Elizabeth Jane Burks v. John J. Duncan, Ph.D

Affirmed and Opinion Filed June 15, 2016.
In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-14-00921-CV
ELIZABETH JANE BURKS, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF GENE ALDERSON BURKS,
SR., Appellant
V.
JOHN J. DUNCAN, PH.D.; ALICIA SANGA DUNCAN; WELLMART
HEARTLAB, INC. D/B/A VIASCAN OF LAS COLINAS; AND JOHN
ANDREW OSBORNE, M.D., PH.D., F.A.C.C., Appellees
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CC-12-02824-D
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Fillmore, Evans, and Stoddart
Opinion by Justice Stoddart
The issue in this health care liability case is whether the trial court abused its discretion
by excluding plaintiff’s expert witness. Elizabeth Jane Burks (Burks) filed this medical
malpractice suit against John J. Duncan, Ph.D., Alicia Sana Duncan, Wellmart Heartlab, Inc.
d/b/a ViaScan of Las Colinas (collectively ViaScan), and John Andrew Osborne, M.D., Ph.D.,
F.A.C.C., alleging they were negligent and grossly negligent in conducting a virtual colonoscopy
on Gene Alderson Burks Sr., who died several days after the procedure. After a hearing shortly
before trial, the trial court granted ViaScan and Osborne’s motion to exclude the testimony of
Dr. Bruce W. Trotman, Burks’s primary liability expert. The trial court denied Burks’s motion
for continuance and rendered final judgment that Burks take nothing from defendants. In two
issues, Burks argues the trial court abused its discretion by excluding the expert and by denying
the motion for continuance. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
The record indicates a virtual colonoscopy, unlike a traditional or optical colonoscopy, is
performed by pumping air into the colon and performing a CT scan. An optical colonoscopy is
performed by a physician inserting a camera device, endoscope, into the colon.1
Mr. Burks was seventy years old and had a history of coronary artery disease, atrial
fibrillation, and hypertension. He was taking Coumadin, an anticoagulation medication. On
October 19, 2010, Mr. Burks underwent a virtual colonoscopy at ViaScan’s office. The
procedure was apparently ordered by Osborne. James Blakely, M.D., a radiologist, reviewed the
results of the virtual colonoscopy and found diverticulosis and a “filling defect” in the distal
descending colon. Blakely could not determine if the filling defect was a polyp or fecal material
and recommended further evaluation with an optical colonoscopy.
According to a letter from ViaScan to the Collin County Medical Examiner, Mr. Burks
went to ViaScan on November 1, 2010 and “implored” them to perform another virtual
colonoscopy because he did not want to undergo an optical colonoscopy. ViaScan attempted to
perform a virtual colonoscopy, but was unable to because the patient’s sphincter did not retain
the air being injected into his colon. He was sent home. During the night, he was not feeling
well and fell in the bathroom, cutting his head and breaking a rib.
Mr. Burks went to the emergency room on November 2, 2010, complaining of nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea. He also had significantly low blood pressure. A CT scan revealed a
1
The colon is approximately six feet long with the cecum at one end and the sigmoid colon, near the
rectum, at the other end.
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large retroperitoneal hematoma. Scans revealed fluid consistent with blood around his liver and
spleen. During the CT scan, Mr. Burks suffered a cardiac arrest, was resuscitated and placed in
intensive care.
On arrival at the emergency room, Mr. Burks’s INR (a measurement of the degree to
which blood is inhibited from clotting) was 9.6, four times higher than normal. The target INR
for patients taking Coumadin is 2.5. The Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) entry regarding
Coumadin indicates the most common adverse reactions “are fatal and nonfatal hemorrhage from
any tissue or organ.” An INR greater that 4.0 is associated with a higher risk of bleeding. 2 Other
adverse reactions include gastrointestinal disorders, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and
abdominal pain. Doctors at the hospital diagnosed Mr. Burks with Coumadin toxicity. Trotman
agreed that a major sign of Coumadin toxicity is spontaneous bleeding in the gastrointestinal
tract, nose, and retroperitoneum.
Mr. Burks died approximately two weeks after he was admitted to the hospital. Burks
asserts the cause of death was “Complications of colon perforation due to virtual colonoscopy.”
The death certificate was later amended to indicate death was caused by atrial fibrillation and
pulmonary embolism.
Burks sued ViaScan for negligence alleging the second virtual colonoscopy was
contraindicated, below the standard of care, and dangerous. Trotman’s report stated the
retroperitoneal hematoma was the direct result of a ruptured cecum that occurred during the
second virtual colonoscopy at ViaScan on November 1, 2010. The report stated Mr. Burks’s
ruptured colon (cecum) was a direct result of the forced injection of air into his colon, which was
part of the virtual colonoscopy procedure.
2
The PDR includes the following instruction to patients: “COUMADIN can cause bleeding which can be
serious and sometimes lead to death. This is because COUMADIN is a blood thinner medicine that lowers the
chance of blood clots forming in your body.” Trotman recognized the PDR as a reliable source of information.
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After discovery indicated Osborne may have given verbal orders for the follow-up virtual
colonoscopy, Burks sued Osborne alleging he was negligent in ordering the second virtual
colonoscopy. Trotman prepared a supplemental report stating the second virtual colonoscopy
was “medically contraindicated and dangerous for a patient with diverticulosis.” He explained
that diverticulosis represents a weakening of the wall of the colon and inflating the colon
“creates an extreme degree of risk that the colon wall will rupture, as it did in Mr. Burks’[s]
case.”
About three weeks before trial, Trotman testified at his deposition. ViaScan filed a
motion to exclude Trotman as an expert a week before the trial setting. They asserted that
Trotman contradicted his opinions when he testified in his deposition that optical colonoscopy
was actually a greater risk for Mr. Burks than virtual colonoscopy and that diverticulosis did not
increase the risk of perforation for virtual colonoscopy. They also asserted that Trotman did not
rule out other potential causes, including Coumadin toxicity and a fall causing internal injuries.
The trial court heard the motion to exclude beginning on July 7, 2014, the day before trial was
set to begin. Trotman did not testify at the hearing, but prepared a written declaration that was
submitted during the second day of the hearing. The trial court granted the motion to exclude
Trotman, denied Burks’s motions for mistrial and continuance, and rendered a final judgment
that plaintiff take nothing.3
STANDARD OF REVIEW
For an expert’s testimony to be admissible under Texas Rule of Evidence 702, the expert
must be qualified, and the expert’s opinion must be relevant to the issues in the case and based
3
Burks reserved her right to appeal the trial court’s rulings, but agreed that without an expert witness, she
could not prove her case. The trial court therefore granted a directed verdict and rendered a final judgment in order
to facilitate the appeal. See First Nat. Bank of Beeville v. Fojtik, 775 S.W.2d 632, 633 (Tex. 1989) (per curiam)
(“There must be a method by which a party who desires to initiate the appellate process may move the trial court to
render judgment without being bound by its terms.”); AmeriPath, Inc. v. Hebert, 447 S.W.3d 319, 327–28 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied).
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upon a reliable foundation. TEX. R. EVID. 702; Exxon Pipeline Co. v. Zwahr, 88 S.W.3d 623,
628–29 (Tex. 2002); Gammill v. Jack Williams Chevrolet, Inc., 972 S.W.2d 713, 720 (Tex.
1998); E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 556 (Tex. 1995). The
relevance requirement, which incorporates traditional relevancy analysis under Texas Rules of
Evidence 401 and 402, is met if the expert testimony is “‘sufficiently tied to the facts of the case
that it will aid the jury in resolving a factual dispute.’” Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 556 (quoting
United States v. Downing, 753 F.2d 1224, 1242 (3d Cir. 1985)). Evidence that has no
relationship to any issue in the case does not satisfy rule 702 and is thus inadmissible under rule
702, as well as rules 401 and 402. Id.
Rule 702’s reliability requirement focuses on the principles, research, and methodology
underlying an expert’s conclusions. Id. at 557. Under this requirement, expert testimony is
unreliable if it is not grounded “‘in the methods and procedures of science’” and is no more than
“‘subjective belief or unsupported speculation.’” Id. (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm.,
Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 590 (1993)). Expert testimony is also unreliable if there is too great an
analytical gap between the data the expert relies upon and the opinion offered. Gammill, 972
S.W.2d at 727. In applying this reliability standard, however, the trial court does not decide
whether the expert’s conclusions are correct; rather, the trial court determines whether the
analysis used to reach those conclusions is reliable. Id. at 728.
When an expert is challenged, the proponent of the expert opinion must prove the
reliability of each opinion. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 578 (Tex. 2006). The
proponent bears this burden “regardless of the quality or quantity of the opposing party’s
evidence on the issue and regardless of whether the opposing party attempts to conclusively
prove the expert testimony is wrong.” Whirlpool Corp. v. Camacho, 298 S.W.3d 631, 639 (Tex.
2009). This burden includes ensuring that the expert’s testimony contains no internal
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inconsistencies. See Gen. Motors Corp. v. Iracheta, 161 S.W.3d 462, 470–72 (Tex. 2005).
The trial court serves as a gatekeeper to screen out irrelevant and unreliable expert
evidence. Zwahr, 88 S.W.3d at 629. The trial court has broad discretion to determine the
admissibility of evidence and we review the trial court’s decision under an abuse of discretion
standard. Id. A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts without regard to any guiding rules
or principles. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985).
Whether a trial court abused its discretion in making an evidentiary ruling is a question of law.
State v. Bristol Hotel Asset Co., 65 S.W.3d 638, 647 (Tex. 2001).
DISCUSSION
Burks argues in her first issue that Trotman’s opinion was reliable and the trial court
abused its discretion by considering the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witness.
However, based on the record presented to the trial court, we conclude the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by excluding Trotman’s opinions.
Trotman is a gastroenterologist, licensed in Florida, and board certified in internal
medicine and gastroenterology. He is not licensed and does not practice in Texas. He has
performed thousands of optical colonoscopies in his practice since 1973. He has seen patients
who have had virtual colonoscopies, but has never performed a virtual colonoscopy, never
witnessed one, nor observed the process of inflating (insufflation) the colon associated with
virtual colonoscopy. Trotman testified that virtual colonoscopies are rarely performed in Florida
where he practices. However, he states in his reports that he is familiar with the standard of care
for optical and virtual colonoscopies.
In his reports, Trotman stated the standard of care for a patient with diverticulosis and a
condition requiring further investigation required an optical colonoscopy be performed. He
stated ViaScan and Osborne breached this standard by authorizing and performing the second
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virtual colonoscopy on Mr. Burks. Trotman opined that “Performing a colonography [virtual
colonoscopy] upon Mr. Burks was the direct cause of his ruptured cecum and his death. It is
foreseeable that forcing air into the colon in preparation for colonography, upon a patient with
diverticulosis would create a risk of perforation of the colon.”
However, Trotman testified in his deposition that in terms of perforation of the colon,
optical colonoscopy is ten times more likely to result in a perforation than virtual colonoscopy.
He agreed that an optical colonoscopy was a greater risk for Mr. Burks:
Q. So performing an optical colonoscopy would have been of a greater
risk to Mr. Burks?
A. Certainly.
Trotman explained that diverticulosis is a weakening of the colon wall. The radiologist
who reviewed the results of the first virtual colonoscopy saw diverticulosis in the sigmoid colon.
Trotman admitted there was no evidence of diverticulosis involving the cecum. He testified that
“with or without diverticular disease,” the cecum is the most likely place for a perforation due to
inflation of the colon because it is the thinnest portion of the colon. Trotman stated in his reports
that a patient with a diagnosis of diverticulosis and a possible polyp requiring further
investigation required an optical colonoscopy and that a virtual colonoscopy was medically
contraindicated and dangerous for such a patient. But in deposition, he responded:
Q. Did the diverticulosis in the sigmoid colon increase the risk of cecal
perforation?
A. Not necessarily so.
Q. Is that a no?
A. No.
In addition, Trotman swore in his declaration that the risk of cecal perforation from a
virtual colonoscopy for Mr. Burks was “not confined to the location of the diverticulosis, as the
diverticulosis reflects weakness of the wall of the colon which is likely found in numerous areas
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of the colon wall, including the cecum, once diverticulosis is diagnosed.” Yet, Trotman admitted
in his deposition testimony that there was no evidence of diverticulosis involving Mr. Burks’s
cecum.
There were other inconsistencies in Trotman’s testimony and opinions. He testified that
air bubbles in the abdomen are a sign of colon perforation and said he could see small air bubbles
on the CT scans done at the hospital. However, he admitted that the radiologists who reviewed
the scans at the time did not identify any air bubbles. One of Trotman’s theories was that the
perforation was sealed off by the bleeding that occurred at the time of the second virtual
colonoscopy. But he never explained how a blood clot could form to seal off the perforation in a
patient with significantly elevated INR, indicating a lessened ability to form blood clots.
Trotman also testified that patients with Coumadin toxicity usually do not complain about
abdominal pain, discomfort, and diarrhea. But the PDR indicates adverse reactions to Coumadin
include “nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, taste perversion, abdominal pain, flatulence, bloating.”
Regarding medical studies about virtual colonoscopy, Trotman testified he did not review
any medical literature before he prepared his opinion and reports. He reviewed some medical
studies supplied to him by Burks’s attorneys a couple of weeks before his deposition. An
additional medical article was identified in Burks’s motion for new trial. However, the medical
literature provided to the trial court does not support Trotman’s opinions. One of those reports,
citing several studies, noted that the symptomatic perforation rate for virtual colonoscopy is low,
especially when compared to optical colonoscopy. The report also noted that patients are not
sedated during virtual colonoscopy and therefore avoid the cardiopulmonary risks of sedation.
Another report found the “risk of perforation may be more comparable with both techniques than
previously suggested.” While these reports indicate diverticulosis is a risk factor for both optical
and virtual colonoscopy, they do not support Trotman’s original opinion that diverticulosis is a
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contraindication for virtual colonoscopy, a fact he admitted in his deposition.
If a medical expert seeks to support his opinion with medical literature, he must base his
opinion on a “broad reading of the medical literature.” Minn. Min. & Mfg. Co. v. Atterbury, 978
S.W.2d 183, 193 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1998, pet. denied). “Broad reading of medical
literature” means that the expert must “point to specific passages in varied and different sources
that are generally accepted as support for his conclusion.” Id. But Trotman formed his opinions
before he looked at any medical literature. Then he looked only at what Burks’s attorneys
provided to him. The supreme court has rejected this type of analysis: “[C]oming to a firm
conclusion first and then doing research to support it is the antithesis of this [scientific] method.”
Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 559 (quoting Claar v. Burlington Northern R.R., 29 F.3d 499, 502–03
(9th Cir.1994)). “This goal-oriented reasoning is contrary to the foundation of the scientific
method.” Quiroz ex rel. Quiroz v. Covenant Health Sys., 234 S.W.3d 74, 89 (Tex. App.—El
Paso 2007, pet. denied).
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by considering the inconsistencies between
Trotman’s deposition testimony and his expert reports. See Iracheta, 161 S.W.3d at 470–72
(proponent must ensure expert’s testimony contains no internal inconsistencies). A trial court
does not abuse its discretion by determining expert testimony is inadmissible when “the expert’s
‘processes’ or ‘methodologies’ are obscured or concealed by testimony that is excessively
internally contradictory, non-responsive or evasive[.]” Tamez, 206 S.W.3d at 578. The trial
court also considered the medical literature in the record, which shows that the risk of perforation
is less with virtual colonoscopy than with optical colonoscopy. According to another report, the
risk between the procedures is “comparable.”
The record shows the trial court considered and applied the guiding rules and principles
applicable to the reliability of expert witness testimony. See Gammill, 972 S.W.2d at 727;
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Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 556–57. On this record, we cannot say the trial court abused its
discretion by excluding Trotman’s testimony. See Larson v. Downing, 197 S.W.3d 303, 304
(Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (In an abuse of discretion review, “[c]lose calls must go to the trial
court.”). Accordingly, we overrule Burks’s first issue.
Burks’s second issue argues the trial court abused its discretion by denying her motion
for continuance to allow her time to find a new expert after the court excluded Trotman. We
review the trial court’s decision to deny a motion for continuance for an abuse of discretion. Joe
v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture, 145 S.W.3d 150, 161 (Tex. 2004); Villegas v. Carter, 711
S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986).
Burks argues the motion to exclude was filed only a week before trial and the trial court
struck her expert through no fault of her own. The record reflects Trotman’s deposition was
conducted only three weeks before trial. Given the late date for the deposition, the motion,
which was based on the inconsistent testimony in Trotman’s deposition, was reasonably filed
two weeks after the deposition and one week before trial. Nothing in the record indicates the
motion was delayed or untimely. Furthermore, it is the proponent’s burden to present
“understandable evidence that will persuade the trial court[.]” Tamez, 206 S.W.3d at 578. This
case was on file over two years when Burks filed her motion for continuance. The docket sheet
indicates Burks filed two previous motions for continuance in June 2013 and in December 2013.
Given the necessity for expert testimony in a medical malpractice case, the trial court could have
concluded Burks had sufficient time to obtain reliable expert testimony to support her claims.
We conclude on this record the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the
motion for continuance. We overrule Burks’s second issue.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
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excluding Trotman as an expert witness or by denying Burks’s motion for continuance.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/Craig Stoddart/
CRAIG STODDART
JUSTICE
140921F.P05
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Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
ELIZABETH JANE BURKS, On Appeal from the County Court at Law
INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PERSONAL No. 4, Dallas County, Texas
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF Trial Court Cause No. CC-12-02824-D.
GENE ALDERSON BURKS, SR., Opinion delivered by Justice Stoddart.
Appellant Justices Fillmore and Evans participating.
No. 05-14-00921-CV V.
JOHN J. DUNCAN, PH.D.; ALICIA
SANGA DUNCAN; WELLMART
HEARTLAB, INC. D/B/A VIASCAN OF
LAS COLINAS; AND JOHN ANDREW
OSBORNE, M.D., PH.D., F.A.C.C.,
Appellees
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the final judgment of the trial court
is AFFIRMED.
It is ORDERED that appellee John J. Duncan, Ph.D.; Alicia Sanga Duncan; Wellmart
Heartlab, Inc. D/B/A Viascan Of Las Colinas; And John Andrew Osborne, M.D., Ph.D.,
F.A.C.C. recover their costs of this appeal from appellant Elizabeth Jane Burks, Individually And
As Personal Representative Of The Estate Of Gene Alderson Burks, Sr.
Judgment entered this 15th day of June, 2016.
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