Gabriel Perez v. State

NO. 07-06-0434-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
JULY 28, 2008
______________________________
GABRIEL PEREZ, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE 140TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;
NO. 2005-408,866; HONORABLE JIM BOB DARNELL, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Gabriel Perez, pled guilty in open court to the felony offense of
possession of a controlled substance (cocaine) with intent to deliver,1 enhanced, and was
1
Tex. Health and Safety Code Ann., § 481.112(a) (Vernon 2003).
sentenced to sixty years confinement. He contends by two issues that the trial court erred
when it denied his motion to suppress all physical evidence and all statements made as
a result of an illegal search and arrest. We affirm.
Background
A Lubbock County Grand Jury returned an indictment charging Appellant with
possession of a controlled substance (to-wit: cocaine) with intent to deliver. Appellant
subsequently filed a motion to suppress all physical evidence and all his statements. At
the hearing, DPS Troopers Katrina Jones and Corina Gainey testified that on August 12,
2004, they were traveling east on the U.S. 87 frontage road at County Road 7200 when
they stopped a car because its registration had expired. As Jones approached the driver,
Gainey approached the passenger. Appellant was the passenger. Neither the driver nor
the passenger could produce a driver’s license and both appeared to be nervous. A
license check revealed that the driver had outstanding warrants. It was also determined
that the car belonged to a third party. The troopers arrested the driver, read him his
Miranda rights, and placed him in the front seat of the patrol car.
At the troopers’ request, Appellant voluntarily stepped out of the car. Jones asked
Appellant if he had any weapons or narcotics in the car and he answered, “No.” When the
troopers frisked Appellant as a safety precaution, they noticed he had a white powdery
substance on his black pants. As he stood by the roadside, they searched the car incident
to the driver’s arrest. In the car, they discovered scales covered with a white residue in the
2
glove compartment on the passenger side. They also noticed a similar white powdery
substance on the floorboard on the passenger side while the driver’s side floorboard was
clean. They believed the white substance was cocaine.
Gainey asked Appellant to remove his shoes and he refused. She advised
Appellant he was under arrest for possession of drug paraphernalia, handcuffed him, and
placed him in the backseat of the patrol car behind the driver. Appellant was read his
Miranda rights and he indicated that he understood those rights. The troopers then
resumed their search of the car.
After completing their search, Jones returned to the patrol car and sat in the back
seat with Appellant. She noticed Appellant was very nervous and had removed a shoe.
After they arrived at the county jail, Gainey searched the patrol car and found six
individually-wrapped rocks of cocaine underneath the front passenger seat. The cocaine
rocks were in plastic baggies and appeared to have been kicked underneath the front seat
from the rear seat where Appellant had sat while being transported to the county jail.
Jones placed Appellant under arrest for possession of a controlled substance. She then
advised Appellant that, if he carried any controlled substance into the jail, the possession
charge would be bumped up to a higher charge because they had entered a controlled
facility with a controlled substance. Appellant responded that he had an additional rock of
cocaine in his sock. The troopers secured the additional narcotics and booked Appellant.
The rocks located under the front seat and the rock found in Appellant’s sock, which were
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similar to the white powdery substance found on the scales in the glove compartment and
floorboard on the passenger side of the vehicle, tested positive for cocaine.
At the end of the hearing, without making a definitive ruling on the record, the trial
court expressed doubt as to whether its ruling would be any different from a ruling issued
in another criminal case involving the driver of the vehicle.2 Our review of the remaining
record reveals no additional indication that the trial court ever ruled on Appellant’s motion.
Furthermore, the record does not reflect the trial court’s ruling in the other criminal case,
nor whether the issues presented in either hearing were similar.
Discussion
Appellant contends his initial arrest for possession of drug paraphernalia lacked
probable cause because the car’s driver claimed ownership of the scales. Moreover, he
asserts the troopers did not have reasonably trustworthy information warranting a
reasonable person to believe Appellant had committed or was committing a crime when
he was arrested for possession of drug paraphernalia. As a result, Appellant contends all
physical evidence and his statements following the alleged illegal arrest should be
suppressed.
2
In his brief, Appellant cites only the following statement by the trial court in support
of his contention that a ruling was made on his motion to suppress:
“Since this is set for trial on Monday, if you-all want to present anything to the
Court on Monday morning at 8:30, you may do so. I doubt the Court’s ruling
is going to be any different than it was in Mr. Erevia’s case, but –. “
4
Initially, Appellant failed to preserve his objections related to his arrest and
subsequent search for appeal because the record does not reflect an adverse ruling by the
trial court on his motion to suppress. Rule 33.1(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate
Procedure requires, among other things, that the record show the trial court “ruled on the
request, objection, or motion, either expressly or implicitly . . . .” Tex. R. App. P.
33.1(a)(2)(A). See Gutierrez v. State, 36 S.W.3d 509, 511 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). Further,
the trial court’s “Certification of Defendant’s Right of Appeal” states “a defendant may
appeal only . . . those matters that were raised by written motions filed and ruled on before
trial . . . .” Emphasis added.
Here, the trial court neither explicitly nor implicitly ruled on Appellant’s motion to
suppress. “While the fact that the trial judge ultimately found [appellant] guilty is a factor
to be considered in determining whether the trial court ruled adversely on his motion to
suppress, it is not dispositive.” Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 105 (Tex.Crim.App.
2006) (a defendant can abandon a motion to suppress before entering a guilty plea).
Moreover, to constitute a ruling, the trial court’s explicit or implicit statements must do more
than just indicate that the trial court is leaning one way or the other. See Sauceda v. State,
129 S.W.3d 116, 124 n.6 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). Here, we have no more than an indication
that the court is leaning toward issuing a ruling similar to a ruling in another criminal case.3
3
As previously stated, the record does not reflect the trial court’s ruling in the other
criminal case, nor can we determine whether the issues presented in each hearing was
similar.
5
Accordingly, nothing before this Court was preserved below for review because the record
does not sufficiently show that Appellant’s motion to suppress was denied.
That said, however, the trial court’s judgment would be affirmed even if error was
preserved. The initial traffic stop and subsequent frisk of Appellant’s person were proper.
It is generally accepted that law enforcement officers may lawfully stop and detain a
motorist who commits a traffic violation, Garcia v. State, 827 S.W.2d 937, 944
(Tex.Crim.App. 1992), and, once an officer has validly detained an individual, he or she
may conduct a limited protective search for weapons if he has a reasonable fear for his
safety. Morrison v. State, 132 S.W.3d 37, 45 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet.
ref’d) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968)). The
uncontroverted testimony at the hearing was that the car was stopped for lack of
registration and Appellant was frisked for safety reasons.
In addition, the troopers conducted a valid search of the car incident to the driver’s
arrest. See State v. Gray, 158 S.W.3d 465, 469-70 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005); Wiede v. State,
157 S.W.3d 87, 96-7 (Tex.App.–Austin 2005, pet. ref’d). The vehicle search incident to
arrest can include a search of the passenger compartment of the vehicle. New York v.
Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 460, 101 S. Ct. 2860, 69 L. Ed. 2d 768 (1981); Welch v. State, 93
S.W.3d 50, 59 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002) (Womack, J., concurring). Furthermore, a vehicle
search can include the vehicle’s glove compartment. Satterwhite v. State, 726 S.W.2d 81,
86-7 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986), rev’d on other grounds, 486 U.S. 249, 250-51, 108 S. Ct. 1792,
6
100 L. Ed. 2d 284 (1988). See also Williams v. State, 726 S.W.2d 99, 100 (Tex.Crim.App.
1986); Moreno v. State, 124 S.W.3d 339, 350 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.).
Thus, pursuant to a valid vehicle search incident to the driver’s arrest, the troopers
observed the white powdery substance on the floorboard on the passenger side of the
vehicle and discovered the scales covered with a white residue in the unlocked glove
compartment.
Appellant’s demeanor, discovery of the residue-covered scales, the white powdery
substance on the passenger floorboard, and the fact that Appellant’s pants were covered
with a similar substance believed by the troopers to be cocaine supplied probable cause4
for the troopers to arrest Appellant for possession of the drug paraphernalia.5 The troopers
were not required to know that the scales were contraband; their reasonable belief that it
was contraband was sufficient. Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 742-43, 103 S. Ct. 1535,
75 L. Ed. 2d 502 (1983). Just because the driver may have also been implicated in
possession of the scales is not controlling for purposes of determining whether probable
4
“Probable cause deals with probabilities.” Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 87
(Tex.Crim.App. 1997). While it requires more than mere suspicion, it may be established
by far less evidence than that necessary to support a conviction or even a finding by a
preponderance of evidence. Id.
5
A person commits the offense of possession of drug paraphernalia if the person
knowingly uses or possesses with intent to use drug paraphernalia to process, pack, ingest
or inhale a controlled substance into the human body. Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §
481.125(a) (Vernon 2003). Scales may be classified as “drug paraphernalia.” See
Hargrove v. State, 211 S.W.3d 379, 386 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d), cert.
denied, ___ U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct. 134, 169 L. Ed. 2d 93 (2007).
7
cause existed for Appellant’s arrest. See Gomez v. State, 365 S.W.2d 165, 166
(Tex.Crim.App. 1963) (citing Hargiss v. State, 172 Tex. Crim. 531, 360 S.W.2d 881, 882
(1962)). Accordingly, Appellant’s arrest for possession of drug paraphernalia was
supported by probable cause and was, therefore, legal.
Finally, Appellant’s subsequent statement at the county jail in response to the
Trooper Jones’s warning that, if any additional contraband was found inside the controlled
facility the penalty would be enhanced, came shortly after Appellant had received his
Miranda warnings and was voluntary. See Jones v. State, 119 S.W.3d 766, 773
(Tex.Crim.App. 2003); Ex parte Bagley, 509 S.W.2d 332, 338 (Tex.Crim.App. 1974).
When the accused is advised of his rights, indicates he understands his rights, and
thereafter elects to talk with an arresting officer, the accused waives his Fifth Amendment
rights. Id. (citing United States v. Gaytan, 74 F.3d 545, 555 (5th Cir. 1996), cert. denied,
519 U.S. 821, 117 S. Ct. 77, 136 L. Ed. 2d 36 (1996)). Having received his Miranda rights
at the time of his arrest, Appellant waived those rights when he elected to respond to the
trooper’s statement after being transported to the county jail. See Jones v. Fountain, 121
F. Supp. 571, 581 (E.D. Tex. 2000). Accordingly, we overrule both issues.
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Conclusion
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice
Do not publish.
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