Michael Alan Hodges v. State

ACCEPTED
06-16-00067-CR
SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS
TEXARKANA, TEXAS
8/15/2016 5:34:48 AM
DEBBIE AUTREY
CLERK
SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS FILED IN
6th COURT OF APPEALS
TEXARKANA, TEXAS TEXARKANA, TEXAS
8/15/2016 5:34:48 AM
06-16-00067-CR DEBBIE AUTREY
Clerk
__________________________________________________
MICHAEL ALAN HODGES,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
On Appeal from the 54th District Court
Hon. Matt Johnson Presiding
No. 2014-1486-C2
APPELLANT’S BRIEF
Charles W. McDonald
SBOT NO: 13538800
2024 Austin Avenue
Waco, Texas 76701
Tel: (254) 752-9901
Fax: (254) 754-1466
Email:
ringwraith1cwm@aol.com
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
Parties
Appellant Mr. Michael Alan Hodges
Appellee The State of Texas
Trial Counsel
For Appellant Mr. Ronald Moody
204 N. 6th Street
Waco, Texas 76701
For Appellee Mr. Brandon Luce
Assistant District Attorney
Mr. Abelino “Abel” Reyna,
Criminal District Attorney,
McLennan County
219 N. Sixth Street, Suite 200
Waco, Texas 76701-1363
Appellate Counsel
For Appellant Mr. Charles W. McDonald
2024 Austin Avenue
Waco, Texas 76701
For Appellee Mr. Abelino “Abel” Reyna,
Criminal District Attorney,
McLennan County
219 N. 6th St., Ste. 200
Waco, Texas 76701
Mr. Sterling A. Harmon
Chief, Appellate Division
Hodges, Michael Alan i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page(s)
Identity of Parties and Counsel .………..………………… i
Table of Contents .…………………………………………... ii
Index of Authorities ……..………………………………….. iv
Statement of the Case …..………………………………….. vi
Statement of the Facts ….………………………………….. vi
Statement Regarding Oral Argument …….……………… xvi
Issues Presented …………………………………………….. xvi
Issue No. 1: ……………………………………………..
The trial court committed error by failing to
properly instruct the jury on self-defense involving
multiple assailants and committed error in its
application of the law of self-defense as to multiple
assailants in both counts in the first main charge of
the court. This caused egregious harm to Appellant.
Summary of the Argument ………………………………… 1
Argument ……..……………………………………………… 2
Standard of Review …………………………………….... 2
Prayer …..………………………………………………… 10
Certificate of Compliance …....…………………………… 11
Hodges, Michael Alan ii
Certificate of Service …...……………..…………………… 11
Hodges, Michael Alan iii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases Page(s)
Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App.
2
1994)…………………………………………………………….
Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App.
iv, 7
1985) (op'n on reh'g)…………………………………………
Brazelton v. State, 947 S.W.2d 644, 646 (Tex. App. –
3
Forth Worth 1997, no pet.) …………………………………
Brown v. State, 651 S.W.2d 782-84, (Tex. Crim. App.
5
1983) ……………………………………………………………
Dickey v. State, 22 S.W.3d 490, 492 (Tex. Crim. App.
7
1999)…………………………………………………………….
Frank v. State, 688 S.W.2d 825, 828 (Tex. App. –
4
Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. granted)…………………...
Hamel v. State, 916 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. App.
3
1996) ……………………………………………………………
Handy v. State, 136 Tex. Crim. 208, 126 S.W.2d 30
4
(Tex. Crim. App. 1938) ………………………………………
Hayes v. State, 728 S.W.2d 804, 807 (Tex. Crim. App.
3
1987) …………………………………………………………
Huizar v. State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 484-85 (Tex. Crim. App.
7
2000) …………………………………………………………..
Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App.
7
1996) (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 172)……………….
Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 171 (citing Bailey v. State, 867
Hodges, Michael Alan iv
S.W.2d 42, 43 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (citing Almanza)) 7
Mata v. State, 939 S.W.2d 719, 722 (Tex. Crim. App. –
Waco 1997, no pet.) …………………………………………. 4
McCuin v. State, 505 S.W.2d 831 (Tex. Cr. App. 1974) 5
Miller v. State, 815 S.W.2d 582, 585 (Tex. Crim. App.
3
1991)(op. on reh’g pg 3) ……………………………………..
Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 254 (Tex. Crim. App.
3
1993)…………………………………………………………….
Ngo v. State, 175 SW. 3rd 738, 743 – 44 (Tex. Crim.
3
Ohio App. 2005) …………………………………………………….
Shafer v. State, 919 S.W.2d 885, 887 n.1 (Tex. App. –
3, 4
Fort Worth 1996, pet. ref’d) ………………………………..
Warren v. State, 565 S.W.2d 931, 933-34 (Tex. Crim.
6
Ohio App. 1978) …………………………………………………….
Rules
TEX. R. APP. PROC. 31 ……………………………………….. 6
Hodges, Michael Alan v
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
This is a criminal case where Appellant was charged in a two
count Indictment alleging aggravated assault with a deadly
weapon against Anthony Scott (AS) in count one, and aggravated
assault against Mark Cashaw (MC) in count two. Both of the
primary counts are a violation of TEX. PENAL CODE 22.02 (WEST
2013) 1 CR at 5-6 By separate notice filed prior to trial, the State
sought to enhance such charges by two prior felony convictions of
Appellant to increase the punishment range upon conviction of the
primary offense to 25-99 years or life. TEX. PENAL CODE
12.42(D)(WEST 2013) 1 CR at 34-35
After a jury trial, Appellant was found guilty on both counts.
4 RR at 53 Appellant elected to have the jury assess punishment.
1 CR at 24 In the presence of the jury, Appellant pled true to both
enhancement allegations alleged by the State. 5 RR at 4-7 The
jury, after receiving additional evidence and argument, sentenced
Appellant to twenty five (25) years on each count with a deadly
weapon finding. The sentence to run concurrently. 1 CR at 95-98
Notice of Appeal was filed. 1 CR at 100 After investigation, no
motion for new trial was filed. 1 CR at 101 Hence, this appeal.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
Overview:
This is a case is primarily about credibility and who the jury
Hodges, Michael Alan vi
believed. The State called the two complainants and a police officer
during the guilt innocence phase. Appellant testified in his own
behalf and called one fact witness. 1 R.R. at 6. Both testified
that there were multiple assailants. There were no pretrial
motions of consequence, few objections, the exhibits consisted
mainly of maps, photos of injuries to the various parties, the knife
and pen packets. There were two versions of the events that day.
Appellant’s and impartial witness version:
On the night of the incident Appellant had taken his cat out
and was standing behind his pickup drinking cup of coffee. He was
also cleaning his finger nails with a knife he kept in the bed of the
pickup. Appellant sees at least four individuals approaching him
that he did not recognize initially. He later recognized MC during
the assault by the individuals upon Appellant. It was dark in the
area because the street lights were out. One of the four assailants
said something to Appellant. Three of them then approached him.
AS said something and then hit Appellant as MC comes back
around and a third guy also came up. All of the assailants were
Hodges, Michael Alan vii
younger and larger than Appellant. AS was the most persistent
assailant. Appellant uses knife in a slashing motion several times
in self-defense against multiple assailants. He tried to retreat to
his home of was pursued by two or more of the assailants. When
he got to the door of his apartment he was kicked by AS and he
defensively cut both AS and MC whom he saw with a knife.
Melanie Loyd, a neighbor of Appellant's, was returning from work
that evening and saw part of the incident. She saw five men, three
black and possibly two white, walking toward Appellant. She sees
one of them jump up and kick at Appellant. She then saw
Appellant get off the ground. She attempted to talk to the police
officer that evening but he didn't take her statement then or ever.
She had seen Appellant stand by his pickup on other evenings and
on this particular evening she saw him doing the same. Also she
believed the other individuals (that approached Appellant) had
been drinking that evening and assumed they were intoxicated.
Melanie Loyd testified that she had just gotten off work
when she saw five guys walking through from the convenience
store going towards Appellant's apartment. She then saw an
Hodges, Michael Alan viii
individual run toward Appellant and kick in the air to try and
knock Appellant down. 3 R.R. at 160. She lives with her husband
in an apartment about ten feet from Appellant's apartment. There
were people everywhere and when the police arrived she offered to
give her statement to them. They did not take her statement then
or ever. 3 R.R. at 162. She believed that there were three black
guys and two white guys. 3 R.R. at 171 She assumed they were
intoxicated because they were also down there talking to the
people who were having a birthday party. 3 R.R. at 182.
Appellant testified that he 63 years old, is 5 foot 7 1/2 inches
and weighs about 186 pounds. 3 R.R. at 185 He knew MC but did
not really know AS. 3 R.R. at 186 – 187. Appellant and AS had
words a couple nights before about AS cussing at a 3-year-old
child. 3 R.R. at 188 – 189. On the night of the incident Appellant
had taken his cat out and was having a cup of coffee and cleaning
his fingernails behind his pickup truck in front of his apartment.
A group of individuals approached him that he did not first
recognize. Later on he recognized MC. He knew there were four
individuals. It was very dark because the street lights near there
Hodges, Michael Alan ix
were out. They stopped near him and made a comment. Three of
them approached him and one stayed back a little bit. 3 R.R. at
190 – 193. All of this took place right at the back of his pickup
truck. AS said something and swung at me and clipped my neck.
Then MC came running around. I slashed at the third guy that
came up and I did make contact with him. I go around the pickup
to get into my home when I get kicked. He kept trying to kick me
when somehow MC had gotten behind me. I saw knife in MC’s
hand. I had already cut AS and then I cut MC. MC then dropped
his knife and went down. That is when AS took off also.
Defendant’s exhibits 2 through 5 were admitted showing
Appellant's injuries from the attack. 3 R.R. at 193 – 195.
Appellant was in fear for his personal safety as these were pretty
good sized guys. MC had come up and the third guy also. 3 R.R.
at 198 – 199. Appellant tried to get away when he got to the front
door of his apartment. He got kicked straight in the kidney and
it dropped him like a rock. 3 R.R. at 200 – 201. Appellant believed
he would've been stabbed and was in danger of serious bodily
injury or death. He had no alternative but to defend himself. 3 R.R.
Hodges, Michael Alan x
at 203 – 204. MC is 57 years old, six-foot tall and weighs 250
pounds. AS is 5 foot 9 1/2 inches tall, weighs 215 pounds and is 54
years old. At the time I was being assaulted, I believed I needed to
defend myself in any way that I could keep from being severely
injured and because at that point in time there are also more
people that hadn’t left yet. 3 R.R. at 205 – 206. In 1990 I was at
Fort Bragg getting ready for Desert Storm. 3 R.R. at 209.
During cross-examination Appellant stated that when he was
Mirandized he requested a lawyer. He states that is the reason for
the discrepancies in the police reports because he told the
policeman very little. 3 R.R. at 214 – 215. Appellant was
questioned about the four or five people that he and Ms. Loyd saw
that evening. 3 R.R. at 222, 224, 230. Appellant was also
questioned about how they came at him like a flying “V” of ducks.
3 R.R. at 225. Appellant stated “I'm the one that got jumped on.
I'm the one that was confronted with four people larger than me”.
And just when that incident goes down where they are all in a
position to jump on me in an instant. You either react to the
danger or you get ate up. I'm a former Marine. I'm former Army
Hodges, Michael Alan xi
special forces. You can't hesitate when your life is on the line. 3
R.R. at 236. I just defended myself. 3 R.R. at 240.
The State and complainants’ version:
The complainants, Anthony Scott (AS) and Mark Cashaw
(MC) on August 26, 2013, were returning from a convenience store
and cut through another apartment complex and saw Appellant
standing behind his pickup in front of his apartment. AS goes over
to Appellant and there was apparently a verbal altercation
between AS and Appellant. Appellant overreacts and cuts AS
multiple times and MC in the back of the neck. The State suggests
this is without provocation, justification or in self-defense. 3 R.R.
at 7 – 10
MC says he and AS went to the store for lottery tickets. 2
R.R. 18. MC saw a knife in Appellant's hand. 2 R.R. at 24. MC
described by Appellant when he turns his back on him. Appellant
and AS were still fighting. 2 R.R. at 26 – 28. MC claims Appellant
was swinging two knives. He sees Appellant moving toward AS
and AS saying he's cutting me. 2 R.R. at 26-28. State’s exhibits 3
Hodges, Michael Alan xii
and 4 are admitted showing MC had 7-8 stitches put in the next
day (from the cut by Appellant). MC claims he still had numbness
from the cut. He claimed he got along well with Appellant and saw
him often, but that he never threatened Appellant that day or ever
before. 2 R.R. at 31 – 32. MC was not with AS the night before but
knew of some prior trouble between AS and Appellant. 2 R.R. at
37, 45. MC did not see AS kick Appellant or Appellant try to flee.
2 R.R. at 49 – 51.
AS testified that he lived at the apartments where MC was
the manager in August of 2013. These apartments were near the
apartment complex where Appellant lived. AS had known MC for
20 to 30 years. It was also brought out that AS had been convicted
of two felonies eight days prior to the commencement of this trial.
3 R.R. at 63 – 67. AS says Appellant talked smart to him two days
before the accident. 3 R.R. at 74 – 75. The day before the incident
AS and Appellant had words between them, principally name-
calling. On this occasion AS was by himself. 3 R.R. at 74 – 76. On
the day of the incident, Appellant and AS had words again on the
way back from the store where AS had been playing his lotto
Hodges, Michael Alan xiii
numbers. This occurred while Appellant was at the back of his
truck and AS could see his hands. 3 R.R. at 78 – 79. AS says
“what’s your f-ing problem?” to Appellant, then turns and walked
away. Appellant then hit and stabbed AS. Appellant first hit AS
and when AS turned Appellant stabbed him. 3 R.R. at 80 – 83. AS
called out to MC (who at the time was several feet away) that
Appellant had a knife. MC then came over and got cut and then
AS realized he too was bleeding. AS sees Appellant and ran for it.
3 R.R. at 84 – 87. AS never threatened or planned with MC to
gang up on Appellant. AS talked to the police officer prior to being
taken to the hospital because of his cuts. 3 R.R. at 88 – 90 AS
denied that he had a run in with Appellant because Appellant told
him to leave a child alone the day before. 3 R.R. at 100 AS stated
he got his hand cut when he was trying to grab the Appellant's
arm to keep him from cutting him. 3 R.R. at 112 – 114 State’s
exhibit 5 – 9 show the cuts and injuries sustained by AS.
Joseph Melendez, a police officer got a 911 disturbance call
in progress with a weapon. 3 R.R. at 119 When he arrived,
Melendez says MC told him that the person in Apartment 1 B had
Hodges, Michael Alan xiv
stabbed him (Appellant's apartment). 3 R.R. at 116 Melendez
went to Appellant's apartment and Mirandized Appellant before
questioning him. Appellant said he had cut two people but that it
was in self-defense. Appellant said he felt threatened. The officer
told him he could not use the weapon. Appellant admitted using
the knife. Appellant showed Melendez were the knife was. 3 R.R.
at 121 – 126. The knife, State’s exhibit 10, was admitted and
shown to Melendez. He opened the knife and stated that the knife
had dried blood and meat on it. 3 R.R. at 126 – 128. Melendez
stated that Appellant never mentioned anyone attacking him,
kicking him or having any weapons. He had no visible injuries nor
did he ask for any medical attention. 3 R.R. at 128 – 129 (but see
Defense exhibits 2-5) Melendez said Appellant only said it was
self-defense because it was two against one in a fight. No weapons
found on the other two. 3 R.R. at 130. Melendez said there were
no other witnesses that came forward that night. 3 R.R. 132. He
further stated that the knife that was used by Appellant was a
deadly weapon that could kill or be used to kill someone. He also
stated that the cut on AS could have been a life-threatening cut. 3
Hodges, Michael Alan xv
R.R. at 133-136. Melendez on cross stated that Appellant told him
that two individuals were walking past him and that he got into
an altercation with one of them and then felt threatened by the
two males attacking him. Also that he was defending himself
against this attack and that he believed it was self-defense. 3 R.R.
at 138 – 143. He also stated fists could be deadly weapons. MC
told Melendez he intervened and tried to break up the fight, he got
cut but did not know it at the time. 3 R.R. at 149.
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Appellant requests oral argument because this is a
somewhat novel area of the law and discourse between the court
and counsel would aid in the outcome.
ISSUES PRESENTED
1: The trial court committed error by failing to properly
instruct the jury on self-defense involving multiple assailants and
committed error in its application of the law of self-defense as to
multiple assailants in both counts in the first main charge of the
court. This caused egregious harm to Appellant.
Hodges, Michael Alan xvi
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
The court's first main charge to the jury was too restrictive
and limited Appellant's right of self-defense to an unlawful attack
or threatened attack, real or apparent, from Anthony Scott alone,
in count 1 of the indictment, and to an unlawful attack or
threatened attack, real or apparent, from Mark Cashaw alone, in
count 2 of the indictment. Appellant was entitled to a charge that
he had the right to defend himself against a hostile demonstration
or threatened attack by Scott and Cashaw or either of them or by
multiple assailants known or unknown in each count of the
indictment. This error occurred in both the instruction and the
application of the law to the facts paragraphs as to each count.
Although there was no objection to the charge, there was
ample evidence produced by both Appellant and the only neutral
witness of multiple assailants being present that night. The
presence and participation of the multiple assailants was
vigorously contested by both sides from opening statements until
closing arguments. The jury sent back 6 notes during deliberations
one of which indicated they were deadlocked. The result of these
Hodges, Michael Alan 1
errors is egregious harm to Appellant as it altered or destroyed the
very basis of his defense, namely, that he was attacked by multiple
assailants that were bigger and younger. Appellant’s defensive
theory of self-defense was significantly affected by these errors
and as a result denied Appellant a fair and impartial trial.
ARGUMENT
Issue presented: The trial court committed error by failing to
properly instruct the jury on self-defense involving multiple
assailants and committed error in its application of the law of self-
defense as to multiple assailants in both counts in the first main
charge of the court. This caused egregious harm to Appellant.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Appellate review of error in a jury charge involves a two-step
process. Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App.
1994). First, the appellate court must determine whether error
occurred. If the court finds error then, it must then evaluate
whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require
Hodges, Michael Alan 2
reversal. Id at 731 – 32. Second, if trial counsel failed to object
to the charge error appellant must show egregious harm to prevail
on appeal. Ngo v. State, 175 SW. 3rd 738, 743 – 44 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005)
If a defendant produces evidence raising each element of a
requested defensive instruction, he is entitled to the instruction
regardless of the source and strength of the evidence. Hamel v.
State, 916 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (recognizing
that “an accused has the right to an instruction on any defensive
issue raised by the evidence, whether that evidence is weak or
strong, unimpeached or contradicted, and regardless of what the
trial court may or may not think about the credibility of the
defense). Miller v. State, 815 S.W.2d 582, 585 (Tex. Crim. App.
1991) (op. on reh’g); Brazelton v. State, 947 S.W.2d 644, 646 (Tex.
App. – Forth Worth 1997, no pet.) The credibility of the evidence
presented regarding the defense is immaterial in determining
whether the instruction is required. Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d
238, 254 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Miller, 815 S.W.2d at 585; Shafer
v. State, 919 S.W.2d 885, 887 n.1 (Tex. App. – Fort Worth 1996,
Hodges, Michael Alan 3
pet. ref’d) A defendant’s testimony alone is sufficient to raise a
defensive issue requiring an instruction in the jury charge. Hayes
v. State, 728 S.W.2d 804, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987); Warren v.
State, 565 S.W.2d 931, 933-34 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) We review
the evidence offered in support of a defensive issue in the light
most favorable to the defense. Shafer, 919 S.W.2d at 887 n.1
A defendant is entitled to a charge on the right of self-defense
against multiple assailants if there is evidence, viewed from the
accused’s standpoint that he was in danger of an unlawful attack
or a threatened attack at the hands of more than on assailant.
Frank v. State, 688 S.W.2d 825, 828 (Tex. App. – Houston [14th
Dist.] 1998, pet. granted); Mata v. State, 939 S.W.2d 719, 722 (Tex.
Crim. App. – Waco 1997, no pet.)
It has been held that when a defendant testifies that he was
attacked by the complainant and other persons, he is entitled to
an instruction on the right to defend himself against a joint attack,
and it is reversible error to charge only on his right to defend
himself against an attack by the complainant. Handy v. State, 136
Tex. Crim. 208, 126 S.W.2d 30 (Tex. Crim. App. 1938) Where there
Hodges, Michael Alan 4
is evidence that more than one person attacked the defendant, the
charge is too restrictive if it confines the right of self-defense to the
acts of the complainant. McCuin v. State, 505 S.W.2d 831 (Tex.
Cr. App. 1974) Where the evidence that the defendant was in
danger of unlawful attack at the hands of more than one assailant,
the court should instruct the jury that he had the right to defend
himself against either or both of them. McCuin v. State, supra, at
832. Brown v. State, 651 S.W.2d 782-84, (Tex. Crim. App. 1983)
Melanie Loyd, the only neutral witness, saw five guys going
towards Appellant's apartment. She believed that there were
three black guys and two white guys. She assumed they were
intoxicated.
Appellant testified he was first approached by a group of
individuals that he didn't recognize. Three of them approached
him and one stayed back a little bit. After AS hit him, then MC
came running around. Appellant slashed at the third guy that came
up and made contact with him. Appellant was injured as
demonstrated by Defense exhibits 2 through 5. Appellant was in
fear for his personal safety because these were good sized guys.
Hodges, Michael Alan 5
These included the listed complainants and the third guy. At least
one of them had a knife. He was worried about being stabbed and
knew he was in danger of serious bodily injury or death. He
believes this because of the number of assailants, their size and
relative youth.
There is no question, based on the evidence and testimony
adduced from Appellant and Mrs. Loyd, that Appellant was
entitled to an instruction on multiple assailants to be put in the
first main charge to the jury. It is also readily apparent that he
was entitled to have the law on self-defense against multiple
assailants properly applied to the facts of his case in both counts.
These issues were amply raised and for the trial court not put
them in the charge as suggested constituted error.
Harm analysis
There were no objections to the charge. Normally the
reviewing court will not review an unpreserved complaint. TEX. R.
APP. PROC. 31. However, an unpreserved complaint about a charge
error in a criminal case is an error which must be reviewed for
Hodges, Michael Alan 6
“egregious harm.” Huizar v. State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 484-85 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000) (if the instruction is omitted, do an Almanza
review); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App.
1985) (op'n on reh'g). The harm suffered must be actual and not
theoretical. Dickey v. State, 22 S.W.3d 490, 492 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999). Errors that result in egregious harm are those which affect
“the very basis of the case,” deprive the defendant of a “valuable
right,” or “vitally affect a defensive theory.” Hutch v. State, 922
S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 172). In deciding whether there is egregious harm, the
reviewing court looks to (1) the charge itself, (2) the state of the
evidence, including what issues were contested, and the weight of
the probative evidence, (3) the arguments of counsel, and (4) any
other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a
whole. Hutch, 922 S.W.2d at 171 (citing Bailey v. State, 867 S.W.2d
42, 43 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (citing Almanza)).
a) The charge itself:
The first main charge of the court is set forth at 1 CR at 46 –
64. Both counts of the charge do not contain the necessary
Hodges, Michael Alan 7
multiple assailant language in either the instruction or the
application paragraphs.
b) The state of the evidence, including what issues were
contested, and the weight of the probative evidence:
The most hotly contested issues were how many assailants
attacked Appellant, who attacked whom, the types of injuries
suffered by the parties and of course self-defense. The discussion
concerned multiple assailants, that AS and MC were part of a
larger group, that this group were the aggressors, that Appellant
was injured, and that one of the complainants was armed and the
other kicked Appellant. This discussion began with the opening
statements. 3 R.R. at 12. This continued throughout the trial.
Multiple assailants, besides the complainants, were frequently
brought up in either or both direct and cross-examination of every
witness. The defense exhibits indicate Appellant was injured as
does the testimony of the only neutral witness. This being the
same witness that saw multiple assailants approach Appellant.
The complainants’ testimony is inconsistent. Counsel would
suggest that the weight of the evidence favors Appellant and
Hodges, Michael Alan 8
definitely demonstrates significant harm. The complained of
errors vitally affected Appellant's defense.
c) The arguments of counsel:
Multiple assailants were mentioned four times are more in
the State's opening summation. 4 R.R. at 20, 21, 23, 24. Multiple
assailants were mentioned by the defense in its summation at
least 3 times. 4 R.R. at 30, 33 – 34. Multiple assailants were
mentioned at least 4 times in the State’s final summation along
with the argument that Mrs. Loyd saw nothing. 4 R.R. at 38, 41,
42, 43. Appellant being attacked by multiple larger and younger
assailants was the crux of Appellant's self-defense theory. Both
the State and the defense spent a great deal of their respective
arguments promoting or attacking this theory.
d) Any other relevant information revealed by the trial record as a
whole:
The jury during deliberations sent back 6 notes that included
a request for the rereading of MC's testimony, that they were
deadlocked or hung in a request for the definition of a threat. 4
R.R. at 44, 50, 51 respectively. One or more jurors for quite some
Hodges, Michael Alan 9
time did not believe the complainants’ version of events hence the
deadlock. Counsel would also suggest that one or more jurors
believed the threat of multiple assailants alone or at least believed
Appellant's and Mrs. Loyd's version of events justified Appellant’s
actions. In conclusion counsel suggests that the complained of
errors were actual not theoretical, caused egregious harm and this
court should so hold.
PRAYER
Appellant requests that the convictions in each count be
reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings, and
accordingly, appellant so prays.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Charles W. McDonald
Charles W. McDonald
Texas Bar No. 13538800
2024 Austin Avenue
Waco, Texas 76701
Tel: (254) 752-9901
Fax: (254) 754-1466
Attorney for Appellant,
Hodges, Michael Alan 10
Certificate of Compliance
The undersigned hereby certifies, pursuant to TEX. R. APP.
PROC. 9.4(i)(3), that this computer-generated document
contains 1870 words.
/s/ Charles W. McDonald
Charles W. McDonald
Certificate of Service
The undersigned hereby certifies that a true and
correct copy of this brief was served electronically on the 15th
day of August, 2016 to: counsel for the State, Sterling
Harmon, sterling.harmon@co.mclennan.tx.us.
/s/ Charles W. McDonald
Charles W. McDonald
Hodges, Michael Alan 11