in the Interest of I.G., a Child

Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-17-00554-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF I.G., a Child
From the 73rd Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2016-PA-01987
Honorable Charles E. Montemayor, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Sitting: Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Delivered and Filed: January 17, 2018
AFFIRMED
Crystal 1 appeals the trial court’s judgment terminating her parental rights to her daughter,
I.G. (born in 2004). She argues the trial court erred by considering a published article that was not
admitted into evidence and that insufficient evidence supports the trial court’s findings on the
statutory grounds to terminate her parental rights. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
In September 2016, the Department of Family and Protective Services removed I.G. based
on a referral alleging Crystal is a drug addict and had instructed I.G. to shoplift to acquire items
1
To protect the identity of minor children in an appeal from an order terminating parental rights, parents are referred
to by their first names and children are referred to by their initials. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d) (West
2014); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2).
04-17-00554-CV
Crystal could sell to buy drugs. The Department filed a petition seeking conservatorship of I.G.
and to terminate the parental rights of Crystal and I.G.’s father, Michael.
In June 2017, the case proceeded to a jury trial at which Michael, Crystal, and the
Department’s caseworkers Cynthia Suarez and Ashley Braswell testified. Michael testified briefly;
he stated he is incarcerated for capital murder, had not complied with court-ordered provisions of
his family service plan, and is voluntarily relinquishing his parental rights.
Crystal testified she is in jail for theft of a vehicle and possession of a controlled substance.
She stated she was incarcerated in January 2017 and was released briefly before her bond was
“pulled” for a failure to appear, and she returned to jail approximately a month before trial. Crystal
also stated domestic violence occurred during her relationship with Michael, and although she had
worked in the medical field to support her six children, she was unable to support I.G. while she
was in jail. She also testified I.G. texted her during the case and said she had been cutting herself.
Crystal also testified the Department had not provided her with a copy of her family service
plan, but she was informed she “had to do counseling and parenting.” She further testified she did
not complete any services on her family service plan before she went to jail in January 2017.
Crystal explained, “The caseworker I had wouldn’t listen to anything I would say at the time. She
didn’t have any children, so I don’t even know how she could relate to anything I was trying to
tell her.” Crystal stated that after she went to jail, she was able to complete only a parenting course.
Suarez testified she explained to Crystal all of the family service plan requirements and
Crystal seemed to understand those requirements. Suarez stated she informed Crystal of the
requirements for drug and psychological assessments, drug testing, maintaining stable
employment and housing, participating in individual counseling, and completing a domestic
violence class. According to Suarez, Crystal satisfied none of those requirements during the several
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months before she was incarcerated. Suarez also testified she did not give Crystal a copy of her
family service plan.
Braswell testified she was the investigating caseworker assigned before the Department
filed suit. She testified Crystal initially denied having a drug problem, but Crystal admitted she
used heroin and morphine when Braswell confronted her with positive drug test results.
After the parties rested and presented closing arguments, the trial court discussed the case
history and the witnesses’ testimony. Commenting on the testimony that I.G. was cutting herself,
the trial court attributed I.G.’s stress to Crystal’s conduct, stating:
Let me tell you what [P]sychology [T]oday says why adolescents cut. Cutting
is a way some teen adolescents try to cope with the pain of strong emotions, intense
pressure or upsetting relationship problems. They may be dealing with feelings that
seem too difficult to bear or bad situations that they think they can’t change. Some
people cut because they feel desperate for relief from bad feelings.
The trial court signed a final judgment, terminating Michael’s parental rights. The trial court also
terminated Crystal’s rights, finding four grounds for termination and that termination of her
parental rights is in I.G.’s best interest. Only Crystal appealed.
IMPROPER CONSIDERATION OF A PUBLISHED ARTICLE
Crystal complains the trial court erred by considering the Psychology Today article about
cutting. Crystal notes she did not raise an objection in the trial court. Generally, a party that fails
to make a timely and specific objection in the trial court has not preserved the complaint for
appellate review. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1). Crystal acknowledges this general rule, but argues
she was not required to preserve her complaint for appellate review because the trial court deprived
her of due process and committed fundamental error, which need not be preserved.
In support of her position, Crystal relies on In re B.L.D., 113 S.W.3d 340 (Tex. 2003). In
In re B.L.D., the supreme court held the fundamental error doctrine that applies to charge error in
criminal cases does not apply in parental-rights termination cases. Id. at 351. With regard to due
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process concerns, the supreme court stated it “presume[s] that our rules governing preservation of
error in civil cases comport with due process.” Id. at 352. To determine whether this presumption
is overcome in a proceeding regarding the termination of parental rights, we consider the following
factors: “(1) the private interest affected by the proceeding or official action; (2) the countervailing
governmental interest supporting use of the challenged proceeding; and (3) the risk of an erroneous
deprivation of that interest due to the procedures used.” Id. In very narrow circumstances, such as
when a parent receives ineffective assistance of counsel, these factors may overcome the
presumption that our error-preservation rules comport with due process. Id. at 354-55.
Reciting these factors, Crystal asserts that because the presumption that our procedural
rules comply with due process can be overcome in some cases, “surely [due process] requires the
review of the unobjected-to judicial conduct such as occurred here.” Crystal does not address how
the above-quoted factors apply in this case or argue why those factors outweigh the presumption
that our rules regarding error preservation comport with due process. Furthermore, Crystal does
not argue her counsel was ineffective by failing to object to the trial court considering the
Psychology Today article. In sum, Crystal has not demonstrated this case falls within the narrow
circumstances under which we may review unpreserved error. See id. at 351-55.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
A judgment terminating parental rights must be supported by clear and convincing
evidence. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b) (West Supp. 2017). To determine whether this
heightened burden of proof was met, we employ a heightened standard of review to determine
whether a “factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the
State’s allegations.” In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002). “This standard guards the
constitutional interests implicated by termination, while retaining the deference an appellate court
must have for the factfinder’s role.” In re O.N.H., 401 S.W.3d 681, 683 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
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2013, no pet.). We do not reweigh issues of witness credibility but defer to the factfinder’s
reasonable credibility determinations. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005).
A legal sufficiency review requires us to examine the evidence “in the light most favorable
to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or
conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). We assume
the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could have
done so, and we disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found
incredible. Id. When conducting a factual sufficiency review, we evaluate “whether disputed
evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in
favor of its finding.” Id. The evidence is factually insufficient “[i]f, in light of the entire record,
the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding
is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction.”
Id.If a trial court finds termination of a parent’s rights is in the child’s best interest, an order
terminating parental rights may be supported by a finding of only one of the grounds for
termination listed in section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code. TEX. FAM. CODE. ANN.
§ 161.001(b)(1) (West Supp. 2017); accord In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). In
addition to finding that termination of Crystal’s parental rights is in I.G.’s best interest, the trial
court found four grounds for termination under section 161.001(b)(1): endangerment by conduct,
endangerment by conditions or surroundings; constructive abandonment; and failure to comply
with court-ordered provisions of her family service plan. See § 161.001(b)(1)(D) (E), (N), (O).
Crystal does not challenge the trial court’s best-interest finding, but challenges the sufficiency of
the evidence to support all four of the trial court’s findings of grounds for termination.
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Subsection (O) provides a ground for termination when a parent has “failed to comply with
the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to
obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing
conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services for not less than nine months
as a result of the child’s removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the
child.” Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(O); see In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 248-49 (Tex. 2013).
Crystal does not argue there is insufficient evidence of any of subsection (O)’s elements, 2
and instead contends the evidence establishes she is excused from complying with court-ordered
provisions of her family service plan. Crystal argues the evidence establishes: (1) the Department
failed to provide her with a copy of her family service plan; (2) she was informed that she must
attend only individual counseling and a parenting course and did not comply with those
requirements before she was incarcerated because her caseworker “never met with her in-person
and wouldn’t listen to anything she would say”; and (3) only a parenting course was offered where
she was incarcerated, and she completed the parenting course. Crystal argues her parental rights
may not be terminated under subsection (O) because she was not provided with her family service
plan at a time when she had the opportunity to comply with the family service plan.
The evidence shows Crystal had a reasonable opportunity to comply with the court-ordered
provisions of her family service plan. The Department did not provide Crystal with a copy of her
family service plan, but Crystal testified she was informed her plan required her to attend
individual counseling, which she admitted she did not do. There is also evidence showing that
several months before her incarceration, Crystal was informed about and understood all of her
family service plan requirements, but did not comply with those requirements before she was
2
We also note there is sufficient evidence of each of subsection (O)’s elements.
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incarcerated. Suarez testified Crystal had several months to comply with her family service plan
before she was incarcerated. Crystal explained she did not comply with her family service plan
because her caseworker did not have any children and would not listen to her.
We hold a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that Crystal
failed to comply with the court-ordered provisions of her family service plan, as required by
subsection (O). See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. To the extent subsection (O) requires a parent
to have a reasonable opportunity to comply with her family service plan requirements, the evidence
shows Crystal had such an opportunity. Because Crystal does not challenge the trial court’s best-
interest finding and only one ground for termination is necessary to support an order terminating
parental rights under section 161.001, we need not address Crystal’s arguments that the trial court’s
findings on the other statutory grounds are supported by insufficient evidence. See In re A.V., 113
S.W.3d at 362.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
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