Opinion issued August 27, 2013
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-11-00320-CV
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OLGA DE LA CERDA-CABRERA, INDEPENDENT EXECUTRIX OF THE
ESTATE OF ROSIE A. ZUNIGA, DECEASED, Appellant
V.
CHASE MANHATTAN BANK USA, N.A.; HULL & ASSOCIATES, P.C.
A/K/A JAMES N. HULL & ASSOCIATES, P.C.; JAMES N. HULL; AND
PALISADES COLLECTION, LLC, Appellees
On Appeal from the 61st District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2009-65455
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an appeal from the trial court’s grant of a plea to the jurisdiction filed
by appellees Chase Manhattan Bank USA, N.A., Hull & Associates, P.C. a/k/a
James N. Hull & Associates, P.C., James N. Hull, and Palisades Collection, LLC.
In three issues, appellant Olga de la Cerda-Cabrera, Independent Executrix of the
Estate of Rosie A. Zuniga, Deceased 1 contends: (1) dismissal of Zuniga’s suit for
lack of jurisdiction was error, (2) this Court should declare Texas’ post-judgment
garnishment statute2 unconstitutional, and (3) if the case is remanded to the trial
court, this Court should hold that appellees are precluded from seeking attorney’s
fees.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Background
In 2001, Providian National Bank sued Zuniga in a Harris County justice
court,3 to collect on an outstanding credit card balance. Zuniga’s Original Answer
admitted that she owed the debt and suggested a plan for paying off the balance. In
September 2001, the court signed an agreed judgment between Zuniga and PNB by
which PNB was to receive $2,103.88, plus interest and attorney’s fees from
1
Rosie A. Zuniga died during the pendency of this appeal. For ease of reference,
we will refer to appellant as “Zuniga” unless expressly noted.
2
Although Zuniga’s petition did not specify (by code name or section) which
statute she contended was unconstitutional, Zuniga clarified on appeal that she is
challenging sections 63.001–.008 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 63.001–.008 (West 2008).
3
Cause No. CV12C0015449, Justice Court, Precinct 1, Position 2, Harris County,
Texas.
2
Zuniga. PNB thereafter assigned this judgment to Chase, which subsequently
assigned it to Palisades.
After six years,4 a writ of garnishment was issued at Chase’s request against
Zuniga’s bank, Bank of Texas. Bank of Texas was served and timely answered,
admitting that Zuniga had on deposit at least $2,247.23. Zuniga was never served
with citation in the garnishment action. Instead, Chase’s attorney, Hull, sent
Zuniga by regular and certified mail, return receipt requested, a copy of the
application for writ of garnishment, affidavits in support of the application, and a
letter informing her that she had the right to regain possession of the property by
filing a replevy bond or a motion to dissolve the writ with the court. A copy of the
writ of garnishment, however, was not included in the materials provided to
Zuniga. The green card that Zuniga signed indicates that she received the
materials on October 20, 2007. On November 19, 2007, the justice court signed an
agreed judgment (“Garnishment Judgment”) between Chase and Bank of Texas
that awarded the captured funds to Chase, as PNB’s assignee. Zuniga neither
answered nor contested the garnishment action despite actual notice of the
proceeding.
4
September 28, 2007.
3
Present Litigation
On October 9, 2009, nearly two years after the agreed Garnishment
Judgment was signed, Zuniga filed suit against appellees in Harris County district
court seeking to recover the garnished funds that she claimed included wrongfully
seized supplemental security income (SSI). Her original petition alleged that
appellees’ garnishment amounted to conversion, and violated state and federal debt
collection statutes (Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, 5 Debt Collection
Practices Act, 6 and the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 7). Zuniga also
sought to permanently enjoin appellees from filing suit anywhere in Texas to
collect on any debts “that misrepresent the status of the debt.” 8
The appellees moved for summary judgment based on their affirmative
defenses of res judicata, collateral estoppel, and the compulsory counterclaim rule.
Zuniga’s claims, they argued, were premised on the ground that some or all of the
garnished amounts were SSI funds exempt from garnishment, and Zuniga could,
and should have, raised that argument in the underlying 2007 garnishment action.
Zuniga responded that the Garnishment Judgment was void because it violated
5
TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. §§ 17.001–.926 (West 2011 & Supp. 2012).
6
TEX. FIN. CODE ANN. § 392.304(a)(8) (West 2006) (prohibiting misrepresentations
of character, extent, and amount of consumer debt).
7
15 U.S.C. § 1692e(2)(a) (West 2009) (prohibiting misrepresentations of character,
amount, or legal status of any debt).
8
Zuniga also sought to enjoin Palisades and Chase “from using Hull & Associates.”
4
federal law and because she was never served with process in the garnishment
action. Zuniga also attached an affidavit in support of her response in which she
denied having any “recollection of ever being served with citation.”
Zuniga amended her petition to include claims pursuant to Texas’
Declaratory Judgment Act 9 and 42 U.S.C. § 1983,10 arguing that appellees’
garnishment action deprived her of due process in violation of section 1983, and
seeking “a declaratory judgment that the Texas post-judgment garnishment statute,
as implemented, violates the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and
the Supremacy Clause.”
Appellees replied to Zuniga’s response and, upon grant to supplement their
summary judgment motion, addressed Zuniga’s new claims arguing that Zuniga’s
response and affidavit were misleading because Zuniga, who had actual notice of
the garnishment proceeding, contacted Chase’s attorney on several occasions
regarding the proceedings and even retained an attorney to protect her interests in
the garnishment action. Appellees also attached a copy of the materials provided
to Zuniga that notified her of the proceedings, the green card she signed on
October 20, 2007 indicating that she received the materials, and an affidavit from
Hull attesting to the facts that Zuniga contacted his office twice in October 2007 to
9
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 37.001–.009 (West 2008).
10
42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2003) (providing private cause of action for violations of
federal constitutional rights).
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inquire about the garnishment proceeding, and that an attorney representing Zuniga
contacted the office twice in early November 2007 to discuss the garnishment
proceeding.
On October 28, 2010, the trial court denied appellees’ motion for summary
judgment.
Appellees thereafter filed a plea to the jurisdiction arguing that the trial court
was without jurisdiction over Zuniga’s suit because, by her own admissions in
response to appellees’ summary judgment motion, the suit was an impermissible
collateral attack on the Garnishment Judgment. Appellees’ plea included, inter
alia, their motion for summary judgment and attached exhibits, Zuniga’s response,
and their reply and supplemental summary judgment motion with exhibits.
Zuniga’s response asserted the same arguments previously raised in her response to
appellees’ summary judgment motion, and argued further that because the
Garnishment Judgment was void, it was a legal nullity and thus subject to
collateral attack and that the trial court had jurisdiction over all of Zuniga’s claims.
The trial court granted the plea to the jurisdiction and this appeal followed.
Plea to the Jurisdiction
Zuniga contends that the trial court erred in dismissing her suit for lack of
jurisdiction because the Garnishment Judgment was void, and therefore, subject to
collateral attack at any time.
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Standard of Review
The purpose of a plea to the jurisdiction is to dismiss a cause of action
without regard to whether the claim has merit. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34
S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). A plea to the jurisdiction is reviewed under a de
novo standard. Houston Mun. Emps. Pension Sys. v. Ferrell, 248 S.W.3d 151, 156
(Tex. 2007). When a party relies on facts outside of a plaintiff’s petition, the
appellate court reviews both the petition and the evidence attached to the plea to
the jurisdiction. See Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555. A plea to the jurisdiction is the
proper procedural tool to challenge a suit brought in one court when another court
has exclusive jurisdiction. Jansen v. Fitzpatrick, 14 S.W.3d 426, 430–31 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.); see also Wilbourne v. HFE Dev. Corp.,
No. 03–08–00430–CV, 2009 WL 4757451, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 9,
2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that plea to jurisdiction was improperly denied
because declaratory judgment action was improper collateral attack); but see
Dolenz v. Vail, 200 S.W.3d 338, 341 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.) (stating
collateral attack on prior judgment may affect merits of party’s claim, but it is not
jurisdictional issue); Herrera v. Household Fin. Corp. III, No. 04–08–00134–CV,
2009 WL 1154704, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 29, 2009, no pet.) (mem.
op.) (same). The only court with jurisdiction to hear a garnishment action is the
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court that issued the original judgment. King & King v. Porter, 252 S.W. 1022,
1022 (Tex. 1923).
Garnishment Judgment is Not Void
Zuniga contends that the Garnishment Judgment is void because it (1)
violates a federal statute exempting SSI funds from garnishment and (2) she was
never properly served with process in the garnishment action. She also argues for
the first time on appeal that the court that rendered the judgment did not have
subject-matter jurisdiction over all of the captured funds.
“A collateral attack seeks to avoid the binding effect of a judgment in order
to obtain specific relief that the judgment currently impedes.” PNS Stores, Inc. v.
Rivera, 379 S.W.3d 267, 272 (Tex. 2012) (citing Browning v. Prostok, 165 S.W.3d
336, 346 (Tex. 2005)). Only a void judgment may be collaterally attacked.
Prostok, 165 S.W.3d at 346. “A judgment is void only when it is apparent that the
court rendering the judgment had no jurisdiction of the parties, no jurisdiction of
the subject matter, no jurisdiction to enter the judgment, or no capacity to act as a
court.” Mapco, Inc. v. Forrest, 795 S.W.2d 700, 703 (Tex. 1990). When attacked
collaterally, a judgment is presumed valid. Rivera, 379 S.W.3d at 273 (citing
Stewart v. USA Custom Paint & Body Shop, Inc., 870 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1994)).
That presumption disappears, however, when the record establishes a jurisdictional
defect. Id. Generally, if a court acts contrary to a rule, statute, or even a
8
constitutional provision, the judgment is not void, but “voidable” or “erroneous.”
Mapco, 795 S.W.2d at 703. A judgment is “void,” and thus subject to collateral
attack, if there was a complete lack of service in violation of due process. Rivera,
379 S.W.3d at 274–75. Technical defects with regard to service of process,
however, do not implicate due process and a judgment rendered under such
circumstances is merely voidable, not void. Id.
Here, Zuniga argues that the Garnishment Judgment is void because
appellees failed to strictly comply with the relevant statutory notice provisions.
Zuniga does not, however, deny that she had actual notice of the 2007 garnishment
proceeding. As the Supreme Court held in Rivera, technical defects in service that
do not deprive a party of a meaningful opportunity to appear and answer, do not
implicate due process concerns, and a judgment rendered under such circumstances
is merely voidable, not void. Rivera, 379 S.W.3d at 274–75. Even assuming that
the garnishment proceeding captured funds that are statutorily exempt from
garnishment—Zuniga’s SSI funds—the judgment would not be void, merely
voidable. Mapco, 795 S.W.2d at 703 (stating judgment resulting from court acts
contrary to rule, statute, or constitutional provision is merely “voidable” or
“erroneous”).
The justice court that rendered the 2007 Garnishment Judgment also
rendered the 2001 agreed judgment in favor of appellees. As such, the justice
9
court had exclusive jurisdiction over the 2007 garnishment action. See King &
King, 252 S.W. at 1022. Even assuming that Zuniga is correct and the
Garnishment Judgment captured SSI funds that are exempt from garnishment, the
judgment would only be erroneous or voidable; it does not deprive the court of
jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the proceeding. Because the justice court
that rendered the Garnishment Judgment had jurisdiction over both the parties and
the subject-matter, and there is no indication that the court lacked jurisdiction to
enter the judgment or the capacity to act as a court, we hold that the Garnishment
Judgment is not void, but merely voidable, and as such, Zuniga may not
collaterally attack the judgment. See Rivera, 379 S.W.3d at 275; Mapco, 795
S.W.2d at 703 (stating judgment is void only when it is apparent that court
rendering judgment lacked jurisdiction over parties or subject matter, had no
jurisdiction to enter judgment, or no capacity to act as court).
We overrule Zuniga’s first issue.
Declaratory Judgment 11
Zuniga’s second issue seeks this Court’s declaration that Texas’ post-
judgment garnishment statute is unconstitutional.
11
Appellees argued in their appellate brief that Zuniga’s declaratory judgment
claims were mooted by the death of Rosie Zuniga during the pendency of this
appeal. The Court construed appellees’ argument as a motion to dismiss the
appeal for want of jurisdiction and denied the motion in a separate order.
10
When a litigant brings a declaratory judgment action challenging the
constitutionality of a state statute, the statute requires that the Attorney General be
served with a “copy of the proceedings” and that the Attorney General is entitled to
be heard. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.006(b) (West 2008); Tex.
Educ. Agency v. Leeper, 893 S.W.2d 432, 446 (Tex. 1994). Section 37.006,
however, does not require that the Attorney General be made a party to the suit.
Wichita Cnty. v. Robinson, 276 S.W.2d 509, 511 (Tex. 1954); cf. Motor Vehicle
Bd. of the Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. El Paso Indep. Auto. Dealers Ass’n, Inc., 1
S.W.3d 108, 110–11 (Tex. 1999) (holding that, although Attorney General was not
required to be party to suit challenging constitutionality of state statute and had
declined to participate, Attorney General had not waived right to appeal negotiated
pretrial settlement because Attorney General was bound by judgment and its
interests were affected by judgment). The failure to notify the Attorney General of
the pendency of a declaratory judgment action in which the constitutional validity
of a statute, ordinance, or franchise is challenged, however, deprives the trial court
of jurisdiction to proceed. Scurlock Permian Corp. v. Brazos Cnty., 869 S.W.2d
478, 483 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied) (citing Commerce
Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Hampton, 577 S.W.2d 740, 741 (Tex. Civ. App.—Eastland
1979, no writ) and Commissioners Court of Harris Cnty. v. Peoples Nat’l Util. Co.,
538 S.W.2d 228, 229 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1976, writ ref’d
11
n.r.e.)). The record before us on appeal contains no indication that the Attorney
General was notified of Zuniga’s declaratory judgment action or given an
opportunity to be heard in the case. As such, the record does not reflect that the
trial court had jurisdiction over Zuniga’s claim. Scurlock Permian, 869 S.W.2d at
483. Because the trial court did not have jurisdiction over the declaratory
judgment claim, neither do we.
We overrule Zuniga’s second issue.
Attorney’s Fees
Having overruled Zuniga’s first and second issues, we are affirming the trial
court’s judgment, and need not reach Zuniga’s third issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Jim Sharp
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Sharp and Massengale.
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