Gregorio Moreno v. State

Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed April 19, 2016.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-14-00455-CR
GREGORIO MORENO, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 185th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1406639
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Gregorio Moreno appeals his conviction for possession with intent
to deliver a controlled substance, namely heroin, weighing more than four grams
but less than two hundred grams. Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting his conviction and the trial court’s denial of his motion to
suppress evidence. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Officers Bradley and Huston, members of the narcotics enforcement team
for the Houston Police Department, received a tip that heroin was being sold from
a residence. The officers saw a red pickup truck arrive at the house under
surveillance and watched as Richard Sanchez, later identified as a friend of
appellant’s, left the house and got into the pickup truck and drove off. Officer
Bradley tried to follow the truck but lost sight of it. According to appellant and
Sanchez, appellant was giving Sanchez a ride to the pharmacy to pick up a
prescription for his ailing mother.
When the men returned to the home, Sanchez got out of the truck. Officer
Huston began to follow the truck as it left the home. According to Officer Huston,
when the driver failed to signal a turn, he called Officer Laureano, who was in a
marked police car. Officer Huston notified Officer Laureano of the traffic violation
and advised him to stop the truck for further investigation. Appellant denied he
failed to signal his turn and asserts that he never fails to indicate turns when
driving.
While following the truck, Officer Laureano saw the truck “roll through” a
stop sign and pulled the vehicle over. Officer Laureano testified that in the process
he saw the driver (appellant), the only person in the vehicle, moving around in the
cab of the truck and leaning towards the right center of the driver’s seat. Officer
Laureano asked appellant for his license and proof of insurance. Appellant
produced neither.
Officer Laureano asked appellant to get out of the truck. As appellant did
so, he reached towards his shirt pocket, which caused Officer Laureano concern for
his safety. According to Officer Laureano, he grabbed appellant’s hand and asked
him what he was reaching for in his pocket, and appellant replied he had heroin.
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Appellant denied reaching for his pocket and telling the officer he had heroin.
Officer Laureano placed appellant under arrest and conducted a search of his
person. During the search, Officer Laureano recovered narcotics, black tar heroin,
from appellant’s shirt pocket. Kari Hoffman, a chemist with the Houston Forensic
Science Center, testified that the substance recovered from appellant’s pocket
weighed in total 7.05 grams. Officer Laureano then conducted a search of
appellant’s vehicle and recovered fifteen foil packets of black tar heroin from
under the driver’s seat, where he had seen appellant reaching before the traffic
stop. Hoffman testified that the controlled substances recovered from appellant’s
vehicle weighed in total 3.35 grams. Officer Huston testified that the street value
of one gram of heroin is between $80 to $100. He also opined that the packaging
of the heroin indicated intent to deliver the heroin and that it was not for personal
use.
Appellant was charged by indictment with the offense of possession with
intent to deliver a controlled substance, namely heroin, with an aggregate weight of
four or more grams but less than two hundred grams. The indictment contained
two enhancement paragraphs alleging two prior felony convictions. Appellant
filed a motion to suppress evidence seized from his vehicle and person. The trial
court denied the motion.
Appellant pled “not guilty.” The jury convicted appellant and assessed
punishment at fifty years’ confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal
Justice, Institutional Division. Appellant now challenges his conviction, raising
two appellate issues.
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II. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his second issue appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to
support his conviction. Specifically, he asserts there were no links to prove that he
knew about the heroin that was found under the driver’s seat of the truck and that
appellant testified at trial that he did not possess heroin on the day he was arrested.
In evaluating a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a
criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict. Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The
issue on appeal is not whether we, as a court, believe the State’s evidence or
believe that appellant’s evidence outweighs the State’s evidence. Wicker v. State,
667 S.W.2d 137, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). The verdict may not be overturned
unless it is irrational or unsupported by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Matson
v. State, 819 S.W.2d 839, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The trier of fact “is the
sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and of the strength of the evidence.”
Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The trier of fact
may choose to believe or disbelieve any portion of the witnesses’ testimony.
Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). When faced with
conflicting evidence, we presume the trier of fact resolved conflicts in favor of the
prevailing party. Turro v. State, 867 S.W.2d 43, 47 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
Therefore, if any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, we must affirm. McDuff v. State, 939
S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
A person commits an offense if the person knowingly possesses with intent
to deliver a controlled substance listed in “Penalty Group 1.” Tex. Health & Safety
Code Ann. § 481.112 (a) (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.). The offense is a
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felony of the first degree if the amount of the controlled substance to which the
offense applies is, by aggregate weight, including adulterants or dilutants, four
grams or more but less than two hundred grams. Id. § 481.112 (d). Heroin is a
controlled substance listed in “Penalty Group 1.” Id. § 481.102 (2) (West,
Westlaw through 2015 R.S.). “Possession” is defined as “actual care, custody,
control, or management.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(39) (West, Westlaw
through 2015 R.S.); Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.002(38) (West,
Westlaw through 2015 R.S.). To prove unlawful possession of a controlled
substance, the State must establish that (1) the accused exercised care, control, or
management over the substance, and (2) knew the substance was contraband.
Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Possession may
be proven through direct or circumstantial evidence, although the evidence must
establish that the person’s connection with the substance was more than fortuitous.
Id. at 405–06.
When the accused was not in exclusive possession of the place where the
contraband was found, the State must show additional affirmative links between
the accused and the contraband. See Olivarez v. State, 171 S.W.3d 283, 291 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). An affirmative link generates a
reasonable inference that the accused knew of the contraband’s existence and
exercised control over it. Id. Affirmative links are established by the totality of
the circumstances. See Hyett v. State, 58 S.W.3d 826, 830 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). Courts have identified the following factors that may
help to show an accused’s affirmative links to a controlled substance:
 the accused’s presence when a search is conducted;
 whether the contraband was in plain view;
 the accused’s proximity to and the accessibility of the narcotic;
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 whether the accused was under the influence of narcotics when
arrested;
 whether the accused possessed other contraband or narcotics when
arrested;
 whether the accused made incriminating statements when arrested;
 whether the accused attempted to flee;
 whether the accused made furtive gestures;
 whether there was an odor of contraband;
 whether other contraband or drug paraphernalia were present;
 whether the accused owned or had the right to possess the place where
the narcotics were found;
 whether the place where the narcotics were found was enclosed;
 whether the accused was found with a large amount of cash; and
 whether the conduct of the accused indicated a consciousness of guilt.
Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162 n.12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). No set formula
necessitates a finding of an affirmative link sufficient to support an inference of
knowing possession. See Hyett, 58 S.W.3d at 830. The number of factors present
is not as important as the logical force the factors create to prove the accused
knowingly possessed the controlled substance. Roberson v. State, 80 S.W.3d 730,
735 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d).
Appellant contends there were no links to prove that he knew about the
heroin that was found under the driver’s seat of the truck. There was evidence at
trial that appellant was the driver and sole occupant of the truck in which the
heroin was found and that appellant was present when the Officer Laureano
searched the truck. As the driver of the truck, appellant was in close proximity to
the heroin under the driver’s seat, and the area in which the heroin was found was
accessible to appellant while he was in the driver’s seat. When appellant was
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arrested, he possessed other contraband—the heroin found in appellant’s shirt
pocket. Officer Laureano testified that appellant had been making movements
towards the area under the driver’s seat after Officer Laureano initiated the traffic
stop.
Appellant also asserts that he testified at trial that he did not possess heroin
on the day he was arrested and that he did not know there was heroin in the truck.
But, this testimony does not make the evidence legally insufficient because we
presume that the jury discredited appellant’s testimony. See Turro, 867 S.W.2d at
47; Carr v. State, 477 S.W.3d 335, 339 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015,
pet. ref’d).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a trier of fact
reasonably could have determined beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) the heroin
found under the driver’s seat and in appellant’s shirt pocket was within appellant’s
actual care, custody, control, or management, (2) appellant knew there was heroin
under the driver’s seat and in appellant’s shirt pocket, and (3) appellant knowingly
possessed with intent to deliver heroin with an aggregate weight of four or more
grams but less than two hundred grams. See Black v. State, 411 S.W.3d 25, 29
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.); Cisneros v. State, 290 S.W.3d
457, 467 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. dism’d). The evidence is
legally sufficient to support appellant’s conviction. Accordingly, we overrule
appellant’s second issue.
B. Denial of Appellant’s Motion to Suppress
In his first issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying his
motion to suppress the heroin found in appellant’s shirt pocket and under the
driver’s seat of the truck appellant was driving. In his motion, appellant asserted
that this evidence was obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the
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United States Constitution and article I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution. See
U.S. CONST. art. IV; Tex. Const. art. I, §9. The trial court took the motion to
suppress with the case and denied the motion after hearing all of the trial evidence.
Appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress
because the testimony of Officers Laureano and Huston was not credible. This
argument does not show error by the trial court because the trial court is the sole
judge of the credibility of witnesses as to testimony considered by the trial court in
ruling on the motion to suppress. See Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1990); Scillitani v. State, 343 S.W.3d 914, 920–21 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d).
Appellant has not briefed arguments in support of the proposition that the
trial court erred in impliedly finding that (1) there was reasonable suspicion that
appellant committed a traffic offense sufficient to justify an investigative detention
during which appellant admitted that he had heroin in his shirt pocket and (2) that
there was probable cause to arrest appellant for possession of heroin, which led to
the search of appellant and the truck incident to arrest. Even if appellant had made
such arguments, they would lack merit. See Pabst v. State, 466 S.W.3d 902, 904–
07 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.); LeCourias v. State, 341
S.W.3d 483, 488–90 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.).
We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
appellant’s motion to suppress. We overrule appellant’s first issue.
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III. CONCLUSION
The trial evidence is legally sufficient to support appellant’s conviction. The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s motion to suppress.
Having overruled both appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/s/ Kem Thompson Frost
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Christopher and Donovan.
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
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