Christopher Earl Keeton v. State

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-17-00015-CR
CHRISTOPHER EARL KEETON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 278th District Court
Leon County, Texas
Trial Court No. CM-13-00242
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley
MEMORANDUM OPINION
After Christopher Earl Keeton sexually assaulted his girlfriend’s then thirteen-year-old
daughter, V.C., a Leon County1 jury convicted him of aggravated sexual assault of a child,2 and
the trial court assessed him punishment of twenty-six years’ imprisonment. On appeal, Keeton
complains (1) that the trial court erred when it denied his Batson3 challenge and (2) that the
evidence was legally insufficient to support a finding that he penetrated V.C.’s sexual organ with
his sexual organ. We find (1) that Keeton failed to preserve his Batson challenge and (2) that
sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Keeton Failed to Preserve His Batson Challenge
In his first issue, Keeton asserts that the trial court erred in denying his Batson challenge
to the State’s peremptory strike of the only African-American veniremember within the available
strike zone. The State argues, inter alia, that Keeton’s Batson challenge was untimely and not
preserved for appeal. We agree.
The record reflects the voir dire examination of the jury panel on June 14, 2016. After
certain veniremembers were stricken for cause, the trial court took a recess, during which the
parties apparently prepared their peremptory challenges. The peremptory challenges of the parties
are contained in the clerk’s record and show that the State struck juror number 20, the subject of
1
Originally appealed to the Tenth Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court by the Texas Supreme
Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We are unaware
of any conflict between precedent of the Tenth Court of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant issue. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.
2
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i) (West Supp. 2016).
3
See Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).
2
Keeton’s Batson challenge. After the recess, the clerk read the names of the veniremembers
selected for the jury, and the trial court released the remaining members of the panel. The trial
court then swore in and instructed the jury, then excused them for lunch. After the jury left, Keeton
made an oral Batson challenge to the State’s striking of juror number 20, asserting that the stricken
juror was African-American, that she was the only African-American in the strike zone, and that
she had not answered any questions or made any comments. He asserted that the striking of juror
number 20 was racially motivated. In response, the State posited that it struck the juror because
she visited with the trial judge at the bench and stated that she was concerned about her job and
for the additional reason that it had been advised that her son has had trouble with the law. Keeton
made no reply to the State’s proffered reasons for its strike. The trial court noted that the juror had
approached the bench and expressed a concern about her work and that out of the sixty
veniremembers on the panel, only two were black, with only one within the strike zone. It then
found the State’s reason racially neutral and denied the motion.
Use of peremptory challenges to strike potential jurors on the basis of race is prohibited by
both the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1; see Batson, 476 U.S. at 85–86, and Article 35.261 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure, TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 35.261 (West 2006). If the
defendant suspects the State of making race-based challenges, he may request a Batson hearing.
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 35.261(a). Article 35.261 provides “uniform procedures
and remedies to address claimed constitutional violations during jury selection.” State v. Oliver,
808 S.W.2d 492, 496 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). “Therefore, whenever a claim is made that
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veniremembers were peremptorily challenged on the basis of their race, article 35.261 must be
followed.” Hill v. State, 827 S.W.2d 860, 863 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). To be timely under Article
35.261, a Batson challenge must be made “before the court has impanelled the jury.” TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 35.261(a); Hill, 827 S.W.2d at 864. “A jury is considered ‘impanelled’
when the members of the jury have been both selected and sworn.” Hill, 827 S.W.2d at 864 (citing
Price v. State, 782 S.W.2d 266 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1989, pet. ref’d)).
To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a party must first present to the trial court a
timely request, objection, or motion stating the specific grounds for the desired ruling if not
apparent from the context. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). Since Keeton’s Batson challenge was made
after the jury was impaneled, it was not timely. Therefore, he has not preserved this issue for
appellate review. See Cooper v. State, 791 S.W.2d 80, 81, 84 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on
reh’g). We overrule Keeton’s first issue.
II. Sufficient Evidence Supports the Jury’s Findings
A. Standard of Review
In his second issue, Keeton contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the
jury’s finding that he penetrated V.C.’s sexual organ with his sexual organ. In evaluating legal
sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s judgment to
determine whether any rational jury could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond
a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.)
(citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d). Our rigorous legal sufficiency review focuses on the
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quality of the evidence presented. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917–18 (Cochran, J., concurring). We
examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the
responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to
draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772,
778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In drawing reasonable inferences, the jury “may use common sense
and apply common knowledge, observation, and experience gained in the ordinary affairs of life.”
Duren v. State, 87 S.W.3d 719, 724 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. struck) (citing Manrique v.
State, 994 S.W.2d 640, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (Meyers, J., concurring)). Further, the jury is
the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony and
may “believe all of a witnesses’ testimony, portions of it, or none of it.” Thomas v. State, 444
S.W.3d 4, 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). We give “almost complete deference to a jury’s decision
when that decision is based on an evaluation of credibility.” Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699,
705 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by
a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
The hypothetically correct jury charge is “one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant was tried.” Id.5
B. Analysis
The indictment charged Keeton with committing aggravated sexual assault of a child by
intentionally and knowingly penetrating the sexual organ of V.C., a child younger than fourteen
years of age, with his sexual organ. Under the statute, to obtain a conviction, the State must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that Keeton intentionally or knowingly caused the penetration of the
anus or sexual organ of V.C. by any means. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i).
Keeton concedes that there is sufficient evidence to support a finding of all of the required
elements, except that he penetrated V.C.’s sexual organ with his sexual organ.4 He argues that
V.C.’s uncorroborated testimony is insufficient to support this finding.
At trial, V.C. testified that during her Christmas break from school in 2012, Keeton
sexually assaulted her at her home. After Keeton had taken her mother to work, he returned to the
house and began yelling at V.C. and her brothers. Keeton told V.C. to go to the bedroom, and he
came to the bedroom also. He told V.C. that for a woman to have his respect she had to know how
to cook, how to drive a car, and how to have sex. After telling her to remove her clothes and to
get on the bed, Keeton assaulted her. V.C. described the assault:
Q. [By the State] And then what happened after he told you to get on
the bed?
A. I had to lay on my back and then he got on top of me and he tried to
put his penis in my vagina, and I told him that it hurt, and he said that he didn’t
care, and then he kept forcing himself inside of me.
4
The State contends that it only had to show penetration of V.C.’s sexual organ by any means, as required by the
statute. Since we find there is sufficient evidence to find that Keeton penetrated V.C.’s sexual organ with his sexual
organ, we need not address this argument.
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Q. And was he ever successful of putting his penis inside of you?
A. Yes.
At the time of the attack, V.C. was thirteen years old. Shortly after the attack, V.C. told her brother,
Daric. Later, she also told her friend Haley’s mother, who called the police. “The testimony of a
child victim alone is sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated sexual assault” of a child.
Glockzin v. State, 220 S.W.3d 140, 147 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, pet. ref’d) (quoting Perez v.
State, 113 S.W.3d 819, 838 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet. ref’d), overruled on other grounds by
Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
38.07(a), (b)(1) (West Supp. 2016). Therefore, even if her testimony is uncorroborated, the jury
was free to believe V.C.’s testimony. We find the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s
finding that Keeton penetrated V.C.’s sexual organ with his sexual organ. We overrule Keeton’s
second issue.
III. Modification of the Judgment
The judgment of conviction indicates that Keeton was convicted under Section
22.011(a)(2)(B) of the Penal Code. However, as the State points out in its brief, Keeton was
charged under Section 22.011(a)(1)(B)(i) of the Penal Code. Because we have the authority to
correct and modify a judgment to make the record speak the truth when we have information to do
so, we modify the trial court’s judgment to reflect that the statute for the offense is Section
22.011(a)(1)(B)(i) of the Penal Code. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b); Bigley v. State, 865 S.W.2d 26,
27–28 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); see also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i).
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Accordingly, we modify the trial court’s judgment to reflect that the statute for the offense
is Section 22.011(a)(1)(B)(i) of the Penal Code. We affirm the trial court’s judgment, as modified.
Bailey C. Moseley
Justice
Date Submitted: October 13, 2017
Date Decided: October 16, 2017
Do Not Publish
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