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to
make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.” Strickland,
466 U.S. at 690–91 (emphasis added). The reasonableness of counsel’s actions “may be
determined or substantially influenced by the defendant’s own statements or actions.” Id. at 691.
Counsel’s actions are usually based on choices made by the defendant and information supplied
by him. Id. “In particular, what investigation decisions are reasonable depends critically on such
information.” Id. Moreover, the decision whether to plead guilty is a “fundamental” one for
which an accused has “ultimate authority.” Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751 (1983). We must
assess trial counsel’s decision not to conduct a more thorough investigation in light of the
circumstances of this case. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691.
Given Rodriguez Oviedo’s persistent and singular focus on obtaining an
acceptable plea deal, trial counsel’s focus on working with the State to arrange such a deal does
not amount to deficient performance. See id. at 687. Trial counsel reviewed discovery with
Rodriguez Oviedo and met with him on several occasions; during one such meeting, trial counsel
“received information from [Oviedo Rodriguez] that could potentially [have] harm[ed] him in a
jury trial.” Any failure to conduct a more complete investigation was reasonable in view of trial
counsel’s evaluation of Rodriguez Oviedo’s prospects at trial and Rodriguez Oviedo’s strategic
decision to plead. Because Rodriguez Oviedo received effective assistance of counsel, he fails to
demonstrate that his plea was made involuntarily. His decision to plead was a voluntary and
intelligent choice among the options available to him. Guerrero, 400 S.W.3d at 588. The trial
11
court’s denial of Rodriguez Oviedo’s motion for new trial was, consequently, not “clearly
erroneous and arbitrary” and was within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Okonkwo,
398 S.W.3d at 694. We therefore overrule Rodriguez Oviedo’s first issue.
Refusal to Hold a Hearing
In his second issue, Rodriguez Oviedo contends that the trial court abused its
discretion by rejecting his request to hold a hearing on the motion for new trial. The purpose of
such a hearing is to (1) decide whether the cause shall be retried and (2) prepare a record for
presenting issues on appeal in the event the motion is denied. Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333,
338 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). “[T]he right to a hearing on a motion for new trial is not truly an
absolute right.” Reyes v. State, 849 S.W.2d 812, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Our review is limited to the trial court’s determination “of whether the
defendant has raised grounds that are both undeterminable from the record and reasonable,
meaning they could entitle the defendant to relief.” Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 340. Where both
criteria are met, the trial court abuses its discretion in failing to hold a hearing. Id. To be
entitled to a hearing on his motion for new trial alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, “a
defendant must allege sufficient facts from which a trial court could reasonably conclude both
that counsel failed to act as a reasonably competent attorney and that, but for counsel’s failure,
there is a reasonable likelihood that the outcome of his trial would have been different.” Id. at
340–41 (emphasis in original).
The trial court, however, is not required to allow live testimony. “[A] trial court
may decide a motion for new trial based on sworn pleadings and affidavits admitted in evidence
without hearing oral testimony.” Holden, 201 S.W.3d at 763 (quoting Scaggs v. State,
12
18 S.W.3d 277, 281 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. ref’d)). Where the affidavits conflict, the
trial court resolves any factual disputes, especially “when the parties and counsel have personally
appeared before the trial court and the court is familiar with the historical facts.” Cavitt v. State,
507 S.W.3d 235, 249 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d). A trial court’s
determination under such circumstances is entitled to deference on appeal. Garza v. State,
261 S.W.3d 361, 364 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. ref’d).
Rodriguez Oviedo’s claim was determinable from the record before the trial court.
The mere fact that Rodriguez Oviedo and trial counsel offered conflicting factual accounts in
their statements did not preclude the trial court from exercising its role as factfinder and
assessing their credibility. Indeed, the trial judge was particularly well-suited to make such
an assessment, as he presided over the plea proceeding and was able to evaluate
Rodriguez Oviedo’s demeanor at that time. There is little reason to believe that hearing live
testimony would have assisted the trial court in making its determination. Regardless, even were
Rodriguez Oviedo’s claim undeterminable from the record, he has not demonstrated that he is
entitled to relief.
Moreover, Rodriguez Oviedo fails to demonstrate that he was harmed by trial
counsel’s alleged failure to conduct a more thorough investigation.5 The Supreme Court set
forth the standard for prejudice with respect to ineffective assistance of counsel claims in guilty
plea cases in Hill v. Lockhart, specifically where such claims allege a failure to investigate:
5
To the extent that Rodriguez Oviedo claims he was independently prejudiced by trial
counsel’s alleged statement that Rodriguez Oviedo had no choice but to accept the State’s offer,
as there was “no time to go to jury trial,” any harm was offset by the trial judge’s subsequent
admonishment of his right to a jury trial in open court; Rodriguez Oviedo’s express waiver of
that right on the record; and the plea documents in the record, in which Rodriguez Oviedo by his
initials and signature indicated that he understood he had the right to a jury trial and knowingly
and voluntarily waived that right.
13
The second, or “prejudice,” requirement, on the other hand, focuses on whether
counsel’s constitutionally ineffective performance affected the outcome of the
plea process. In other words, in order to satisfy the “prejudice” requirement, the
defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.
In many guilty plea cases, the “prejudice” inquiry will closely resemble the
inquiry engaged in by courts reviewing ineffective-assistance challenges to
convictions obtained through a trial. For example, where the alleged error of
counsel is a failure to investigate or discover potentially exculpatory evidence, the
determination whether the error “prejudiced” the defendant by causing him to
plead guilty rather than go to trial will depend on the likelihood that discovery of
the evidence would have led counsel to change his recommendation as to the plea.
This assessment, in turn, will depend in large part on a prediction whether the
evidence likely would have changed the outcome of a trial.
Hill, 474 U.S. at 59.
Here, Rodriguez Oviedo merely alleges:
My brothers and I gave [trial counsel] the names of witnesses and we gave him
documents that pertain to the cases. We told him why we thought the witnesses
against me were lying and we told him what the possible motive was for the
witnesses to lie.
Rodriguez Oviedo does not disclose the identity of the prospective witnesses or what the
substance of their testimony would have been, much less that it would have been favorable or
that they would have been available to testify. See Perez, 310 S.W.3d at 894. Likewise, he does
not state what the contents of the documents were or allege how they would have assisted the
investigation. His conclusory statements are insufficient to establish that he was prejudiced by
trial counsel’s alleged failure to interview the witnesses or review the documents. See Lee
v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 1958, 1961 (2017) (“Courts should not upset a plea solely because of
post hoc assertions from a defendant about how he would have pleaded but for his attorney’s
deficiencies.”). Rodriguez Oviedo does not establish that a more thorough investigation would
14
have caused him not to waive his right to a jury trial nor that any error in trial counsel’s
investigation rendered his plea involuntary.
For the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying
Rodriguez Oviedo’s motion for new trial without a hearing. We overrule Rodriguez Oviedo’s
second issue.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled both of Rodriguez Oviedo’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgments of conviction.
__________________________________________
Edward Smith, Justice
Before Justices Goodwin, Kelly, and Smith
Affirmed
Filed: August 20, 2021
Do Not Publish
15