In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-13-00131-CV
KEN LANDERS AND HIS WIFE, CLARLINDA LANDERS, Appellants
V.
AURORA LOAN SERVICES, LLC, AND MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION
SYSTEMS, INC., AS NOMINEE FOR AURORA LOAN SERVICES, LLC, Appellees
On Appeal from the 392nd District Court
Henderson County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2009B-1283
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
OPINION
Ken and Clarlinda Landers have been unsuccessful in lowering their interest rate and
payments on their home mortgage owed to Aurora Loan Services, LLC, and Mortgage Electronic
Registration Systems, Inc. (collectively, Aurora). The Landerses sued Aurora in Henderson
County1 for fraud connected with that failure, but have been thwarted by the trial court’s
summary judgment denying their claims. 2 We affirm the trial court’s summary judgment,
because—although (1) the Landerses’ fraud cause of action is not, as a matter of law, supplanted
by a contractual nature of the case and (2) the Landerses’ fraud cause of action is not, as a matter
of law, barred by the statute of frauds—(3) the Landerses’ fraud cause of action has been negated
as a matter of law.
A traditional motion for summary judgment is granted only when the movant establishes
that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009).
An appellate court reviews de novo the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment. Id.
To prevail on a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, the movant must first allege
that there is no evidence of one or more specified elements of a claim or defense of which the
nonmovant would have the burden of proof at trial. Sudan v. Sudan, 199 S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex.
2006); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). A nonmovant will defeat a no-evidence summary judgment
1
Originally appealed to the Twelfth Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme
Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We are
unaware of any conflict between precedent of the Twelfth Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant
issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2
They appeal the summary judgment rendered in favor of Aurora, but only on their claim that Aurora committed
fraud in connection with failed efforts to obtain different financing for their home.
2
motion if the nonmovant presents more than a scintilla of probative evidence on each element of
his or her claim. Galindo v. Snoddy, 415 S.W.3d 905, 911 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no
pet.); Price v. Divita, 224 S.W.3d 331, 336 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied).
More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence rises to a level that would enable
reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v.
Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997). Less than a scintilla of evidence exists when the
evidence is “so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion of a fact.” King
Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003).
Aurora takes the position that summary judgment was proper because, as a matter of law,
the fraud claim could not be raised and that, even if it could be raised, there was no evidence of
fraud (or that it conclusively proved there was no fraud).
The Landerses contend in connection with both types of summary judgment that the court
erred by rendering summary judgment because there is evidence sufficient to raise an issue of
material fact on their fraud claim and that the remedy is legally available under these facts.
Aurora argues that the evidence cannot be understood to imply that it acted fraudulently.
Generally, the background of this case shows that the Landerses purchased a house in
2006, taking a note for $440,000.00. In 2009, they began having difficulty making the
payments. The Landerses asked the lender to allow them to make a lower payment, and they
were permitted to do so for several months. The written document setting out the lower payment
indicates that it was not permanent. That document indicates that it was an interim note with the
fourth monthly payment being substantially higher than the first three. The Landerses believed,
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based on statements by Aurora, that a loan modification that would substantially lower their
payments would be completed before the fourth payment. However, the expected long-term
changes in their monthly payment did not materialize, and Aurora demanded payment under the
original note and began foreclosure proceedings. Since 2009, the Landerses have made
payments on neither the mortgage nor the taxes on the property, despite continuing to live there
(as Aurora repeatedly points out at every full stop—five times in all).
The Landerses sued Aurora, claiming that it had committed common-law fraud against
them by telling them they were eligible for a H.A.M.P. 3 modification, but later concluding they
were not, telling them not to make a payment so they would qualify and then claiming that they
breached the modification program when they followed that instruction, and finally failing to
ever tell the Landerses they were not eligible. As summarized by the Landerses, their claim is
that Aurora made false representations to induce them to enter the modification program with no
intention of ever actually modifying the loan.
The elements of common-law fraud are:
(1) that a material representation was made; (2) the representation was false;
(3) when the representation was made, the speaker knew it was false or made it
recklessly without any knowledge of the truth and as a positive assertion; (4) the
speaker made the representation with the intent that the other party should act on
it; (5) the party acted in reliance on the representation; and (6) the party thereby
suffered injury.
Aquaplex, Inc. v. Rancho La Valencia, Inc., 297 S.W.3d 768, 774 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam);
Rhine v. Priority One Ins. Co., 411 S.W.3d 651, 658–59 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.).
3
Home Affordable Modification Program—a federal program set up to help homeowners with loan modifications on
home mortgage debt.
4
Because this is an appeal from summary judgment, Aurora must have established its
position as a matter of law. If there is any conflicting evidence, the issue becomes one of fact for
the jury to decide.
The Landerses contend that Aurora did make a material representation. They alleged a
number of behaviors as constituting fraudulent behavior. The Landerses claim Aurora informed
them on September 1, 2009, that they were successful in the temporary steps because they had
made the three requisite payments and mailed a letter to them the same day stating that they had
successfully completed the steps and were being offered a permanent home retention plan. 4
They claim that the promise to make a loan modification was false and that Aurora knew that it
was false. In support, the Landerses direct the Court to portions of Aurora’s own telephone logs
indicating that the customer was advised that the fourth payment did not need to be paid and
acknowledging that all three payments had been made. The Landerses further alleged that,
during this entire period, Aurora knew that they were ineligible for the promised modification,
making the representations false.
Aurora’s responsive arguments cover two areas. Aurora argues that, as a matter of law,
the suit could not have been brought as a fraud claim and that, if it could have been brought as a
fraud claim, there was no evidence to support that allegation. Aurora’s avoidance contention has
4
Aurora seems to make much of the Landerses’ failure to submit their last federal income tax forms—however, it is
apparent that the forms had already been provided to Aurora on CD, and there is evidence that Aurora informed the
Landerses that they did not need to submit them again. Aurora’s complaint is that the Landerses failed because they
did not provide precisely the same information a second time. This argument has very little validity—and is in fact
the type of repetitive requirement that has been a factor in at least one class action. Mauder & Chao, et.al. v. Aurora
Loan Servs., LLC, No. C 10-3118 SBA, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 142357 (U.S.D.Ct. N.D. Cal. 2013 ). Aurora Loan
Services, LLC, was a unit of the now defunct Lehman Brothers.
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multiple prongs, but one main focus lies in its position that the fraud claim could not be pursued
because it actually sounds in contract.
(1) The Landerses’ Fraud Cause of Action Is Not, as a Matter of Law, Supplanted by a
Contractual Nature of the Case
Aurora directs the Court to a number of cases that can be summarized as stating that, if a
cause of action seeks a recovery that could also be obtained as a breach of contract, the claim is
actually a breach of contract claim, no matter how presented.
For example, the court held in Baylor University v. Sonnichsen, 221 S.W.3d 632, 637
(Tex. 2007), that where benefit-of-the-bargain damages are the same damages a plaintiff sought
to recover under an unenforceable contract, the fraud claim fails. See also Nagle v. Nagle, 633
S.W.2d 796, 801 (Tex. 1982); Formosa Plastics Corp., USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors,
Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 46–47 (Tex. 1998) (except for fraudulent inducement, contract damages
may not be pursued in common-law tort). The Landerses acknowledge these cases, but point out
that the requested damages are not for benefit of the bargain because they are suing for damages
incurred in repairing and maintaining the house. Their position, simply put, is that the benefit of
the bargain would be the new loan, but the damages they seek are not based on the loss of the
loan.
Here, there was no contract on which suit could be brought. The claim does not rest on
the original loan agreement; it instead involves the issue of whether Aurora committed fraud in
connection with the Landerses’ efforts to obtain a different, cheaper loan. We are reluctant to
conclude that this claim must be considered one properly brought for breach of contract when
there was no contract to breach. This would set up the ideal result for Aurora, a “Catch-22” for
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the Landerses: they could not sue for breach of contract because there was no new contract, and
they could not sue for fraud because the damages sounded in contract. We reject this argument.
See Peterson Group, Inc. v. PLTQ Lotus Group, L.P., 417 S.W.3d 46, 62–63 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. filed) (contract damages arise from breach of contract, fraud
damages from fraudulent conduct). The duty not to commit fraud is different from the duty to
conform to the terms of a contract. See Formosa Plastics Corp. USA, 960 S.W.2d at 47–48.
(2) The Landerses’ Fraud Cause of Action Is Not, as a Matter of Law, Barred by the Statute
of Frauds
Aurora also argues that the claim is barred by the statute of frauds because the Landerses
seek to recover what they would have gained had the promise been performed. They base this
argument on the notion that, because they sought only breach of contract damages for reliance on
the nonexistent contract under H.A.M.P. and because the proposed contract was not in writing,
the statute of frauds barred recovery on the contract.
This case involves an allegation of a promise to enter into a new agreement with
allegations that the promise was a lie. This is neither a contract nor a proposed contract, and a
breach of contract claim under these facts is not viable. Accordingly, the statute of frauds does
not apply, and the argument is without merit. See Haase v. Glazner, 62 S.W.3d 795, 797, 800
(Tex. 2001) (benefit of bargain); Nagle, 633 S.W.2d at 799 (specific performance).
(3) The Landerses’ Fraud Cause of Action Has Been Negated as a Matter of Law
Aurora’s motion for traditional summary judgment otherwise alleged that it proved that
Aurora made no false representations and that any promise made of its future actions did not
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support a fraud claim, while Aurora’s no-evidence motion claimed that the Landerses had no
evidence to support their fraud claim.
The timeline in this case reflects a number of communications between various
representatives of Aurora and the Landerses. Some were recorded, some were not; and the
written communications fail to reflect the reality as orally explained by Aurora. There is no
dispute that Aurora representatives on several occasions told the Landerses to disregard letters
received or to be received and that, at one point, they simultaneously received a letter from
Aurora thanking them for making the required payments and another letter stating that the loan
was in default.
Ken Landers provided a lengthy affidavit setting out the course of events and his
understanding of Aurora’s actions and communications. A few telephone conversations were
recorded, transcribed, and placed in the record by the Landerses, as were Aurora’s logs of its
telephonic and written actions.
Clarlinda Landers also provided an affidavit as summary judgment evidence in which,
after recounting the conversations between her husband and various representatives of Aurora,
she states that she spoke with Aurora employee Egleah on April 9, 2009. 5 Clarlinda stated that,
during that conversation, Egleah established the terms of the modification and stated that there
would be a trial period repayment agreement for that permanent loan. The plan, as explained by
Egleah, was that, once they made three of the trial payments on time and sent the additional
financial information requested, the plan would become a permanent forty-year loan. On
5
Aurora did not address Clarlinda’s affidavit in its briefing.
8
April 8, Aurora had mailed a default notice—Egleah told them to “ignore it, that a plan had been
made.”
Aurora’s logs reflect one interesting and completely unexplained fact: beginning at least
several months before this series of events occurred, the mortgagor refused to answer calls or
take messages from Aurora.
There are also two letters from the Landerses to Aurora in connection with the repeated
request for additional documents noting that they had sent the requested documents, that their tax
returns had been sent previously by CD, that they had been told it was not necessary to send
them again, and that Aurora should be contacted if there were any questions.
Aurora argues that the fraud claim fails as a matter of law because there is no evidence
that the same representative of Aurora promised a loan modification while possessing the
necessary state of mind to support a fraud claim. To support its contention that such evidence is
mandatory, Aurora relies heavily on Dynegy, Inc. v. Yates, 345 S.W.3d 516, 530–32 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 2011), rev’d on other grounds, 422 S.W.3d 638 (Tex. 2013), a case that
appears to be the only Texas case on this precise point of law. The Landerses’ brief, on the other
hand, does not address Dynegy or make an effort to distinguish it from the facts of this case.
In Dynegy, an attorney sought to recover attorneys’ fees for the legal defense of a former
Dynegy officer accused of securities fraud. The attorney was promised payment by at least one
corporate employee, but Dynegy failed to pay the attorney over $400,000.00. At trial, the jury
found that Dynegy had engaged in fraud by misrepresentation and fraud by omission of a
material fact, which was defined for the jury as including a promise of future performance made
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with an intent not to perform as promised. Aurora argues, based on Dynegy, that, to establish a
fraud claim, Landers must have provided some evidence that the same corporate agent
committed all the elements of fraud.
That language appears in Dynegy as part of a two-paragraph discussion, based almost
exclusively on federal cases. The several cases cited there require the individual who made the
statement to also have the requisite scienter. See Southland Sec. Corp. v. INSpire Ins. Solutions,
Inc., 365 F.3d 353, 366 (5th Cir. 2004). Under Dynegy and the cases cited therein, fraud is not
established if one company agent makes a false statement, but the evidence establishes only that
a different officer knows the statement is false. Without contrary authority, we agree with our
sister court’s rationale and hold that for a fraud claim to survive, the company agent that makes
the representation must have the requisite mental state.
We offer this note of caution. Neither in Dynegy nor in the present case do we see
evidence of any effort by Aurora to manipulate information to actively mislead the Landerses, or
customers in general, by limiting information available to certain employees. We do not intend
this opinion—and we do not read Dynegy—to allow that type of possible scheming by an
organization to avoid fraud liability.
There was evidence of a representation made as a positive assertion with intent that it be
relied on and which in fact was relied on to the detriment of the Landerses. The apparent claim
by Aurora is that the Landerses failed to complete the package to qualify for the promised loan
modification. There appears to be a fact issue concerning whether the representation proved
false.
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We find no evidence in this record, however, that the speaker knew the representation
was false. A bit more challenging may be the question of whether there is any evidence raising a
fact issue on the alternative means of establishing a fraud cause of action—that the
misrepresentation was made “recklessly without any knowledge of the truth.”
To raise a question of recklessness, there must be more evidence than merely that the
person making the representation turned out to be wrong, even if the fact-finder found that the
representation was incorrect here. There must be some evidence that raises a fact issue
concerning recklessness, beyond just being wrong. Recklessness may be inferred from
surrounding circumstances, existing either before or after a representation is made. See, e.g.,
Spoljaric v. Percival Tours, Inc., 708 S.W.2d 432, 434 (Tex. 1986). But the recklessness must
be that of the person making the alleged misrepresentation. Dynegy, 345 S.W.3d at 530–32.
While the record does raise a fact question concerning whether the speaker was wrong in a
representation to the Landerses, we do not find any evidence raising a fact issue concerning
whether the speaker was reckless about the truth. We overrule this contention.
We affirm the summary judgment.
Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice
Date Submitted: March 4, 2014
Date Decided: May 16, 2014
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