TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-14-00116-CV
Steve Key; Pat Curry; PJC Properties, L.L.C.; and
PJC Central Texas Freight Lines, L.L.C., Appellants
v.
Daniel R. Richards, as Receiver for Centex Freight Lines, L.L.C. and
Prudence Adams, Appellees
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF TRAVIS COUNTY
NO. C-1-CV-12-000159, HONORABLE J. DAVID PHILLIPS, JUDGE PRESIDING
CONCURRING OPINION
I join the Court’s judgment, although I respectfully differ in my reasoning, chiefly in
regard to the judgment award of money damages against Curry and Key individually. I cannot agree
with the Court that Curry or Key’s personal monetary liability can rest upon a theory of direct tort
liability—indeed, not even appellees have advocated that we can affirm on such a theory. Instead,
as appellees have recognized, Curry and Key’s individual monetary liability must rest upon the “veil-
piercing” theories that were submitted in Question 2, 3, or 4 of the jury charge. As to those bases
for individual liability, I would hold there was no reversible error. But in doing so, I would
emphasize that appellants did not preserve below, and thus we are not called upon to address, the
broadest challenge they now advance on appeal against the jury’s veil-piercing findings—that Texas
law simply does not allow the piercing of an LLC’s veil as one can with a business corporation, or
at least does not allow it to the same extent. This is potentially a more vexing question than one
might assume initially because of the curious phrasing of section 101.002 of the Business
Organizations Code, which applies to LLCs the statutory provisions governing veil-piercing of
business corporations, but with the preceding qualifier, “Subject to Section 101.114,” a reference to
the general statutory limitations on the liability of LLC members.1 Nor did we resolve this question
in Shook2 with respect to either section 101.002 (which took effect after the trial in that case)3 or the
prior law—there, as here, the defendant had conceded below the general proposition that Texas LLC
veils can be pierced in some circumstances and preserved only arguments regarding the elements that
one would have to prove if that were so.4 Absent more definitive guidance from the Legislature or
Texas Supreme Court, that is a question for another day.
1
See Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code § 101.002 (“Subject to Section 101.114, Sections 21.223, 21.224,
21.225, and 21.226 [i.e., the statutory veil-piercing standards applicable to business corporations]
apply to a limited liability company and the company’s members, owners, assignees, affiliates, and
subscribers.”) (emphasis added); id. § 101.114 (“Except as and to the extent the [LLC] company
agreement specifically provides otherwise, a member or manager is not liable for a debt, obligation,
or liability of a limited liability company, including a debt, obligation, or liability under a judgment,
decree, or order of a court.”).
2
Shook v. Walden, 368 S.W.3d 604 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, pet. denied).
3
See id. at. 607 n.1.
4
See id. at 607 (“Specifically, we must determine whether, assuming these [‘equitable “veil-
piercing” principles that have evolved in regard to business corporations’] can be applied to LLCs,
a claimant seeking to ‘pierce’ an LLC’s ‘veil’ with respect to the entity’s contractual liabilities must
prove—as has long been required by statute when piercing the veil of a business corporation—that
the person against whom liability is sought to be imposed used the LLC to perpetrate actual fraud
for the person’s direct personal benefit.”) (emphasis added); id. at 611 (“Shook asserts that neither
of these [veil-piercing] findings was legally sufficient to support the judgment because the Waldens
were required also to prove, and failed to prove, that he had used [the LLC] to perpetrate actual fraud
upon the Waldens for his ‘direct personal benefit’ before the district court could validly pierce [the
LLC’s] veil and impose the entity’s contractual obligations on him individually.”); id. at 614
(“Shook has not disputed that, as a general proposition, the veil of an LLC, like that of a corporation,
may be pierced in some circumstances,” but argued that “it follows . . . that the same standards,
restrictions, and limitations govern the availability and application of the veil-piercing remedy
against both types of entities.”) (emphases added).
2
With these caveats, I join in the Court’s judgment.
__________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Bourland
Filed: January 13, 2016
3