William Thomas Vaughn III v. State

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-15-00383-CR
WILLIAM THOMAS VAUGHN III APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 7 OF TARRANT COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 1338521
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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In two issues, Appellant William Thomas Vaughn III appeals from his
conviction for driving while intoxicated, enhanced to a Class A misdemeanor by a
previous conviction for the same offense. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§§ 49.04(a), .09(a) (West Supp. 2016). We affirm.
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
I. BACKGROUND FACTS
At approximately 2:30 a.m. on August 18, 2013, Vaughn was operating a
Porsche SUV that rear-ended another vehicle in Tarrant County. Police officers
responded to the scene and conducted a DWI investigation of all the drivers
involved in the collision. As part of that investigation, Officer Kyle Davis of the
Fort Worth Police Department (FWPD) approached Vaughn, after which he
noticed that Vaughn smelled of alcohol, that his speech was slurred, and that his
eyes were glazed. Officer Davis performed the horizontal gaze nystagmus, walk-
and-turn, and one-leg-stand standardized field sobriety tests on Vaughn. Based
upon his previous observations of Vaughn and Vaughn’s failure of the field
sobriety tests, Officer Davis concluded that Vaughn had lost the normal use of
his mental and physical faculties and arrested him for driving while intoxicated.
Vaughn was then transported back to the police station.
After arriving at the station, Vaughn was placed in an “intox room.” Officer
Davis and Officer Jennifer Russell, a certified intoxilyzer operator with the FWPD,
were in the intox room with Vaughn. Officer Davis read Vaughn his statutory
warnings, after which Officer Russell asked him whether he would consent to
providing a specimen of his breath, and Vaughn consented. See Tex. Transp.
Code Ann. § 724.015 (West Supp. 2016). Officer Russell then asked Vaughn if
he would consent to further field sobriety testing, and Vaughn consented to this
as well. Officer Davis left the intox room, and Officer Russell began
administering additional field sobriety tests to Vaughn. After those tests were
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completed, Officer Russell read Vaughn his Miranda warnings. See Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602 (1966). Vaughn then asked Officer
Russell, “What time was I booked in?” to which she replied “4:15ish [a.m.], 4:20
[a.m.]”2 Vaughn asked, “What time is it now?” and Officer Russell replied, “4:25
[a.m.]” Officer Russell concluded the sobriety testing and then led Vaughn out of
the intox room into the hallway where the intoxilyzer machines were located.
She proceeded to collect two breath samples from Vaughn—the first at 4:33 a.m.
and the second at 4:36 a.m. The two samples contained an alcohol
concentration of 0.130 and 0.138, respectively, both of which exceeded the legal
limit of 0.08. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.01(2)(B) (West 2011), § 49.04(a).
During trial, Vaughn objected to the admission of his breath test results on
the basis that Officer Russell’s testimony demonstrated that she was not in his
presence to observe him for a fifteen-minute period prior to administering his
breath test.3 The trial court overruled Vaughn’s objection and admitted the
results of the breath test. At the charge conference, Vaughn requested the
following instruction pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.23:
2
Officer Russell testified that this was an estimation of the time Vaughn
had “walked in the jail.”
3
Sarah Skiles, a senior forensic analyst with the Tarrant County Medical
Examiner and technical supervisor for the Breath Alcohol Testing Program in
Tarrant County, testified that the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS)
requires an intoxilyzer operator to observe a person for a fifteen-minute period
prior to administering a breath test to that person.
3
You are further instructed that the Texas Department of Public
Safety requires that a breath test operator be in the continuous
presence of a subject prior to the administration of a breath test.
In considering these instructions, if you find from the evidence
that Ms. Russell was not in the continuous presence of the
Defendant prior to the administration of the breath test in this case[,]
you will not consider such evidence for any purpose whatsoever.
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23 (West 2005). Over the State’s
objection, the trial court allowed this instruction. The jury convicted Vaughn of
the offense charged, and after a punishment hearing, the trial court sentenced
him to 191 days’ confinement.
II. DISCUSSION
A. ADMISSIBILITY OF VAUGHN’S BREATH TEST
In his first issue, Vaughn argues that the trial court erred in admitting the
results of his breath test because Officer Russell was not in his presence for a
fifteen-minute period prior to administering his test. We first address the State’s
contention that Vaughn failed to preserve this complaint. See Tex. R. App. P.
33.1; Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (stating that an
appellate court should not address the merits of an issue that has not been
preserved).
1. Preservation
Vaughn conducted a voir dire examination of Skiles outside of the jury’s
presence that centered upon whether an intoxilyzer operator was required to be
in the presence of a person for a minimum of fifteen minutes before administering
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a breath test to that person. Skiles testified that the DPS mandated such an
observation period and that if an intoxilyzer operator failed to comply with it,
Tarrant County technical supervisors “will not support the test.” Following this
voir dire examination, the following exchange took place:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Judge, I was very careful about the way I
spoke to -- questioned Officer Russell. She on the video, in
response to my client’s question -- I asked for those last few minutes
of that video to be published for a reason. She asked -- He asked
her, “What time did I get booked in.” And she said, “4:15ish, 4:20.”
And then I asked her, . . . “What time were you referring to,” and she
said, “When he got to the jail.”
THE COURT: Right.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And then . . . I said, “Did he then
come in that room with you after that time,” and she said, “Yes.” So
that leaves, at the very maximum, [thirteen] minutes . . . that she was
in the presence of him. Not 15 minutes --
THE COURT: How could that be ten if she said 4:15, not
saying what door he actually walked in and then it’s 4:33 [when
Officer Russell obtained Vaughn’s first breath sample]. That’s not
ten. That’s [eighteen].
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Right. But that’s why I asked her
that. When you said 4:15ish or 4:20, she was saying when he
arrived at the jail, not when he arrived in her --
THE COURT: I just don’t remember anything real definite, so
I guess you’re probably gonna need to -- I’m gonna allow the
testimony. You can cross-examine her on that. And we’re probably
gonna need to call her back. And she’s probably asleep. But I am
going to allow it.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. We offer our objection at the
time, Your Honor. Because I was very clear in my questioning of
her. And it was 13 minutes.
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THE COURT: Well, the fact that she said “ish” does not really
-- I don’t think it’s that definite. But I didn’t write down everything she
said, so I don’t really recall.
The trial court then brought in the jury, and the State began its direct examination
of Skiles. The State moved to admit the results of Vaughn’s breath test, and
Vaughn objected as follows: “Your Honor, we just reoffer the same objection we
made the previous time.” The trial court overruled this objection and admitted
Vaughn’s breath test results.
The State contends that Vaughn’s objection during Skiles’s voir dire
examination did not state any legal basis forming a valid objection and that his
appellate complaint does not comport with the objection he raised when the State
moved to admit his breath test results. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Everitt v.
State, 407 S.W.3d 259, 262–63 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). We do not require a
party to use hyper-technical or formalistic words or phrases in order to preserve a
complaint for appeal. Pena v. State, 285 S.W.3d 459, 464 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009). Rather, we examine the record to determine whether a party’s objection
was sufficient to “let the trial judge know what he wants, why he thinks himself
entitled to it, and to do so clearly enough for the judge to understand him at a
time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something about it.”
Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Moreover, a
general or imprecise objection is sufficient to preserve error “[w]hen the correct
ground for exclusion was obvious to the judge and opposing counsel.” Resendez
v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 313 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Additionally, whether a
6
party’s particular complaint is preserved depends on whether the complaint on
appeal comports with the complaint made at trial, and in making that
determination, we consider the context in which the complaint was made and the
parties’ shared understanding at that time. Pena, 285 S.W.3d at 464.
Given the context in which it was made, we conclude that Vaughn’s
objection that “we just reoffer the same objection we made the previous time”
was quite clearly a reference to Vaughn’s voir dire examination of Skiles, which
he conducted immediately before the State began its direct examination of her,
and that the trial court understood as much when it overruled the objection and
admitted the breath test results. Vaughn’s voir dire examination of Skiles
centered on the issue of whether the DPS required an intoxilyzer operator to
observe a person for fifteen minutes prior to giving him a breath test and whether
Officer Russell had complied with that requirement. That the State understood
Vaughn’s line of questioning is evident from the fact that it cross-examined Skiles
on the same issues on voir dire. After Skiles’s voir dire examination concluded,
Vaughn clearly stated an objection to the breath test on the basis that Officer
Russell did not observe Vaughn for the requisite fifteen-minute period. That is
the objection he “reoffered” when the State moved to admit the breath test
results, and that is precisely his issue on appeal. Thus, because the legal basis
of Vaughn’s objection is clear from the context of his objection, and because his
appellate complaint comports with his trial objection, we conclude that Vaughn
preserved this issue for our review.
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2. Standard of Review
We turn now to Vaughn’s argument that the trial court erred in admitting
the results of his breath test. A trial court is afforded wide discretion in deciding
whether to admit evidence, and we may not disturb such an evidentiary ruling
absent an abuse of discretion. Winegarner v. State, 235 S.W.3d 787, 790 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007); Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
Under this standard, we will uphold a trial court’s evidentiary ruling as long as it
falls “within the zone of reasonable disagreement and was correct under any
theory of law applicable to the case.” Winegarner, 235 S.W.3d at 790; see
Theus, 845 S.W.2d at 881.
3. Applicable Law
Evidence of a defendant’s alcohol concentration, as shown by analysis of a
specimen of his breath taken at the request of a peace officer, is admissible in a
criminal trial for the offense of driving while intoxicated. Tex. Transp. Code Ann.
§ 724.064 (West 2011). Breath specimens collected under section 724.064 must
be taken and analyzed under rules of the DPS. Tex. Transp. Code Ann.
§§ 724.001(7), .016 (West 2011); Atkinson v. State, 923 S.W.2d 21, 23 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1996), abrogated on other grounds by Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Adams v. State, 67 S.W.3d 450, 452 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2002, pet. ref’d). At the time of Vaughn’s breath test, the DPS had a rule
requiring that an intoxilyzer operator “remain in the presence of the subject at
least [fifteen] minutes before the test and [to] exercise reasonable care to ensure
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that the subject does not place any substances in the mouth. Direct observation
is not necessary to ensure the validity or accuracy of the test result.”4 37 Tex.
Admin. Code § 19.4(c)(1) (2014) (Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Approval of
Techniques, Methods, and Programs), repealed by 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 250–55
(2015). Evidence that is obtained in violation of any provisions of the
Constitution or laws of the State of Texas is not admissible at trial.5 Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a).
4
After Vaughn’s breath test on August 18, 2013, and before his conviction
on October 22, 2015, the DPS adopted new amendments and sections to its
rules governing breath tests, effective January 12, 2015, in order to reorganize,
update, and clarify them. See 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 250–55 (2015). As a result, the
rule regarding the fifteen-minute observation period is now contained in section
19.3 of the Texas Administrative Code. See 37 Tex. Admin. Code § 19.3 (2015)
(Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Techniques and Methods). For purposes of this
opinion, we analyze Vaughn’s argument under former rule 19.4(c)(1), the
applicable rule that was in force at the time of his breath test. See 37 Tex.
Admin. Code § 19.4(c)(1) (2014) (Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Approval of
Techniques, Methods, and Programs), repealed by 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 250–55
(2015). See Patel v. State, No. 01-14-00575-CR, 2015 WL 5821439, at *1 n.1
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Sep. 29, 2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op.).
5
Generally, the failure to comply with an administrative agency’s rules does
not provide a basis for the exclusion of evidence under article 38.23. See
Atkinson, 923 S.W.2d at 23 n.1. However, in the context of this case, the
applicable statute itself expressly requires a breath sample to be taken in
compliance with DPS rules. See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. §§ 724.001(7), .016.
For that reason, in a driving while intoxicated case, the State’s failure to collect a
defendant’s breath sample in compliance with DPS rules may necessitate either
the exclusion of the analysis of that sample from evidence or an instruction under
article 38.23. Atkinson, 923 S.W.2d at 23 n.1; Adams, 67 S.W.3d 452–53.
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4. Application
Vaughn points to Officer Russell’s testimony, contending that it
demonstrated that he did not arrive at the jail “until 4:20 [a.m.] at the latest.”
Because Officer Russell collected his first breath sample at 4:33 a.m., Vaughn
argues that she could not have observed him for the requisite fifteen-minute pre-
test period and that the trial court therefore abused its discretion in admitting his
breath test results.
Officer Russell’s testimony was that, in response to Vaughn’s asking her
what time he was “booked in,” she stated “4:15ish [a.m.], 4:20 [a.m.]” She further
testified that she was referring to the time that Vaughn “walked in the jail,” but
she clarified that the time she stated was only an approximation. Additionally,
the trial court admitted without objection a video recording showing Officer
Russell’s interaction with Vaughn in the intox room. When the video begins,
Officer Russell is seen inside the intox room. Approximately seven seconds after
the video begins, Vaughn joins Officer Russell inside the intox room.
Approximately nine minutes and forty-eight seconds later, in response to Vaughn
asking her what time it was, Officer Russell told him that it was 4:25 a.m. Thus,
based upon this video, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that
Officer Russell had been in Vaughn’s presence for at least nine minutes and
forty-eight seconds at 4:25 a.m. The record reflects that Officer Russell did not
begin Vaughn’s breath test until approximately eight minutes later at 4:33 a.m.
And Officer Russell testified that after Vaughn completed the field sobriety testing
10
she administered to him in the intox room, she and Vaughn went into the hallway
where the intoxilyzer was located, she readied the machine for his test, and then
she administered it to him. She further stated that she considered the time she
spent in the hallway with Vaughn prior to the test as part of the fifteen-minute
observation period. Given this evidence, it was well within the zone of
reasonable disagreement for the trial court to conclude that Officer Russell had
been in Vaughn’s presence for at least fifteen minutes prior to administering his
breath test. We therefore hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the results of Vaughn’s breath test. We overrule Vaughn’s first issue.
B. ALLEGED ERROR IN THE JURY CHARGE
In his second issue, Vaughn contends that the trial court erred in charging
the jury. Because the evidence at trial raised a fact issue concerning whether
Officer Russell was in Vaughn’s presence for the requisite fifteen-minute pre-test
observation period, Vaughn requested, and the trial court granted, the following
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.23 instruction:
You are further instructed that the Texas Department of Public
Safety requires that a breath test operator be in the continuous
presence of a subject prior to the administration of a breath test.
In considering these instructions, if you find from the evidence
that Ms. Russell was not in the continuous presence of the
Defendant prior to the administration of the breath test in this case[,]
you will not consider such evidence for any purpose whatsoever.
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See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23. Vaughn contends this instruction
was erroneous because it misstated the law in that it omitted the “fifteen-minute”
qualifier from the “continuous presence” requirement.
1. Invited Error
We first address the State’s contention that Vaughn is estopped from
raising his jury charge complaint under the doctrine of invited error. The doctrine
of invited error “estops a party from making an appellate error of an action it
induced.” Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), cert
denied, 529 U.S. 1102 (2000); accord Boortz v. State, No. 02-11-00193-CR,
2012 WL 858623, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 15, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem.
op., not designated for publication) (“A party may not complain on appeal that he
was given the jury charge he requested.”); Willeford v. State, 72 S.W.3d 820,
823–24 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. ref’d) (Appellant estopped from raising
charge error stemming from instructions he requested the trial court to leave in
the charge). In short, as applicable here, the doctrine of invited error estops a
party from “complain[ing] on appeal that he was given the jury charge he
requested.” Boortz, 2012 WL 858623, at *1.
2. Application
The record reflects that after the parties closed, the trial court held a
charge conference outside of the jury’s presence. The trial court asked the
parties if they had any additional requests to include in the charge other than
what would typically be included in the charge for a standard driving while
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intoxicated case. Vaughn requested that the charge include a section 38.23
instruction on the ground that he raised a fact issue regarding Officer Russell’s
compliance with the fifteen-minute observation period. The trial court asked
Vaughn if he had the requested section 38.23 instruction prepared, and Vaughn
replied, “I can certainly get it, Judge. I’ll just track the statute.” The State
objected, and the trial court recessed to give the parties time to gather materials
pertinent to Vaughn’s request. Before recessing, the trial court asked Vaughn to
“write out the exact verbiage” of the instruction he wanted included in the court’s
charge, to which Vaughn replied, “Yes, ma’am.”
Following the recess, the trial court heard argument on Vaughn’s
requested section 38.23 instruction, after which it stated that it would allow
Vaughn’s requested instruction. The trial court then asked Vaughn whether he
had read the proposed instruction and whether it was to his satisfaction, and
Vaughn replied, “Yes, Your Honor” to both questions. The trial court asked the
parties to read over the entire proposed charge and inform it if there were any
further objections. The trial court thereafter asked the State if it had any
objections other than its objection that the charge should not include Vaughn’s
section 38.23 instruction, to which the State replied that it did not. The trial court
asked Vaughn the same question, and he replied, “We have no issues, Your
Honor.”
The foregoing reflects that Vaughn requested and drafted the section
38.23 instruction that he now complains was erroneous. After stating that it was
13
granting his request for that instruction, the trial court gave Vaughn additional
opportunity to read over the proposed charge, which included his requested
instruction. The trial court then asked Vaughn whether he had any further typos,
objections, or anything else, and he stated that he had no issues with the
proposed charge. We conclude that Vaughn is estopped from complaining on
appeal that the above section 38.23 jury instruction was erroneous when he
requested it be included in the charge, drafted it, reviewed it, and agreed to it
without objection. Prystash, 3 S.W.3d at 532; accord Boortz, 2012 WL 858623,
at *1; Willeford, 72 S.W.3d at 823–24. We overrule Vaughn’s second issue.
III. CONCLUSION
Having overruled both of Vaughn’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
/s/ Lee Gabriel
LEE GABRIEL
JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and GABRIEL, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: November 23, 2016
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