NO. 12-08-00464-CV
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
NEXION HEALTH AT SOUTHWOOD, INC.
D/B/A SOUTHWOOD NURSING AND
REHABILITATION CENTER; NEXION § APPEAL FROM THE 4TH
HEALTH OF OHI, INC.; AND
PATRICIA A. JACKSON,
APPELLANTS
V. § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF
JACKIE JUDALET, INDIVIDUALLY
AND AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
ESTATE OF LORENE JONES, § RUSK COUNTY, TEXAS
DECEASED,
APPELLEE
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Nexion Health at Southwood, Inc. d/b/a Southwood Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, Nexion
Health of OHI, Inc., and Patricia A. Jackson appeal the trial court’s order denying their second motion
to dismiss a medical malpractice lawsuit filed against them by Jackie Judalet.1 In two issues, Nexion
and Jackson argue that the trial court should have granted their second motion to dismiss and awarded
them attorney’s fees and costs. We reverse and remand.
BACKGROUND 2
Nexion owned and operated Southwood Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Henderson,
Texas. Jackson was an employee of Southwood at the time of the incident made the basis of this
lawsuit. On July 12, 2006, Judalet’s mother, Lorene Jones, was admitted to Southwood for continued
treatment of an infected decubitus ulcer.
1
W e will collectively refer to Nexion Health at Southwood, Inc. d/b/a Southwood Nursing and
Rehabilitation Center, and Nexion Health of OHI, Inc., as “Nexion.”
2
The information set forth below has been gleaned from the allegations in Judalet’s amended petition,
Judalet’s expert reports, and Nexion and Jackson’s second motion to dismiss. Our opinion should not be construed
as an evaluation of the veracity or merits of those allegations.
On July 16, 2006, during her stay at Southwood, Jones fell while being transferred from her bed
to a wheelchair by Jackson. Jones’s care plan provided that her transfers be facilitated by two persons.
Nonetheless, Jackson had been the only person facilitating the transfer in question. As a result of the
fall, Jones suffered a fractured distal femur and was transported to a local hospital, where she underwent
surgery to repair the fracture. Jones died on September 21, 2006. Her death certificate states that the
immediate cause of her death was congestive heart failure.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Judalet filed a medical malpractice lawsuit against Nexion and Jackson and timely served them
with a copy of an expert report written by Gregory L. Colon, M.D., a board certified family practice
physician, and a copy of Dr. Colon’s curriculum vitae. Nexion and Jackson timely filed a motion to
dismiss based upon allegations that Judalet had failed to meet the requirements of section 74.351 of the
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. In response, Judalet served Nexion and Jackson with an
amended report by Dr. Colon, an additional report written by Jacqueline Barfknecht, a certified
registered nurse practitioner, and a copy of Nurse Barfknecht’s curriculum vitae. Nexion and Jackson
timely filed a second motion to dismiss, asserting that Judalet still had not met the requirements of
section 74.351. After a hearing, the trial court denied the second motion. Nexion and Jackson timely
filed this interlocutory appeal.
SECTION 74.351 EXPERT REPORTS
In their first issue, Nexion and Jackson assert that the trial court should have granted their
second motion to dismiss. Specifically, they assert that Judalet failed to furnish expert reports sufficient
to meet the requirements of section 74.351. See TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351 (Vernon
Supp. 2008).
Failure to Serve an Expert Report
Section 74.351 provides that, within 120 days of suit, a plaintiff must serve expert reports for
each physician or health care provider against whom a liability claim is asserted. Ogletree v. Matthews,
262 S.W.3d 316, 319 (Tex. 2007) (citing TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351(a)). These
reports must identify the “applicable standards of care, the manner in which the care rendered by the
physician or health care provider failed to meet the standards, and the causal relationship between that
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failure and the injury, harm, or damages claimed.” Ogletree, 262 S.W.3d at 319 (quoting TEX . CIV .
PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351(r)(6)). If a plaintiff does not serve a timely report, a trial court shall
grant the defendant’s motion to dismiss the case with prejudice. TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN .
§ 74.351(b); Ogletree, 262 S.W.3d at 319. An order that denies all or part of the relief sought in such
a motion may be immediately appealed. TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 51.014(a)(9) (Vernon
2008) (authorizing interlocutory appeal from order that “denies all or part of the relief sought by a
motion under Section 74.351(b)”); Ogletree, 262 S.W.3d at 319.
Sufficient and Deficient Expert Reports
Section 74.351 defines an expert report as follows:
“Expert report” means a written report by an expert that provides a fair summary of the expert’s opinions
as of the date of the report regarding applicable standards of care, the manner in which the care rendered
by the physician or health care provider failed to meet the standards, and the causal relationship between
that failure and the injury, harm, or damages claimed.
TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351(r)(6). Where a report is sufficient, the trial court must
deny the defendant’s motion to dismiss and allow the plaintiff's claims to proceed. See TEX . CIV . PRAC.
& REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351. A sufficient report is one that contains a “fair summary” of the standard
of care, how that standard was breached, and how that breach caused the injury in question. TEX . CIV .
PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351(r)(6). A “fair summary” is “something less than a full statement”
of the applicable standard of care, how it was breached, and how that breach caused the injury. Spitzer
v. Berry, 247 S.W.3d 747, 750 (Tex. App.–Tyler 2008, pet. denied) (quoting Am. Transitional Care
Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 880 (Tex. 2001)). Nonetheless, “a fair summary must
set out what care was expected, but not given” and how that caused the injury. Spitzer, 247 S.W.3d at
750 (quoting Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 880). “The expert report need not marshal every bit of the
plaintiff’s evidence.” Spitzer, 247 S.W.3d at 750 (quoting Jernigan v. Langley, 195 S.W.3d 91, 93
(Tex. 2006)). And a report’s adequacy does not depend on whether the expert uses any particular
“magic words.” Spitzer, 247 S.W.3d at 750 (quoting Bowie Mem’l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48,
53 (Tex. 2002)). But a “fair summary” is not a conclusory summary. Spitzer, 247 S.W.3d at 750
(citing Wright, 79 S.W.3d at 53).
Standard of Review
An appellate court reviews a trial court’s decision on a section 74.351 motion to dismiss for an
abuse of discretion. Spitzer, 247 S.W.3d at 749. A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision
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is arbitrary, unreasonable, or without reference to any guiding rules or legal principles. K-Mart Corp.
v. Honeycutt, 24 S.W.3d 357, 360 (Tex. 2000). “The mere fact that a trial judge may decide a matter
within his discretionary authority in a different manner than an appellate judge in a similar circumstance
does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred.” Downer v. Aquamarine Operators,
Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex. 1985). However, a trial court has no discretion in determining what
the law is or applying the law to the facts. Spitzer, 247 S.W.3d at 750 (citing In re Kuntz, 124 S.W.3d
179, 181 (Tex.2003) (orig. proceeding)).
Dr. Colon’s Opinion Regarding the Causal Connection Between the Transfer and Fall
Judalet alleged that the damages in her health care liability claim flowed from Nexion’s and
Jackson’s negligent causing of the decedent to suffer a fall and fracture her femur. Nexion and Jackson
argue that “. . . Dr. Colon’s amended report does not explain how the purported negligence caused [the
decedent’s] fractured femur, nor does the amended report mention that the fractured femur would not
have occurred had she been transferred by two persons.” We agree that Dr. Colon’s report is devoid
of such explanations.
Despite a careful review of Dr. Colon’s report, we have not found one single instance in the
report where Dr. Colon opines that the decedent’s initial injury, the fracturing of her femur, was caused
by Nexion or Jackson. In relevant part, Dr. Colon’s report reads as follows:
. . . Ms. Jones had to have emergency surgery to repair her fractured femur caused by her fall. . . .
The initial nursing assessment/orders clearly stated that a two person transfer was required in order to
move the patient and according to the notes only one person attempted to transfer Ms. Jones from her bed
to a wheelchair. The Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services (DADS) reviewed the incident
and substantiated negligence and cited two deficiencies as a result [of] their extensive investigation.
....
In my opinion, the standard of care was breached regarding the transfer of this patient on 7-16-06 by the
staff at Southwood Nursing and Rehabilitation Center. A two person transfer was required and only a one
person transfer took place. The violations of care by Southwood Nursing and Rehabilitation Center were
avoidable and preventable had these providers complied with a typical and reasonable level of care.
As is apparent from the report, Dr. Colon does not actually opine that any alleged breach of the standard
of care caused the alleged injury to the decedent, the fractured femur. A sufficient report is one that
contains a “fair summary” of the standard of care, how that standard was breached, and how that breach
caused the injury in question. TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN . § 74.351(r)(6). Because Dr.
Colon’s report contained no such summary of causation, it is deficient. See id.
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Dr. Colon’s Opinion Regarding the Causal Connection Between the Fall and Death
In addition to the above complaint, Nexion and Jackson also claim that Dr. Colon’s report
“failed to establish the causal relationship between . . . Ms. Jones’s leg fracture[] and her death two
months later due to congestive heart failure.” According to Nexion and Jackson, Dr. Colon “utterly
failed to explain the causative steps from Ms. Jones’s broken leg to her death . . . .” They assert that
“Dr. Colon made no attempt at all to explain how a fractured leg caused her to experience congestive
heart failure.” They allege that Dr. Colon’s report references the decedent’s death certificate, “which
identified . . . congestive heart failure as the primary cause of her death.” Finally, they argue that
“. . . Dr. Colon’s opinion on causation is conclusory because he failed to rule out other probable causes
of Ms. Jones’s injuries and death.”
Dr. Colon stated in his report that “[i]n [his] medical opinion, there is reasonable medical
certainty that Ms. Jones[’s] ultimate demise was precipitated from her femur fracture/fall while under
the care of Southwood Nursing and Rehabilitation Center on 7-16-06.” He noted that she was
“relatively healthy” until she sustained her fall and that her femur was broken by the fall. He noted that
surgery was required to repair her femur, and that the decedent required a blood transfusion after the
surgery. According to Dr. Colon, “[i]n a person known to have congestive heart failure, a major surgery
and a blood transfusion can easily exacerbate . . . congestive heart failure.” He also noted that there is
a “post-operative” “major risk factor for pulmonary emboli and deep venous thrombosis” and that the
decedent developed these complications following her surgery. He noted that the decedent’s medical
records indicated that she suffered from congestive heart failure, but it was “clinically stable” at the
time she entered Southwood, and that there was no mention of “previous pulmonary emboli or deep
venous thrombosis.”
Dr. Colon noted that he had “taken into consideration” the “factors” of “Congestive heart
failure[,] Stage IV,” “Decubitus ulcer sacrum,” “DVT,” “MRSA,” and “Post-op anemia.” He then
opined that, after such consideration, he “found that [the decedent’s] congestive heart failure
exacerbation following the surgery after her fall was a significant factor in her deterioration and
ultimately her death.” He concluded the pertinent part of his report as follows:
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Ms. Jones was supposed to be in the Rehab center for only twenty days and return back to live with her
daughter after that time period. Unfortunately[,] after her fall and fractured leg, she continued on a
downward spiral after surgery causing her DVTs and severe CHF; ultimately causing her death. Instead
of returning home with her daughter as planned, she returned home on hospice care and passed away
slightly more than 2 months after her “fall.”
Dr. Colon opined that the decedent’s fall caused her death. However, he failed to explain the
causal relationship between the decedent’s leg fracture and her death. Dr. Colon failed to explain how
a fractured leg caused her to experience congestive heart failure. Finally, Dr. Colon’s opinion on
causation is conclusory because he failed to explain how he ruled out other probable causes of the
decedent’s death. As such, Dr. Colon’s report is deficient. See TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN .
§ 74.351(r)(6).
Nurse Barfknecht’s Opinion as to Causation
Nexion and Jackson argue that Nurse Barfknecht was barred from offering an opinion as to the
cause of the decedent’s death because she was not a physician. We agree. Because Dr. Colon was the
sole physician providing an expert report on behalf of Judalet, he was Judalet’s only expert who was
qualified to render an opinion regarding causation in the case. See TEX . CIV . PRAC. & REM . CODE ANN .
§ 74.351(r)(5)(C) (stating that only a physician is qualified to render a section 74.351 expert opinion
regarding causation in a health care liability claim); see also Talmore v. Baptist Hosps. of Se. Tex., No.
09-06-024-CV, 2006 WL 2883124, at *4 n.4 (Tex. App.–Beaumont Oct. 12, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(nurse practitioner not qualified to render section 74.351 expert opinion as to causation). Further, it is
undisputed that Judalet did not disclose Nurse Barfknecht’s report for the purpose of addressing the
cause of the decedent’s broken femur or her death.3 Therefore, regarding the issue of causation, Judalet
relied solely on Dr. Colon’s report.
3
In their brief, Nexion and Jackson alleged that “The Trial Court Abused Its Discretion W hen It Denied
[Nexion’s and Jackson’s] M otion to Dismiss Because Nurse Barfknecht’s Report Failed to Establish the
Causal Relationship Between [Nexion’s and Jackson’s] Alleged Negligence and M s. Jones’s Death[.]” In
response, Judalet stated in her brief as follows:
. . . In her report, Barfknecht opines that [the nursing home] breached its standard of
care by failing to follow the two person transfer requirement which existed in Ms. Jones’ care
plan. (CR 053-062). Nurse Barfknecht’s report was disclosed by Judalet to make [the nursing
home] aware of the claims being made in regards to nursing care in compliance with TCPRC
chapter 74 and is admissible under the standards set forth therein.
(emphasis added). W e have interpreted this to be a concession by Judalet that she relied solely on Dr. Colon’s report
for the purpose of addressing causation. Further, this interpretation is supported by Nurse Barfnecht’s report
because that report purports to be limited to questions surrounding the standard of care and the breach of that
standard, not causation.
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Abuse of Discretion
The reports presented by Judalet were deficient because Dr. Colon, the only expert qualified to
address causation, does not actually opine that any alleged breach of the standard of care caused the
alleged injury to the decedent, the fractured femur. This failure is further exacerbated by Dr. Colon’s
deficient opinion as to the cause of the decedent’s death. Consequently, the trial court abused its
discretion by denying the motion to dismiss. See Spitzer, 247 S.W.3d at 750 (trial court has no
discretion in determining what the law is or applying the law to the facts). We sustain Nexion and
Jackson’s first issue.
ATTORNEY ’S FEES
In their second issue, Nexion and Jackson assert that the trial court also abused its discretion
by failing to award them attorney’s fees and costs. In denying their second motion to dismiss, the trial
court did not directly address the issue of fees and costs. As we set forth below, we are remanding this
case to the trial court. The issue of attorney’s fees should be remanded to the trial court to afford it the
opportunity to consider the issue in light of this opinion. See Jacks v. Bobo, No. 12-07-00420-CV, 2009
WL 2356277, at *8 (Tex. App.–Tyler July 31, 2009, pet. filed) (mem. op.).
DISPOSITION
Because we have sustained Nexion and Jackson’s first issue, we reverse the trial court’s denial
of their second motion to dismiss and remand the case for consideration of whether to grant Judalet an
extension to cure the deficiencies set forth above.4 We also remand the issue of attorney’s fees to the
trial court for consideration in light of this opinion.
JAMES T. WORTHEN
Chief Justice
4
Nexion and Jackson asserted other grounds for reversal of the trial court’s denial of their motion to
dismiss. Specifically, they alleged that Dr. Colon was not qualified to render an opinion as to the applicable standard
of care and that Dr. Colon had failed to actually render such an opinion. Despite having done so in the trial court,
Nexion and Jackson did not challenge on appeal Nurse Barfknecht’s qualifications to render an opinion as to the
applicable standard of care. See Acad. of Skills & Knowledge, Inc. v. Charter Sch., USA, Inc., 260 S.W .3d 529,
536-37 (Tex. App.–Tyler 2008, pet. denied) (addressing the failure to raise an issue on appeal). Because Nexion and
Jackson’s causation argument is dispositive, we need not address the ramifications of such a failure, including
whether we should review the two reports together where one report was unchallenged. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1.
Nexion and Jackson did not raise an objection to Dr. Colon’s identification of an applicable standard of care in their
second motion to dismiss. See T EX . C IV . P RAC . & R EM . C OD E A N N . § 74.351(a); Ogletree, 262 S.W .3d at 321-22;
see also T EX . R. A PP . P. 33.1. Because we have addressed causation only, we need not decide the ramifications of
that failure. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 47.1. W e note, however, that Nexion and Jackson conceded in their second motion
that “. . . Dr. Colon’s amended report outlines the standards of care he believes were breached relative to the care
provided to Lorene Jones . . . .”
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Opinion delivered September 23, 2009.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.
(PUBLISH)
8