COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
DAVID NELSON, INDIVIDUALLY §
AND D/B/A COLLECTIVE No. 08-10-00222-CV
CONTRACTING, A SOLE §
PROPRIETORSHIP; AND E.E. HOOD & Appeal from the
SONS, INC., §
45th District Court
Appellants, §
of Bexar County, Texas
v. §
(TC# 2006-CI-18807)
VERNCO CONSTRUCTION, INC., §
Appellee.
OPINION
Appellee, Vernco Construction, Inc., filed suit against Appellants, David Nelson and E.E.
Hood & Sons, Inc., alleging breach of contract, quantum meruit, unjust enrichment, quantum
valebant, promissory estoppel, breach of contract, breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing,
tortious interference with contract and prospective relations, conversion, breach of fiduciary duty,
defalcation, constructive fraud, common law fraud, fraud by non-disclosure, fraud in the
inducement, and business disparagement, and seeking damages as well as injunctive and other
relief. Nelson and Hood appeal from the judgment entered in favor of Vernco.1
1
As this case was transferred from our sister court in San Antonio, we decide it in accordance with the precedent of
that court. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. A take-nothing judgment was entered in favor of defendant Collective Contracting,
Inc., and Vernco non-suited other defendants.
JURISDICTION
Appellants first challenge the trial court’s denial of their motion to dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction. In their motion, Nelson and Hood asserted the trial court was without subject matter
jurisdiction because Vernco had assigned to Jefferson State Bank its interest in the claims asserted
in the lawsuit, thus depriving Vernco of standing since it no longer owned those claims and was
without a justiciable interest in the controversy.
Hood and Nelson made an offer of proof during trial of a forbearance agreement executed
between the bank, Vernco, and Jack Claflin, as guarantor, as evidence on the jurisdictional issue.2
The agreement was “entered into as of September 1st, 2006 (the ‘Effective Date’)” and was
executed on February 13, 2007, by Claflin, individually and as President of Vernco, and by Nelson
Finch as authorized agent of Jefferson State Bank.
In paragraphs A-E of its recitals, the forbearance agreement states that all of the promissory
notes specified therein have matured or the bank has accelerated their maturity due to Vernco’s
and Claflin’s default, and that Vernco and Claflin owe the bank sums thereon as secured by the
bank’s first priority security interest in all of Vernco’s assets. Those assets are perfected, in part,
under the UCC financing statements filed with the Secretary of State and, with the consent of
Vernco and Claflin, by the bank’s taking ownership, possession, custody, and control of Vernco’s
receivables and proceeds therefrom. Paragraph F of the recitals affirmatively states:
One of the receivables that [the bank] now owns is a claim against EE Hood
& Sons, Inc., David Nelson and other parties filed on or about December 14, 2006
and styled and numbered as “Vernco Construction, Inc. v. David Nelson, et al.”;
Cause No. 2006-CI-18807 and pending in the 225th Judicial District Court of Bexar
2
During a pretrial summary judgment hearing, Nelson also raised the standing and jurisdictional challenges, asserted
that the litigation is owned by the bank as reflected in the forbearance agreement, and explained the numerous issues
on which the forbearance agreement was both relevant and admissible.
2
County, Texas (the “Litigation”). [Vernco and Claflin] have requested that, in
consideration for [their] assistance to [the bank] in collecting the sums that are
subject to the Litigation, they be compensated for such assistance in the event of a
recovery and upon the terms and conditions set forth herein.
This recital is also incorporated into the “Agreement” portion of the forbearance agreement.
Paragraph 3 of the “Agreement” states that the bank, “pursuant to applicable law, is the
owner of all of [Vernco’s] receivables (and proceeds therefrom), including, but not limited to, the
receivables and claims (including commercial tort claims) identified in the Litigation.” Vernco
and Claflin then acknowledge thereunder “that [the bank] has not accepted and taken ownership of
such receivables and claims in full satisfaction of its claims against [them], the remaining balance
of such claims being set forth” in the forbearance agreement. In exchange for Vernco’s and
Claflin’s compliance with the terms of the agreement, the agreement provides that the bank will
forbear the exercise of any other rights or remedies then existing by virtue of Vernco’s failure to
pay its obligations upon the maturity of the promissory notes until October 31, 2007, “or the final
disposition of the Litigation, whichever is later.”
Paragraph 6 of the forbearance agreement provides for the payment of attorney fees and
prosecution of the litigation and the division of proceeds. Succinctly stated, while paragraph 6
designates Vernco to receive reimbursement of certain legal fees it may pay toward the litigation,
the proceeds of the litigation are to be split between the bank and Claflin. Indeed, Paragraph 6(c)
also provides that although the bank may release Vernco and Claflin from their obligations after it
receives all of the funds to which it is entitled from the litigation, “the release shall not be
construed to release [the bank’s] rights to the Litigation proceeds . . . and . . . shall not modify or
alter the parties’ agreement . . . relating to the division of the proceeds, if any, collected from the
Litigation.”
3
During the offer of proof, Claflin was asked whether he recognized that the forbearance
agreement recites that the lawsuit is owned by the bank, counsel for Claflin and Vernco objected
and acknowledged that this was a bill proceeding but expressed concern that Claflin did not have
before him as a reference a supplement to the forbearance agreement. Vernco did not present the
supplement at trial before the jury or as an offer of proof to the trial court. Claflin then stated that
he did not believe that the agreement states that the lawsuit is owned by the bank but agreed that,
“The Forbearance Agreement says what the Forbearance Agreement says.”
Hood argued that because the agreement recites that the bank owns and is funding the
litigation and has been involved in the litigation with Claflin from the beginning, the document
“would go to ownership and . . . to why Mr. Claflin has been doing what he’s doing, and that is
bias.” Nelson and Hood asked the trial court to admit the forbearance agreement into evidence
before the jury. Vernco countered that even if the bank technically owned the lawsuit, it could
proceed in the name of Vernco.3 The trial court “denied the bill,” and thereafter, in its written
order, denied the motion to dismiss and found Vernco had standing and the trial court had subject
matter jurisdiction.
Standard of Review
Subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo. Tex. Natural Res.
Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex. 2002); Unauthorized Practice of
Law Committee v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 155 S.W.3d 590, 595 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 2004,
pet. denied). When determining jurisdiction, a court is not restricted to consideration of the
pleadings “but may consider evidence and must do so when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional
3
Vernco’s counsel noted that a supplement to the agreement existed and requested under the rule of optional
completeness that it be produced . However, no party tendered the document for inclusion with the bill at the hearing.
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issues raised.” Bland Ind. School Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 555 (Tex. 2000). We review the
entire record for evidence supporting subject matter jurisdiction, construing the pleadings in the
plaintiff’s favor and considering the plaintiff’s intent. Tex. Ass’n of Business v. Tex. Air Control
Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993); Stein v. Killough, 53 S.W.3d 36, 40 (Tex.App. – San
Antonio 2001, no pet.).
Analysis
For subject matter jurisdiction to exist, the party bringing suit must have standing, a live
controversy must exist between the parties, and the case must be justiciable. State Bar of Texas v.
Gomez, 891 S.W.2d 243, 245 (Tex. 1994), citing Tex. Ass’n of Business v. Tex. Air Control Bd.,
852 S.W.2d 440, 443-46 (Tex. 1993). A cause of action may not be maintained unless a plaintiff
has standing to litigate the matters that are the basis of the lawsuit. Stein, 53 S.W.3d at 40.
Standing limits subject matter jurisdiction to those cases involving a distinct injury to the plaintiff
and a real controversy between parties that will actually be determined by the judicial declaration
sought. Tex. Workers’ Compensation Comm’n v. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d 504, 517-18 (Tex. 1995).
Standing is a component of subject matter jurisdiction, cannot be waived, and may be raised for the
first time on appeal. Tex. Ass’n of Business, 852 S.W.2d at 445; Martinez v. Estrada, 392 S.W.3d
261, 263 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 2012, pet. filed). To be justiciable, a real and substantial
controversy involving a genuine conflict of tangible interests must exist. See City of El Paso v.
Arditti, 378 S.W.3d 661, 665 (Tex.App. – El Paso 2012, no pet.).
An assignor loses all control over a chose after making a valid assignment thereof and “can
do nothing to defeat the rights of the assignee.” Johnson v. Structured Asset Services, LLC, 148
S.W.3d 711, 722 (Tex.App. – Dallas 2004, no pet.). When an assignor of a cause of action has not
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retained some right or interest in the cause of action, the assignor is barred from bringing suit. See
River Consulting, Inc. v. Sullivan, 848 S.W.2d 165, 169 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ
denied) (“An assignee may maintain in its own name any action that the assignor may have
brought, and unless the assignor has retained some right or interest therein, the assignor is
precluded from bringing suit.”), disapproved on other grounds by Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v.
Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 46 (Tex. 1998); Commercial Structures and
Interiors, Inc. v. Liberty Education Ministries, Inc., 192 S.W.3d 827, 830 n.4 (Tex.App. – Fort
Worth 2006, no pet.). A cause of action which is assigned after the filing of suit, no longer
belongs to the assignor. See River Consulting, Inc., 848 S.W.2d at 169; see also Duke v.
Brookshire Grocery Co., 568 S.W.2d 470, 472 (Tex. Civ. App. – Texarkana 1978, no writ) (where
owner assigns all interest in a cause of action, parting with both legal and equitable title, he cannot
bring suit, except in a representative capacity and with authority for the owner of the claim, as the
assignor no longer owns any part of the claim and lacks the justiciable interest that is necessary to
maintain any action).
When we conclude that contract language can be given a certain or definite meaning, the
language is not ambiguous and we interpret the contract as a matter of law. Commercial
Structures and Interiors, Inc., 192 S.W.3d at 832. In construing an unambiguous contract, we
attempt to harmonize and give effect to all provisions so that none is rendered meaningless. MCI
Telecommunications Corp. v. Tex. Util. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 652 (Tex. 1999). We do not
consider extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intentions or the contract’s meaning if the contract is not
ambiguous. See Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex. 1995).
Nelson and Hood each assert that ownership of Vernco’s claims in the litigation was
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conferred to the bank by both the forbearance agreement and the provisions of Article 9 of the
Texas Business and Commerce Code. Section 9.620 of the Uniform Commercial Code provides
in part that a secured party may accept collateral in partial satisfaction of the obligation it secures if
the debtor consents to such acceptance in a record authenticated after default. TEX. BUS. & COM.
CODE ANN.§ 9.620(a)(1), (c)(1) (West 2011). The forbearance agreement, which was executed
after default, expressly states that Vernco’s claims against Hood and Nelson had been assigned to
the bank in partial satisfaction of the indebtedness and that Vernco and Claflin acknowledged that
the bank is the owner of the receivables and claims, including commercial tort claims, identified in
the litigation, and that the bank had not accepted them by taking ownership of those receivables
and claims in full satisfaction of its claims against Vernco and Claflin. Section 9.622(a) dictates
that a secured party’s acceptance of collateral in full or partial satisfaction of the obligation it
secures discharges the obligation to the extent consented to by the debtor, transfers to the secured
party all of a debtor’s rights in the collateral, discharges the security interest that is the subject of
the debtor’s consent and any subordinate security interest or other subordinate lien, and terminates
any other subordinate interest. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN.§ 9.622(a) (West 2011). Section
9.623 provides that a debtor may redeem the collateral at any time before the secured party has
accepted the collateral in full or partial satisfaction of the obligation it secures under Section 9.622
or has collected collateral under Section 9.607. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 9.607
(Collection and Enforcement by Secured Party), § 9.623(c)(1), (3) (West 2011).
Nelson and Hood reurge on appeal their assertion that Vernco is without standing to pursue
its claims against them because, after executing the forbearance agreement, Vernco has no rights
and no justiciable interest in those claims. Nelson also argues that Vernco has no rights under the
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forbearance agreement and that the supplement to the forbearance agreement to which Vernco
referred below fails to reassign the lawsuit back to Vernco or Claflin. Consequently, they
contend the trial court was without jurisdiction to consider the claims below and that the appeal
should also be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. We agree.
Vernco notes that our task in construing the forbearance agreement is to determine the
parties’ objective intent as expressed therein. See Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex.
1983); Quick v. Plastic Solutions of Texas, Inc., 270 S.W.3d 173, 182-83 (Tex.App. – El Paso
2008, no pet.). To do this, we examine and consider the entire instrument in an effort to
harmonize and give effect to all provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless. Coker, 650
S.W.2d at 393; Quick, 270 S.W.3d at 182-83. No single contract provision taken alone will be
given controlling effect; rather, all the provisions must be considered with reference to the whole
instrument. Coker, 650 S.W.2d at 393; Quick, 270 S.W.3d at 182-83. The language in a contract
should be given its plain grammatical meaning unless to do so would defeat the parties’ intent.
DeWitt County Elec. Co-op. v. Parks, 1 S.W.3d 96, 101 (Tex. 1999); Quick, 270 S.W.3d at 182-83.
Our examination of the forbearance agreement reveals that it was the parties’ objective
intent that the bank own Vernco’s receivables, including this litigation and the prosecution thereof,
as well as proceeds therefrom in exchange for the bank’s forbearance of foreclosure on Vernco’s
defaulted promissory notes. The language in the forbearance agreement expressly and
unambiguously identifies the bank as owner of the litigation in this suit against Hood and Nelson,
and that Vernco and Claflin are to be compensated for their “assistance to [the bank] in collecting
the sums that are subject to the litigation . . . .” Under the clear terms of the forbearance
agreement, Vernco is only entitled to reimbursement for the sums it advances in support of the
8
litigation. There is no provision in the forbearance agreement that Vernco recover any proceeds
from the litigation. The bank and Claflin alone are to share in any proceeds recovered from the
litigation. The forbearance agreement also specifies that any escrowed amounts that Vernco may
receive are to be delivered within one business day to the bank.
The forbearance agreement does not show that Vernco retained any interest in the
litigation. As such, there is no real controversy between Vernco, Hood, and Nelson that will
actually be determined by the judicial declaration sought as the bank, not Vernco, owns the claims
against Hood and Nelson. See Tex. Workers’ Compensation Comm’n, 893 S.W.2d at 517-18.
Vernco assigned all of its interests in the causes of action to the bank, parting with both
legal and equitable title and lacks the justiciable interest that is necessary to maintain an action.
Moreover, under Sections 9.622, 9.623, and 9.607 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code,
Vernco, as debtor, lost all right to redeem the collateral as well as all ownership of the claims
asserted in the litigation. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. §§ 9.607, 9.622, 9.623(a), (c)(1), (3)
(West 2011).
Vernco cannot bring suit except in a representative capacity with authority from the bank,
the owner of the claims. Nothing in the record or in the pleadings indicates that the bank
authorized Vernco to pursue the claim against Hood and Nelson on its behalf. See River
Consulting, Inc., 848 S.W.2d at 169; Duke, 568 S.W.2d at 472. There is nothing before the court
to indicate that Vernco was acting in any type of representative capacity on behalf of the bank, the
owner of the causes of action and litigation. As the bank is the owner of the litigation, Vernco has
no standing and the trial court and this Court have no subject matter jurisdiction. Issue One is
sustained.
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We need not address Vernco’s arguments regarding the supplement to the forbearance
agreement. As Vernco did not make an offer of proof of the supplement to the trial court and the
supplement was not admitted into evidence but is merely appended to Vernco’s brief, it was not
before the trial court and is not before this Court. Hood and Nelson have filed a joint motion to
strike the supplement from Vernco’s brief. The supplement is not a part of the record on appeal
and citing a brief’s appendix is not a substitute for citing to the record. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1; see
Jackson v. Citibank (South Dakota), N.A., 345 S.W.3d 214, 214 (Tex.App. – Dallas 2011, no pet.)
(citation to appendix of brief is not a substitute for citation to the record). Hood and Nelson’s
motion to strike the addendum from the brief is granted.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is vacated and the case is dismissed.
GUADALUPE RIVERA, Justice
July 10, 2013
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Antcliff, JJ.
Antcliff, J., not participating
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