in the Interest of A.R.M.K., a Child

In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-19-00166-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF A.R.M.K., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 154th District Court
Lamb County, Texas
Trial Court No. DCV19960-18, Honorable Kara L. Darnell, Associate Judge Presiding
September 30, 2019
OPINION
Before CAMPBELL and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
In this accelerated appeal, appellant, Mother,1 seeks reversal of the judgment
terminating her parental rights to her child, A.R.M.K., and appointing the Texas
Department of Family and Protective Services as permanent managing conservator of
the child. In four issues, Mother argues that the affidavit relinquishing her parental rights
is invalid, the affidavit was obtained as a result of fraud, there is insufficient evidence that
termination is in the best interest of the child, and the court erred in appointing the
1To protect the child’s privacy, we will refer to the appellant as “Mother” and to the child by initials.
See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d) (West Supp. 2018); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b). The father of A.R.M.K.
signed an affidavit relinquishing his parental rights in this proceeding. He does not appeal.
Department as the permanent managing conservator. For the reasons set forth below,
we affirm the judgment.
Background
In June of 2018, the Department brought this suit on behalf of two-month-old
A.R.M.K. after allegations of domestic violence, drug use, and medical neglect of
A.R.M.K. were investigated by the Department. The petition requested that the
Department be appointed temporary managing conservator of A.R.M.K. The trial court
entered temporary orders naming the Department temporary managing conservator. The
Department eventually determined that reunification of A.R.M.K. with Mother was not
feasible and pursued a petition to terminate the parent-child relationship.
The final hearing in this matter was set for April 12, 2019. Before the hearing
commenced, Mother signed an irrevocable affidavit of relinquishment to A.R.M.K. The
affidavit was signed before two witnesses and Mother’s attorney. In addition, a notary
public acknowledged the affidavit. Mother was not present at the termination hearing.
The Department caseworker testified that the affidavit of relinquishment was
“signed in conjunction with a post-adoption agreement that has been made by the
parents” with the paternal aunt and “[the affidavits] were reviewed with the parents by
their respective attorneys.” The caseworker did not have any reason to believe that the
affidavit was not signed freely and voluntarily. According to the caseworker, it is in the
best interest of A.R.M.K. that the parental rights be terminated because the paternal aunt
“is willing to be a long-term placement for [A.R.M.K.] that is a stable environment.” The
trial court signed an order terminating Mother’s parental rights based on its findings that
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Mother voluntarily executed the affidavit and termination was in the best interest of the
child. The trial court designated the Department as the managing conservator of
A.R.M.K.
Three weeks later, Mother filed a motion for new trial claiming ineffective
assistance of counsel and challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to
support the trial court’s judgment. The trial court held a hearing on the motion. However,
Mother did not testify at the hearing or present any evidence challenging the validity of
the affidavit of relinquishment.2 After hearing evidence, the associate judge denied the
motion.
Mother then filed this appeal. By her appeal, Mother presents four issues. Mother
argues that the affidavit of relinquishment is invalid because her lawyer served as the
notary, the affidavit was obtained as the result of fraud, there is insufficient evidence that
termination is in the best interest of A.R.M.K., and the judge erred in appointing the
Department as the permanent managing conservator of A.R.M.K.
Standard of Review
Involuntary termination of parental rights is a serious proceeding implicating
fundamental constitutional rights. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). A
parent’s right to the “companionship, care, custody, and management” of his or her child
is a constitutional interest “far more precious than any property right.” Santosky v.
2 At the conclusion of the hearing on Mother’s motion for new trial, Mother’s appellate counsel told
the associate judge that “[t]he purpose of the motion for new trial was to develop a record as required on
the ineffective assistance [of counsel claim]. The other issue on the relinquishment is on the – the validity
of the relinquishment is something I will bring to the Court of Appeals.”
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Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982); see In re M.S.,
115 S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex. 2003). Consequently, we strictly scrutinize termination
proceedings and strictly construe the involuntary termination statutes in favor of the
parent. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20. However, “the rights of natural parents are not
absolute” and “[t]he rights of parenthood are accorded only to those fit to accept the
accompanying responsibilities.” In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003) (citing In re
J.W.T., 872 S.W.2d 189, 195 (Tex. 1993)). Recognizing that a parent may forfeit his or
her parental rights by his or her acts or omissions, the primary focus of a termination suit
is protection of the child’s best interest. In re T.G.R.-M., 404 S.W.3d 7, 12 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.).
When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a termination case, the
appellate court should look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s
finding “to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or
conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). To
give appropriate deference to the factfinder’s conclusions, we must assume that the
factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do
so. Id. We disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or
found to have been not credible, but we do not disregard undisputed facts. Id. Even
evidence that does more than raise surmise or suspicion is not sufficient unless that
evidence is capable of producing a firm belief or conviction that the allegation is true. In
re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 113 (Tex. 2014). If, after conducting a legal sufficiency
review, we determine that no reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or
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conviction that the matter that must be proven was true, then the evidence is legally
insufficient and we must reverse. Id. (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266).
In a factual sufficiency review, we must give due consideration to evidence that the
factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. In re J.F.C., 96
S.W.3d at 266. We must determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could
reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the Department’s allegations.
Id. We must also consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder
could not have resolved the disputed evidence in favor of its finding. Id. If, in light of the
entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited
in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed
a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient. Id.
Applicable Law
Termination of Parental Rights Requires Clear and Convincing Evidence
In a case to terminate parental rights by the Department under section 161.001 of
the Family Code, the Department must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that
(1) the parent committed one or more of the enumerated acts or omissions justifying
termination, and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§ 161.001(b) (West Supp. 2018).3 Clear and convincing evidence is “the measure or
degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction
as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” § 101.007 (West 2019); In re
3 Future reference to provisions of the Texas Family Code will be by reference to “section __” or
“§__.”
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J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 264. Both elements must be established and termination may not
be based solely on the best interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Tex.
Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987); In re K.C.B., 280
S.W.3d 888, 894 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2009, pet. denied). “Only one predicate finding
under section 161.001[(b)](1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when
there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re A.V., 113
S.W.3d at 362. We will affirm the termination order if the evidence is both legally and
factually sufficient to support any alleged statutory ground the trial court relied upon in
terminating the parental rights if the evidence also establishes that termination is in the
child’s best interest. In re K.C.B., 280 S.W.3d at 894-95.
The clear and convincing evidence standard does not mean the evidence must
negate all reasonable doubt or that the evidence must be uncontroverted. In re R.D.S.,
902 S.W.2d 714, 716 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1995, no writ). The reviewing court must recall
that the trier of fact has the authority to weigh the evidence, draw reasonable inferences
therefrom, and choose between conflicting inferences. Id. The factfinder also enjoys the
right to resolve credibility issues and conflicts within the evidence and may freely choose
to believe all, part, or none of the testimony espoused by any particular witness. Id.
Where conflicting evidence is present, the factfinder’s determination on such matters is
generally regarded as conclusive. In re B.R., 950 S.W.2d 113, 121 (Tex. App.—El Paso
1997, no writ).
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Voluntary Affidavit of Relinquishment
Under the Texas Family Code, the trial court may terminate parental rights upon a
finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that the parent has “executed before or after
the suit is filed an unrevoked or irrevocable affidavit of relinquishment of parental rights
as provided by this chapter,” and that termination is in the best interest of the child.
§ 161.001(b)(1)(K), (2). The express requirements of such an affidavit of relinquishment
are identified in section 161.103. § 161.103 (West Supp. 2018). Implicit in the Family
Code is the requirement that the affidavit of voluntary relinquishment be voluntarily
executed. Neal v. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs., 814 S.W.2d 216, 218 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1991, writ denied). An involuntarily executed affidavit is a complete defense to a
termination decree based solely on such an affidavit. In re D.R.L.M., 84 S.W.3d 281, 296
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied).
An affidavit of relinquishment that meets the requirements of section 161.103 of
the Texas Family Code is prima facie evidence of its validity. See In re R.B., 225 S.W.3d
798, 804 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.). After the proponent of an affidavit
demonstrates that it complies with the requirements of Texas Family Code section
161.103, the party opposing the affidavit must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that it was executed as a result of “fraud, duress, or coercion” for the affidavit to be set
aside. § 161.211(c) (West 2014); see In re D.E.H., 301 S.W.3d 825, 830 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied) (en banc).
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Analysis
Validity of Affidavit of Relinquishment
In her first issue, Mother contends that her affidavit of relinquishment does not
comply with section 161.103 of the Texas Family Code because it was acknowledged by
her attorney. She contends that her attorney is an interested party and thus was
disqualified from notarizing the affidavit of relinquishment based on the holding in Terrell
v. Chambers, 630 S.W.2d 800, 802 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1982), writ ref’d n.r.e., 639 S.W.2d
451 (Tex. 1982) (per curiam) (affidavit of relinquishment is invalid when acknowledged by
an attorney with a strong financial and beneficial interest in the proceeding).
In Terrell, after executing an irrevocable affidavit of relinquishment, the mother filed
a proceeding to revoke her relinquishment. Id. at 801. The trial court heard the
termination suit first, and determined the affidavit to be irrevocable, and terminated the
mother’s parental rights. Id. at 801-02. On appeal, the record established that the
attorney for the prospective adoptive parents not only notarized the mother’s affidavit, but
the affidavit designated the attorney as the managing conservator of the child. Id. at 802.
The attorney represented the adoptive parents at both the termination proceeding and
the appeal. Id. There was a dispute at trial concerning whether the mother had actually
sworn to the affidavit. The mother testified that she had not; however, the attorney
testified that she had. Id. The court of appeals voided the affidavit because it determined
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that the attorney had a strong financial and beneficial interest in the affidavit that
disqualified the attorney to serve as the notary. Id. 4
In her brief, Mother asserts that her trial counsel was not prepared for a contested
trial and that trial counsel’s best interests were served by encouraging Mother to
relinquish her rights to A.R.M.K. However, during the hearing on the motion for new trial,
the court heard testimony from Mother’s trial counsel that counsel communicated with
Mother in person, by telephone, through several dozen emails, and fifty-one pages of text
messages, and that she was adequately prepared to try the case. Our review of the
record indicates that there was no evidence from which the court could conclude that
Mother’s counsel had an interest that disqualified counsel from serving as notary. As
such, we conclude that the affidavit is valid and complies with the requirements of section
161.103 of the Family Code. Moreover, Mother’s challenge is barred by section 161.211.
Section 161.211(c) of the Texas Family Code provides that: “A direct or collateral
attack on an order terminating parental rights based on an unrevoked affidavit of
relinquishment of parental rights . . . is limited to issues relating to fraud, duress, or
coercion in the execution of the affidavit.” § 161.211(c); Moore v. Brown, 408 S.W.3d
423, 438 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet. denied) (“Consequently, subsection (c)’s limitation
of direct or collateral attack[s] on an order terminating parental rights based on an
unrevoked affidavit of relinquishment of parental rights to issues relating to fraud, duress,
or coercion in the execution of the affidavit proscribes challenges based solely on a
4 In refusing to grant writ on this case, the Texas Supreme Court stated the following: “We are not
to be understood as approving the holding of the Court of Appeals that the affidavit of relinquishment was
void because the attorney who acted as the notary to take the affidavit has a ‘strong financial and beneficial
interest.’ Among other things, no financial interest appears in the record. The point is reserved.” Id. at
452.
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complaint that the affidavit violated one of section 161.103’s requirements.”); see also In
re A.H., No. 09-14-00291-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 13549, at *11 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont Sept. 15, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Therefore, challenges to deficiencies in
the affidavits [under section 161.103] are precluded under section 161.211(c).”).
Because the record does not support Mother’s assertions and because the
challenge is barred by section 161.211(c), we overrule Mother’s first issue.
Fraud in Execution of Affidavit
In her second issue, Mother claims that her affidavit of voluntary relinquishment of
parental rights was obtained due to fraud. Mother contends that this fraud occurred
because she was promised post-adoption contact, but her trial counsel failed to obtain a
completed, executed copy of the agreement.
As previously noted, a direct attack on an order terminating parental rights based
on an unrevoked affidavit of relinquishment is limited to issues relating to fraud, duress,
or coercion in the execution of the affidavit. § 161.211(c); In re M.M., 538 S.W.3d 540,
541 (Tex. 2017) (per curiam). In this context, “[f]raud may be committed through active
misrepresentation or passive silence and is an act, omission, or concealment in breach
of a legal duty, trust, or confidence justly imposed, when the breach causes injury to
another or the taking of an undue and unconscientious advantage.” In re D.E.H., 301
S.W.3d at 829. The burden of proving fraud is on the party opposing the affidavit. Id. at
830.
At the termination hearing, the caseworker testified that the affidavit of
relinquishment was signed in conjunction with a post-adoption agreement between the
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parents and the paternal aunt. The caseworker further testified that Mother’s attorney
reviewed the affidavit with Mother and the caseworker did not have any reason to believe
that the affidavit was not signed freely and voluntarily. The details of the agreement were
not announced to the court, and the agreement was not admitted into evidence. During
the hearing on the motion for new trial, Mother’s trial counsel testified that around the time
of the final hearing, the Department approved the home study of the paternal aunt and
made plans to move A.R.M.K. to the aunt’s care. Mother’s trial counsel acknowledged
that she prepared a Rule 11 agreement for post-adoption contact between Mother and
the paternal aunt, but that she did not have a completed and signed Rule 11 agreement.
Mother’s trial counsel also testified that Mother wasn’t worried about a written agreement
because “she and [the paternal aunt] are close.”
Mother did not testify at the hearing on her motion for new trial. She does not
direct us to any place in the record that supports her assertion that she was promised or
relied on a promise of post-adoption contact. Likewise, she fails to identify any place in
the record where she establishes that she would not have voluntarily relinquished her
rights to A.R.M.K. but for an agreement for post-adoption contact. After reviewing the
record, we conclude that Mother has failed to satisfy her burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that the affidavit of relinquishment was executed as a
result of fraud. See id. at 832. Consequently, Mother’s second issue is overruled.
Best Interest of the Child
In her third issue, Mother contends that without an affidavit of relinquishment
executed in compliance with section 161.103, or with an affidavit that was obtained by
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fraud, the evidence is factually insufficient to establish that termination of her parental
rights was in the best interest of A.R.M.K. To the extent that this issue encompasses
issues determined in our analysis of Mother’s first two issues, it is overruled.
An affidavit of relinquishment itself can provide clear and convincing evidence that
termination is in a child’s best interest. In re K.S.L., 538 S.W.3d 107, 112 (Tex. 2017).
Here, in addition to the signed affidavit of relinquishment, the court heard evidence from
the Department caseworker concerning the child’s placement in a foster home in Lubbock
and a recently approved home study for a paternal aunt. According to the caseworker,
the paternal aunt expressed a desire to be a long-term placement and to adopt A.R.M.K.
if parental rights are terminated. The court also heard the caseworker’s opinion that it is
in A.R.M.K.’s best interest to be in a long-term placement with the aunt, who can provide
a stable environment for A.R.M.K., because Mother was not able to currently provide a
safe and appropriate home for A.R.M.K.
Based upon our review of the entire record, we conclude that the trial court could
have reasonably formed a firm conviction or belief that termination of Mother’s rights was
in A.R.M.K.’s best interest. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002); In re M.N.G.,
147 S.W.3d 521, 539 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied). Accordingly, we hold
that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the best interest finding, and
we overrule Mother’s third issue.
Appointment of Department as Managing Conservator
In her fourth issue, Mother urges that the court erred in appointing the Department
as the managing conservator of A.R.M.K. The Department argues that this issue is
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subsumed by Mother’s challenge to the termination of her parental rights. See In re
D.N.C., 252 S.W.3d 317, 318 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam). We agree with the Department.
We review a conservatorship determination for an abuse of discretion and will
reverse only if the decision is arbitrary and unreasonable. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611,
616 (Tex. 2007). Texas Family Code section 161.207(a) provides, in part, that if the court
terminates the parent-child relationship with respect to both parents or to the only living
parent, the court shall appoint “a suitable, competent adult,” the Department, or a licensed
child-placing agency as managing conservator of the child. § 161.207(a).
Here, we have concluded that the evidence presented at the final hearing was
sufficient to support the trial court’s findings under sections 161.001(b)(1)(K) and
161.001(b)(2). There was no evidence presented to establish appointment of another
suitable, competent adult as conservator of the child. Accordingly, Mother’s argument
against the trial court’s appointment of the Department as the permanent managing
conservator is without merit. In re N.T., 474 S.W.3d 465, 481 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015,
no pet.). We overrule Mother’s fourth issue.
Conclusion
Having resolved each of Mother’s issues against her, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
Judy C. Parker
Justice
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