Daniel Albert Daigger v. State

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-04-00666-CR
Daniel Albert Daigger, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BURNET COUNTY, 33RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 9847, HONORABLE V. MURRAY JORDAN, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Daniel Albert Daigger was convicted of possessing or transporting
chemicals with the intent to manufacture methamphetamine and was sentenced to ninety-nine years’
imprisonment. On appeal, he complains that the trial court should have granted his motion for a
mistrial during voir dire and that the trial court erred in admitting several exhibits. We affirm the
judgment of conviction.
Motion for Mistrial
During voir dire, one of the members of the venire panel expressed strong feelings
about the harm he believed drug use was inflicting on children, explaining that his son had died due
to drug use. The panel member then said, “Do you know what that makes me feel like I want to do
to that drug dealer?” Daigger’s attorney immediately asked to approach the bench, where he stated
that the panel member “pointed specifically at my client and referred to him as a drug dealer in the
presence of all the prospective jurors. At this point in time, Your Honor, I do not feel that my client
could get a fair trial from this panel. I am asking this Court to declare a mistrial.” The prosecutor
responded, “I did not see him point at that defendant or indicate anything that connected it with the
defendant. I believe what the line of questioning was was [the panel member] went from a
generalization about what happens with our children to a specific case upon questioning and at that
time made a statement as to sending away drug dealers, but I did not observe him to be pointing at
Mr. Daigger.” Daigger’s attorney again moved for a mistrial “based on what I have seen and heard,”
and the trial court stated, “I didn’t see the affirmative act towards the defendant. I’m going to deny
the mistrial, but if you want to challenge him for cause, that’s fine.” Counsel responded, “I don’t
see how we’re going to rehabilitate this panel having witnessed this individual point at my client
with his finger and indicate he’s a drug dealer.” The trial court called the panel member up to the
bench, and Daigger’s attorney asked whether the panel member had pointed at Daigger. The panel
member said, “No. I was pointing at the death of my son. I was pointing at all drug dealers.” Asked
whether he had “indicate[d] the defendant” by his gesture, he said, “No. I don’t know whether he’s
guilty or not.” At the close of voir dire, Daigger was sworn in and testified that he saw the gesture
and believed the panel member had pointed at him and that he believed the “response about drug
dealers all needed to be put away again was directed directly at me.” Daigger’s attorney again
moved for a mistrial, and the trial court overruled the motion.
We view a trial court’s ruling on a motion for mistrial under an abuse of discretion
standard of review. Wead v. State, 129 S.W.3d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). We consider the
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arguments made before the trial court and will uphold the trial court’s decision if it falls within the
zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. A criminal defendant has the constitutional right to be tried
by impartial jurors whose verdict is based on the evidence. Howard v. State, 941 S.W.2d 102, 117
(Tex. Crim. App. 1996). A defendant claiming that his jury was prejudiced by “external juror
influence” must show actual or inherent prejudice. Id. In reviewing for inherent prejudice, which
is rare and “reserved for extreme situations,” “we look to whether ‘an unacceptable risk is presented
of impermissible factors coming into play.’” Id. (quoting Holbrook v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560, 570
(1986), and Bundy v. Dugger, 850 F.2d 1402, 1424 (11th Cir. 1988)). To show actual prejudice from
external juror influence, the defendant must show that jurors “actually articulated a consciousness
of some prejudicial effect.” Id. The court of criminal appeals has held that a spectator’s conduct,
even if it impeded trial proceedings, would not require reversal unless the defendant showed a
reasonable probability that the conduct interfered with the jury’s verdict. Id.
In this case, Daigger did not request that the venire panel or selected jurors be
instructed to disregard the gesture and remark; his sole request was for a mistrial. See Cuellar v.
State, 943 S.W.2d 487, 490 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1996, pet. ref’d) (court of appeals held that
venire member’s comment “if he is the gang member,” even if taken as affirmative assertion of gang
membership, “was not so egregious that its mere utterance deprived [defendant] of a fair trial”; any
effect “would have been alleviated through an instruction to disregard the comment, had trial counsel
requested it”). He did not question the panel after the incident to determine whether the panel had
been tainted by the outburst and did not even inquire as to whether any of the other panel members
saw the gesture, which occurred so quickly that neither the trial court nor the prosecutor saw it. The
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panel member stated that he did not point at Daigger and did not know if Daigger was guilty, but
instead was “pointing at the death of [his] son” and “all drug dealers.”
Daigger has not shown that this incident was of such a rare and extreme nature as to
result in inherent prejudice, nor has he shown any actual prejudice. See Howard, 941 S.W.2d at 117.
He has not shown that the panel member’s outburst tainted the jury panel and resulted in any
prejudice against him. Indeed, jurors who were questioned after the exchange stated that they could
be fair and impartial and would reach a verdict based solely on the evidence. Daigger has not shown
that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling his motion for mistrial. See Wead, 129 S.W.3d
at 129. We overrule Daigger’s first issue on appeal.
Evidentiary Rulings
Daigger next complains that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence State’s
exhibits 8, 9, 10, and 11. He complains that exhibit 11 was not relevant under rule 401 of the rules
of evidence and that all four exhibits were more prejudicial than probative under rule 403. A brief
explanation of the evidence will provide context in which to examine the contested exhibits.
A trooper with the Department of Public Safety stopped Daigger for running a stop
sign. As the trooper approached Daigger’s car, he noticed a black tube sticking out of the slightly
ajar trunk. Daigger got out of his car as soon as he pulled over, and the trooper became concerned
when Daigger would not make eye contact. The trooper smelled an overwhelming odor that, based
on his experience and training in hazardous materials, he believed was anhydrous ammonia. Police
witnesses testified that anhydrous ammonia is used to manufacture methamphetamine, that it should
be stored and transported in certified containers because of its corrosive properties and volatility, that
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its fumes are very dangerous and can sicken or kill those who inhale it, and that portable propane
tanks are often used by drug manufacturers to transport the chemicals needed to make
methamphetamine. When the trooper saw three portable propane tanks in Daigger’s trunk, he placed
Daiggert under arrest and concluded that the canisters were leaking and posed a “poison inhalation
hazard.” Daigger’s car, still containing the canisters, was placed on a flatbed wrecker and driven to
a police facility. The police, worried that the tanks might explode, decided to ventilate the tanks by
shooting holes in them from a distance and then immediately hosing down the resulting vapors with
a fire hose. Spraying ammonia vapors with water brings the vapors to the ground and renders the
ammonia harmless. It is standard procedure when dealing with such chemicals to have firefighters
and emergency medical personnel on hand.
When the State sought to introduce photographic exhibits 8, 9, and 10, Daigger
objected, saying, “Your Honor, we object under Rule 403 to those three.” Asked to restate the
grounds for his objection, he stated, “Under Rule 403.” The trial court overruled Daigger’s
objection, and a police officer testified about what was depicted in the photographs. The officer
testified exhibits 8 and 9 showed him examining the canisters while wearing a protective suit and
breathing apparatus. He stated that exhibit 10 showed two fire trucks that were ready to spray any
vapors. When the State offered exhibit 11, Daigger said he objected “as it being 401, 403.” The trial
court overruled the objection, and a police officer described the scene shown in exhibit 11,
explaining that it showed visible vapor clouds of ammonia coming from the vented tank and that the
firefighters were spraying the cloud with a fire hose to knock the vapors from the air.
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Relevance of State’s Exhibit 11
Appellant argues that exhibit 11 is not relevant because it did not show whether the
canisters actually contained a controlled substance or were being transported in an unsafe fashion
and instead showed only “a perception of danger and hazard.”
As with our review of a decision on a motion for mistrial, we review the admission
of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 29 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000). As a general rule, a photographic exhibit is relevant and admissible if verbal testimony
as to the subject matter shown in the photograph is also admissible. Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d
186, 195 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Further, if a defendant does not object to the relevancy of the
related testimony under rule 401, he waives any error regarding the relevancy of the photograph.
Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 652 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Daigger did not object to police
testimony describing the handling of the canisters, and we cannot hold that law enforcement’s
handling of these canisters was irrelevant to determining what the canisters contained or the charged
offense. The caution with which the police handled the canisters is relevant to their belief that the
canisters contained anhydrous ammonia. Thus, the subject matter portrayed in exhibit 11, the
spraying of the vapor cloud, was relevant. Even if there was error related to the relevance of the
exhibit, it was waived by Daigger’s failure to object to the related testimony. See id.
Prejudicial Effect of Exhibits 8, 9, 10, and 11
Daigger argues that exhibits 8, 9, 10, and 11 were more prejudicial than probative
because they did not establish what the canisters contained, but rather “inflame[d] the Jury with a
sense of danger” because they showed the caution with which the police treated the canisters.
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Initially, we note that Daigger did not explain his rule 403 objections to the trial court
except to say that he objected “under Rule 403.” Rule 403 provides that relevant evidence may be
excluded if “its probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice,
confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tex. R. Evid. 403. Daigger’s general objection did not put
the trial court on notice of the specific danger of unfair prejudice he was asserting. However, even
assuming that Daigger’s objections preserved error on this issue, we hold that the trial court did not
err in admitting the exhibits over Daigger’s rule 403 objections.
The rules of evidence favor the admission of relevant evidence and there is a
presumption that relevant evidence is more probative than prejudicial. Jones, 944 S.W.2d at 652.
Rule 403 will require the exclusion of evidence only if there is a “clear disparity” between the
probative value of the evidence and the degree of potential prejudice. Id. When determining
whether a trial court erred in admitting a relevant photographic exhibit, we examine only whether
the probative value of the photo was substantially outweighed by the rule 403 risk alleged, in this
case, the risk of unfair prejudice. Wyatt, 23 S.W.3d at 29.
Daigger does not argue that the police overreacted by handling the canisters with
extreme caution, that the canisters did not pose a substantial risk, or that exhibits 8, 9, and 10 are
irrelevant (we have already held that exhibit 11 was relevant). He argues only that the photographs
prejudiced his case because they encouraged the jury to act on emotion and fear.1 As discussed
1
This argument is somewhat akin to the argument that autopsy photographs should be
excluded as prejudicial in a murder trial; in such cases, autopsy photographs, even if gruesome,
generally are admissible because they convey the injuries suffered by a victim. See Santellan v.
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earlier, the disposal of the canisters as shown in the four photographs was relevant and was described
through police testimony. The four photographs are not so alarming in nature that they would have
clouded the jury’s mind with fear. Instead, they provided a visual depiction of the disposal methods
described through police testimony. Daigger has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion
in admitting the exhibits over his rule 403 objections. We overrule Daigger’s second and third
issues.
Conclusion
Having overruled Daigger’s three issues on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment of conviction.
__________________________________________
David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed: July 7, 2006
Do Not Publish
State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 172-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). As the court of criminal appeals has stated,
“[T]he matters depicted in the photographs giving rise to appellant’s claim that they are ‘unfairly
prejudicial’ emanates from nothing more than the results of what appellant has participated in
causing.” Newbury v. State, 135 S.W.3d 22, 43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see also Santellan, 939
S.W.2d at 173 (“[t]he disturbing nature of this picture is primarily due the injuries caused by
appellant”).
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