DocketNumber： 03-98-00224-CV
Filed Date： 6/30/1999
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 9/5/2015
Lillie Lorana Pevler owned 5.89 acres of land in Wimberley, Texas, purchased by Mrs. Pevler and her late husband in three transactions: 1.26 acres containing a red house in 1968 ("Tract One"), 3.35 acres in 1977 on which a barn, horse stalls, and rodeo arena were constructed ("Tract Two"), and 1.27 acres purchased in 1982 which held a larger residence for the Pevler family ("Tract Three"). (1) Mrs. Pevler's property enjoyed premium value due to its proximity to the Blanco River. Mrs. Pevler, a seventy-three-year-old high school graduate, operated a horse-boarding facility, gave riding lessons on the property, and rented other parts of the property for income.
Alfred Edwin Pevler is Mrs. Pevler's foster son. Appellant came into the Pevlers' care because appellant's biological mother, Mrs. Pevler's sister, was incapable of caring for him. (2) Appellant remained a member of the Pevler family until adulthood. He has an engineering degree from Southern Methodist University and owns a business in Dallas County.
By 1992, Mrs. Pevler was having serious financial difficulties in addition to her continuous medical problems. She was $7,000 behind on her mortgage payments on Tract Three. Both parties agree that in 1992 Mrs. Pevler executed a deed transferring Tract One to appellant. However, the parties differ as to the circumstances surrounding this sale. Appellant maintains that he was given Tract One in fee simple in return for paying the mortgage on Tract Three. Mrs. Pevler claims that the agreement granted her a life estate in Tract One and the right to collect the rentals from the property. Appellant disputes the grant of a life estate, and further argues that any agreement allowing Mrs. Pevler to collect the rentals occurred apart from the sale. The fair market value of Tract One in 1992 was approximately $96,000; appellant paid approximately $12,000 for the property.
In addition to transferring Tract One to appellant, Mrs. Pevler transferred Tract Two to him on November 13, 1995. Mrs. Pevler claims that she transferred this property to appellant in return for his promise to support her financially as long as she needed and the grant of a life estate in the property, with the right to use the property as she always had and collect the rentals. Appellant denies any such agreement was made as part of the sale. By the time of the trial in 1997, Tracts One and Two had a combined fair market value of approximately $170,000; appellant paid Mrs. Pevler less than $15,000 for both tracts.
A dispute arose between Mrs. Pevler and appellant regarding Mrs. Pevler's rights in the properties transferred to appellant. Appellant did not provide the financial support Mrs. Pevler claims he had promised in exchange for Tract Two. He instructed renters on the properties to stop paying Mrs. Pevler rent, allowing them to remain on the property without providing Mrs. Pevler any income. Appellant also ordered Mrs. Pevler to remove her horses from the properties, further diminishing any opportunity for Mrs. Pevler to earn income from the property. Mrs. Pevler protested these actions, claiming they violated the agreements that were part of the transfers of Tracts One and Two. In April 1996, appellant posted the properties for sale for a price of $90,000. In April 1997, he filed an eviction lawsuit against Mrs. Pevler. When that suit was not successful, he attempted to file criminal trespass charges against her with the Hays County District Attorney's Office. In addition, communications from appellant to Mrs. Pevler became increasingly hostile and profane. Finally, Mrs. Pevler filed this suit against appellant on April 8, 1997.
The case was tried to a jury on theories of intentional infliction of emotional distress, fraud, breach of contract, and harassment. The jury found in favor of Mrs. Pevler on all theories. The court ordered a constructive trust for the properties with Mrs. Pevler as beneficiary, rescinding the transfer of Tracts One and Two from Mrs. Pevler to appellant. The court awarded Mrs. Pevler $200,000 in actual damages ($40,000 for intentional infliction of emotional distress, $90,000 for fraud, $35,000 for breach of contract, and $35,000 for harassment), and $200,000 in punitive damages. The court also awarded attorney's fees of $160,000 (40% of Mrs. Pevler's award), pre-judgment interest from July 9, 1996, at a rate of 10%, post-judgment interest at the same rate, and all court costs. Appellant appeals alleging thirteen points of error: (1) there was no evidence, or alternatively, insufficient evidence, to support the award for intentional infliction of emotional distress; (2) there is no cognizable cause of action for harassment under Texas law; (3) there was no evidence, or alternatively, insufficient evidence, to support the award for harassment; (4) the award of damages for harassment would constitute an improper double recovery; (5) there was no evidence, or alternatively, insufficient evidence, to support the award for fraud; (6) there was no evidence, or alternatively, insufficient evidence, to support the finding that appellant breached his contract; (7) there was no evidence, or alternatively, insufficient evidence, to support the award of breach of contract damages; (8) rescission and breach of contract damages are alternative remedies, and the award of both constituted an improper double recovery for Mrs. Pevler; (9) the trial court erred in rescinding the contract between appellant and Mrs. Pevler without returning appellant's consideration given for the properties; (10) the fraud and breach of contract damages were based on the same conduct, awarding both constituted an improper double recovery; (11) there was no evidence, or alternatively, insufficient evidence, to support the award of attorney's fees; (12) there was no sustainable predicate for the award of punitive damages; and, (13) the trial court abused its discretion by neither quashing Mrs. Pevler's second amended pleading nor granting appellant's motion for continuance because Mrs. Pevler's second amended pleading constituted unfair surprise and deprived appellant of his right to a fair trial.
DISCUSSION
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Several of appellant's points of error challenge the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a jury finding. When deciding an issue of legal sufficiency, we are limited to considering only the evidence tending to support the verdict of the jury. We must therefore disregard all evidence contrary to that verdict. See Mancorp, Inc. v. Culpepper, 802 S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1990). If the evidence supporting the jury's verdict would enable reasonable and fair-minded individuals to differ in their conclusions, the evidence is legally sufficient. See Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 25 (Tex. 1994); see also William Powers, Jr. & Jack Ratliff, Another Look at "No Evidence" and "Insufficient Evidence," 69 Tex. L. Rev. 515, 522 (1991). Thus, if there is more than a scintilla of evidence supporting the jury's finding, it is legally sufficient. See Continental Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. 1996).
In reviewing a jury verdict for factual sufficiency, we must consider and weigh all the evidence; the jury verdict will not be set aside unless the evidence is so weak or the verdict is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986); Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex. 1986); Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex. 1965); In re King's Estate, 244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (Tex. 1951); see generally Powers & Ratliff, 69 Tex. L. Rev. 515.
Fraud
Appellant's fifth point of error argues that the trial court erred because there was no evidence to support the award for fraud. We disagree.
At trial, Mrs. Pevler was required to prove the six elements of fraud: (1) a material misrepresentation, (2) which was false, (3) and which was either known to be false when made or asserted without knowledge of its truth, (4) which was intended to be acted upon, (5) which was relied upon, (6) and which caused injury. Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1998). In order for Mrs. Pevler to show that appellant knew his promise to allow her to retain a life estate in Tracts One and Two and continue collecting the rentals therefrom was false, she was required to prove that appellant's representations were made with "the intent to deprive and with no intention of performing as represented." Green v. Allied Interests, Inc., 963 S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex. App.--Austin 1998, pet. denied) (citing Formosa Plastics, 960 S.W.2d at 48, and Spoljaric v. Percival Tours, Inc., 708 S.W.2d 432, 434 (Tex. 1986)). Appellant specifically argues that there was no evidence of fraudulent intent. He argues that even if he made such representations, Mrs. Pevler presented no evidence that he did not intend to perform those promises at the time of the transfers. However, intent to defraud is often not susceptible of direct proof, and thus may be proven by circumstantial evidence. See Spoljaric, 708 S.W.2d at 435. Intent may be inferred from subsequent acts. Id. at 434.
Mrs. Pevler testified that appellant promised that when she sold him the properties she would have a life estate in the property and would be able to continue collecting the rents. She testified that they agreed he would pay the applicable taxes and she would be responsible for upkeep of the premises. Appellant testified that he made no such promise to Mrs. Pevler. While failure to perform a promise, standing alone, is not evidence of an intent not to perform, a subsequent denial of ever making a promise can be considered circumstantial evidence of intent to defraud. Id. at 435. In addition, slight circumstantial evidence of fraud, when coupled with a failure to perform as promised, is sufficient for a finding of fraudulent intent. Id. Mrs. Pevler supported her version of events by illustrating the great disparity between the price paid by appellant for the properties ($15,000) and the fair market value ($170,000). This adds credence to her claim that she accepted a significantly lower value for the property in exchange for a life estate and the concomitant rental income.
That the jury chose to believe Mrs. Pevler and disbelieve appellant is completely within its discretion; intent to deceive is a fact question uniquely within the province of the trier of fact due to the dependence of such a determination upon the credibility of witnesses. Green, 963 S.W.2d at 209 (citing Spoljaric, 708 S.W.2d at 434). We hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support a claim of fraud. Moreover, viewing all of the evidence as a whole, the record contains factually sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict. Accordingly, we overrule appellant's fifth point of error.
Breach of Contract
Appellant's sixth point of error challenges the jury's finding that he breached his contract with Mrs. Pevler, arguing the evidence was both factually and legally insufficient to support such a finding. Mrs. Pevler claimed she was guaranteed a life estate in Tracts One and Two and that she would be allowed to retain the rentals for the properties. In exchange for those guarantees from appellant, she transferred Tracts One and Two to him at prices that were substantially below the fair market value. The jury was presented evidence of the substantial disparity between fair market value and the price paid by appellant for the properties. The jury found a valid contract and found appellant in breach of that contract. Appellant challenges the sufficiency of this evidence, claiming that evidence of oral agreements was admitted in violation of the parol evidence rule since his promises were not included in the bills of sale for the properties. See Tripp Village Joint Venture v. MBank Lincoln Ctr., N.A., 774 S.W.2d 746, 749 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1989, writ denied) (in the absence of fraud, mistake, or accident, extrinsic evidence is inadmissable to vary terms of written agreements that are complete and unambiguous on their face). However, fraud is an exception to the parol evidence rule. See Pulchny v. Pulchny, 555 S.W.2d 543, 545 (Tex. Civ. App.--Corpus Christi 1977, no writ) (in deciding whether contract was procured by fraud, court may properly consider the transaction, the circumstances surrounding the transaction, the interests of parties and their relationship, and all other relevant circumstances).
The jury found fraud, and we have upheld that finding. Therefore, it was not improper for the jury to consider appellant's oral guarantees to Mrs. Pevler as part of the contractual agreement to sell the property. Once the jury found the existence of an agreement, the jury could also find appellant in breach of that agreement. After reviewing the evidence, we hold that the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the jury's finding. We overrule appellant's sixth point of error.
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
Appellant next argues that the evidence was both legally and factually insufficient to support the award for intentional infliction of emotional distress. The jury found that appellant intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon Mrs. Pevler and awarded her $40,000 in damages. Appellant argues that the conduct set forth by Mrs. Pevler was insufficient to sustain an award for intentional infliction of emotional distress.
At trial, Mrs. Pevler was required to prove the four elements of intentional infliction of emotional distress: (1) that appellant acted intentionally or recklessly; (2) that his conduct was extreme or outrageous; (3) that appellant's actions caused her emotional distress; and, (4) that the emotional distress she suffered was severe. See Twyman v. Twyman, 855 S.W.2d 619, 621-22 (Tex. 1993) (adopting Section 46(1) of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965)). Appellant specifically challenges the sufficiency of the evidence with regard to the outrageousness of his conduct and the severity of Mrs. Pevler's distress.
Whether conduct is extreme or outrageous is initially a question for the court. Wornick Co. v. Casas, 856 S.W.2d 732, 734 (Tex. 1993). The court's instructions to the jury defined "outrageousness" as conduct beyond all bounds of decency tolerable in a civilized community. The jury was also instructed that "outrageous" meant more than "rude." For conduct to be extreme and outrageous, it must go beyond all bounds of decency, and be regarded as atrocious and intolerable to a civilized community. Id.; Twyman, 855 S.W.2d at 621. The extreme and outrageous character of conduct may arise from the actor's knowledge that the victim is especially susceptible to emotional distress by reason of some physical or mental condition, or other peculiarity, and the actor persists in his conduct in the face of such knowledge. Motsenbocker v. Potts, 863 S.W.2d 126, 132 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1993, no writ) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmt. f (1965)). Petty oppression, indignities, threats, annoyances, or mere insults do not rise to the level of extreme or outrageous conduct. Soto v. El Paso Natural Gas Co., 942 S.W.2d 671, 681 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1997, writ denied).
The jury was presented a great deal of evidence from which to determine that appellant's conduct was outrageous. First, appellant defrauded his foster mother out of her home and her means of support. Mrs. Pevler also cites as outrageous several profanity-laced faxes and telephone calls from appellant. Appellant sent Mrs. Pevler a videotape threatening to withhold and destroy items he knew carried great sentimental value for her. He also sent her letters threatening to destroy the buildings and land upon which she relied for income in her old age.
Appellant argues that these examples of conduct do not rise to the level of outrageousness required by law. He argues that the threats, rude conduct, and the other conduct found by the jury fail to establish the legal standard of extreme and outrageous conduct. We disagree. The evidence illustrates that appellant is young, healthy, and well educated, whereas his foster mother, Mrs. Pevler, is seventy-three years old, in poor health, and suffering financial difficulties. Appellant proceeded in his conduct against Mrs. Pevler with knowledge of the disparity between their ages and education, Mrs. Pevler's declining health, her worsening financial situation, and her feelings for him as a son; such knowledge can impact upon a determination of "outrageousness." See Motsenbocker, 863 S.W.2d at 132. Moreover, as individual acts can rise to the level of extreme and outrageous conduct, so may courses of conduct. Household Credit Servs., Inc. v. Driscol, 989 S.W.2d 72, 81-82 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1998, pet. filed). We find that the course of conduct initiated by appellant, when considered in the specific context of their familial relationship, rises to the level of extreme and outrageous conduct. According to the evidence, appellant set out to: defraud his foster mother of her property and then charge her with criminal trespass; deprive her of her primary source of income in her old age; and harass and torment her with threats to destroy sentimental items. He made such threats through profane messages by telephone, facsimile, and e-mail. We find sufficient evidence exists to support the jury's finding of outrageous conduct.
Appellant next contends that Mrs. Pevler's emotional distress failed to reach a level of severity cognizable at law. Severe emotional distress means more than mere worry, anxiety, vexation, embarrassment, or anger. Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 444 (Tex. 1995). Severe emotional distress is meant to include all highly unpleasant mental reactions such as fright, horror, grief, shame, anger, disappointment, worry, and nausea. Id.; Tidelands Auto. Club v. Walters, 699 S.W.2d 939, 941, 945 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The distress inflicted must be so extreme that no reasonable person would be expected to endure such distress without unreasonable suffering. Tidelands, 699 S.W.2d at 941, 945. However, a party need not demonstrate a physical manifestation of the emotional distress in order to prove a compensable suffering. See Boyles v. Kerr, 855 S.W.2d 593, 598 (Tex. 1993). Mrs. Pevler testified that: her heart was broken by appellant's actions and his threats to destroy sentimental objects because she had considered him a son; she felt tormented by his actions; she had to take a prescriptive drug, Xanax, due to her inability to sleep brought on by her distress; and the whole affair caused her to not eat well and "carry on through life somewhat automatically." Given the nature of the relationship between Mrs. Pevler and appellant, we cannot say that her emotional distress was mere worry or anxiety. Therefore, we hold the evidence is sufficient to support the jury's finding that her distress was severe.
Having found the jury's verdict legally and factually sufficient with regard to the outrageousness of appellant's conduct and the severity of Mrs. Pevler's emotional distress, we overrule appellant's first point of error.
Harassment
Appellant's second point of error argues that there is no cognizable cause of action for harassment under Texas law to support the trial court's award of $35,000 for harassment. We agree. A separate and independent cause of action for harassment does not exist under Texas law. Counsel for Mrs. Pevler conceded this point at oral argument. We therefore sustain appellant's second point of error. (3)
Damages
Appellant next challenges in several points of error the jury's award of damages. Appellant's eighth point of error argues that it was error for the trial court to both rescind the contract between appellant and Mrs. Pevler and award $35,000 in damages for breach of contract. We agree. One induced by fraud to enter a contract has two remedial choices: either to stand on the contract and recover damages or to rescind. Dallas Farm Mach. Co. v. Reaves, 307 S.W.2d 233, 238-39 (Tex. 1957); Middleman v. Atl. Mut. Ins. Co., 597 S.W.2d 565, 568 (Tex. Civ. App.--Waco 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.). However, the aggrieved party is not entitled to both remedies. Id. The jury could not award Mrs. Pevler both rescission of the contract based on a finding of fraud and breach of contract damages for appellant's failure to perform the contract. Accordingly, we sustain appellant's eighth point of error and reverse the trial court's award of breach of contract damages. See Birchfield v. Texarkana Mem'l Hosp., 747 S.W.2d 361, 367 (Tex. 1987) (when prevailing party fails to elect between alternative damage remedies, the court should utilize the finding affording the greatest recovery). Having sustained appellant's eighth point of error, we need not address his seventh and tenth points.
In his ninth point of error, appellant argues that upon recission he should be entitled to recover his consideration paid. The cases cited by appellant do not involve actionable fraud, however, and we regard them as distinguishable. In the instant cause, the remedy of recission flows as a result of actionable fraud committed by appellant. We hold that the wrongdoer forfeits any right to reimbursement, and overrule appellant's ninth point of error.
Appellant's twelfth point of error argues "that [t]here was no sustainable predicate finding of liability to warrant the award of punitive damages." Recovery of punitive damages requires a finding of an independent tort accompanied by actual damages. Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Davis, 904 S.W.2d 663, 665 (Tex. 1995). We have found the jury's determination of fraud both legally and factually sufficient. The jury awarded $90,000 in damages for the fraud. The predicate for punitive damages was established. Accordingly, we overrule appellant's twelfth point of error.
Attorney's Fees
In his eleventh point of error, appellant argues that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support the award of attorney's fees. He contends that the jury was not instructed on criteria to be considered by the trier of fact when asked to determine an award of attorney's fees, and specifically argues that attorney's fees cannot be awarded on the basis of a contingency fee. See Arthur Anderson & Co. v. Perry Equip. Co., 945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 1997). We do not reach this issue because we find it was not preserved in the trial court for appellate review. Rule 33.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure requires preservation of an issue for appellate review with a complaint to the trial court by timely request, objection, or motion with sufficient specificity as to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds are apparent from the context. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). There is no evidence in the record or in the motion for new trial of any request or objection with the required specificity alerting the trial court that appellant objected to the method by which attorney's fees were to be calculated. Trial error regarding attorney's fees is not fundamental and must be preserved by timely request. City of Port Isabel v. Shiba, 976 S.W.2d 856, 860-61 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1998, pet. denied). With no issue before us, we overrule appellant's eleventh point of error.
Abuse of Discretion
In his thirteenth and final point of error, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by neither quashing Mrs. Pevler's second amended pleading nor granting appellant a continuance. An abuse of discretion takes the form of an arbitrary and unreasonable use of discretion where the trial court acted without regard to any guiding rule or principle. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex. 1995); Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-43 (Tex. 1985). Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 63 allows plaintiffs to amend their pleadings up to seven days before the beginning of trial. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 63. Mrs. Pevler filed her amended pleading ten days before trial. With this in mind, we cannot say that the trial court acted unreasonably or without regard to any guiding rule by not quashing the pleading.
Regarding the denial of appellant's motion for a continuance, the granting or denial of such motions lies within the sound discretion of the trial court. See Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986). We will not disturb such decisions unless the record discloses a clear abuse of discretion. Id. We find no evidence in the record that the trial court's denial of appellant's continuance was arbitrary, unreasonable, or without regard to any guiding legal principle. Thus, we overrule appellant's thirteenth point of error.
CONCLUSION
We modify the final judgment of the district court to delete damage awards of $35,000 for harassment and $35,000 for breach of contract. As modified, we affirm the judgment in all other respects.
Mack Kidd, Justice
Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices Kidd and Patterson
Modified and, as Modified, Affirmed
Filed: June 30, 1999
Do Not Publish
1. Only Tracts One and Two are at issue in this case.
2. Appellant's mother became institutionalized when he was very young, at which time Mrs. Pevler took him into her care. He alleges that Mrs. Pevler prevented his biological mother from contacting him after she became institutionalized. Appellant further alleges that Mrs. Pevler's actions deprived him of a relationship with his biological mother, and because of this dispute, he asserts that he no longer considers Mrs. Pevler his mother.
3. Because we sustain his second point of error, we need not reach his third and fourth points of error regarding the sufficiency of the evidence on the issue of harassment and whether the award of harassment damages would constitute a double recovery.
es, and specifically argues that attorney's fees cannot be awarded on the basis of a contingency fee. See Arthur Anderson & Co. v. Perry Equip. Co., 945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 1997). We do not reach this issue because we find it was not preserved in the trial court for appellate review. Rule 33.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure requires preservation of an issue for appellate review with a complaint to the trial court by timely request, objection, or motion with sufficient specificity as to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds are apparent from the context. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). There is no evidence in the record or in the motion for new trial of any request or objection with the required specificity alerting the trial court that appellant objected to the method by which attorney's fees were to be calculated. Trial error regarding attorney's fees is not fundamental and must be preserved by timely request. City of Port Isabel v. Shiba, 976 S.W.2d 856, 860-61 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1998, pet. denied). With no issue before us, we overrule appellant's eleventh point of error.
Abuse of Discretion
In his thirteenth and final point of error, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by neither quashing Mrs. Pevler's second amended pleading nor granting appellant a continuance. An abuse of discretion takes the form of an arbitrary and unreasonable use of discretion where the trial court acted without regard to any guiding rule or principle. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 558 (Tex. 1995); Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-43 (Tex. 1985). Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 63 allows plaintiffs to amend their pleadings up to seven days before the beginning of trial. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 63. Mrs. Pevler filed her amended pleading ten days before trial. With this in mind, we cannot say that the trial court acted unreasonably or without regard to any guiding rule by not quashing the pleading.
Regarding the denial of appellant's motion for a continuance, the granting or denial of such motions lies within the sound discretion of the trial court. See Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986). We will not disturb such decisions unless the record discloses a clear abuse of discretion. Id. We find no evidence in the record that the trial court's denial of appellant's continuance was arbitrary, unreasonable, or without
In Re King's Estate , 150 Tex. 662 ( 1951 )
Transportation Insurance Co. v. Moriel , 879 S.W.2d 10 ( 1994 )
Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equipment Corp. , 945 S.W.2d 812 ( 1997 )
Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc. , 701 S.W.2d 238 ( 1985 )
Cain v. Bain , 709 S.W.2d 175 ( 1986 )
Twin City Fire Insurance Co. v. Davis , 904 S.W.2d 663 ( 1995 )
Boyles v. Kerr , 855 S.W.2d 593 ( 1993 )
Mancorp, Inc. v. CULPEPPEER , 802 S.W.2d 226 ( 1990 )
Villegas v. Carter , 711 S.W.2d 624 ( 1986 )
Birchfield v. Texarkana Memorial Hospital , 747 S.W.2d 361 ( 1987 )
Garza v. Alviar , 395 S.W.2d 821 ( 1965 )
Spoljaric v. Percival Tours, Inc. , 708 S.W.2d 432 ( 1986 )
Wornick Co. v. Casas , 856 S.W.2d 732 ( 1993 )
Dallas Farm MacHinery Company v. Reaves , 158 Tex. 1 ( 1957 )
Tidelands Automobile Club v. Walters , 699 S.W.2d 939 ( 1985 )
Soto v. El Paso Natural Gas Co. , 942 S.W.2d 671 ( 1997 )
Pool v. Ford Motor Co. , 715 S.W.2d 629 ( 1986 )
Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Engineers and ... , 960 S.W.2d 41 ( 1998 )
Twyman v. Twyman , 855 S.W.2d 619 ( 1993 )