DocketNumber： 09-00-00044-CV
Filed Date： 10/25/2001
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 9/9/2015
This appeal concerns personal injury litigation arising from a motor vehicle accident. Jesus Maria Flores, an employee of K & K Construction, Inc., turned left across a highway at an uncontrolled intersection. Cathryn D. Hardy was the driver of the vehicle in the left turn lane directly behind Flores. Ronald W. Everett was her passenger. Donald Martin Semands, who was driving a vehicle in the opposite lane, swerved to avoid colliding with Flores. Semands's vehicle struck Hardy's vehicle. Hardy and Everett originally sued Semands, Flores, and K & K. Hardy and Everett settled with Semands before trial. The trial court granted Semands's motion to realign the parties, and Semands sued Flores and K & K. Doris Ann Semands filed a claim for loss of consortium. The jury found Semands to be negligent and failed to find Flores and K & K to be negligent. Hardy and Everett raise five issues in their brief. The Semandses raise five issues in their brief.
The Semandses' first issue contends:
The trial court erred in allowing Intervenor Donald Martin Semands to be [referred] to as a defendant after granting Intervenors' motion to realign parties and thereby prejudiced Intervenors by the inference of fault, settlement and insurance.
The Semandses' brief does not specify the page on which this error occurred and where they preserved the complaint. The record pages referred in their discussion of the issue are either bench conferences or questions in which the word "defendant" was not used, with one exception. The trial court granted a pre-trial motion to realign the parties, but reserved ruling on whether the jury could be informed that Hardy had sued Semands. At the commencement of jury selection the trial court addressed the venire, stating in part:
I'll tell you basically that what we have is a personal injury type of case. It has to do with three vehicles out here on 105 West that were involved in an accident. Two of the vehicles had a substantial collision, I understand. I don't know all the facts. But the name of the case has to do - - the way the clerk has it printed, it's printed Cathryn Hardy versus Donald Semands. But that doesn't tell the whole story.
. . . .
This is Donald Semands, III. He was the third driver of an automobile involved in the accident. His vehicle was involved in the collision. He suffered alleged injuries. He is named as an Intervenor in the case. At one time - - as I mentioned to you, the title of the case at one time he was a Defendant in the case. He's no longer a Defendant. I ask you not to consider that matter. However, you will be able to consider the alleged negligence or fault involved on the part of any of these three drivers involved in the accident. You'll have a full presentation of the case. He's not listed now as a Defendant. He is listed as an Intervenor and against Mr. Flores and K&K Construction, Inc.
No objection was made to the judge's comments. The Semandses' first issue is not preserved for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
Hardy and Everett's first issue raises the same error as the Semandses' second issue:
The trial court erred in taking judicial notice of Plaintiffs' Original Petition and further harmed [the appellants] by reading only those portions that were prejudicial to [the appellants.]
Hardy and Everett originally sued Semands for negligence, in addition to Flores and K & K. They non-suited Semands by filing an amended petition that dropped Semands as a defendant. During a mid-trial bench hearing, the trial court took judicial notice of the superseded pleading. The trial court then addressed the jury, as follows:
I'm sorry, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, for the extended bench conference. We're sort of in a technical area, and I don't want to make a mistake. I do want to take judicial notice of something that's part of the file at this time, and in connection with the line of questioning we've been experiencing here. And the judicial notice that I take is something the Court is allowed to do about matters that are within his purview that may then be presented to the jury as part of your evidence in the case. You don't have to accept it, you don't have to believe it. You may give it such weight as you think it's entitled to.
But I take judicial notice that, in a previous pleading in a previous petition in this case, not the present active pleadings on file, but in a previous pleading filed on behalf of Miss Hardy and Mr. Everett, . . . but these are the allegations in that petition just insofar as it concerns Mr. Semands, the Intervenor, over there. . . . One, failing to maintain such lookout as a person of ordinary prudence would have maintained. That's paraphrasing. Failing to timely apply brakes in order to avoid the collision. Three, failing to apply brakes. Looks like a repetition. Failing to - first, failing to timely apply, and second, failing to apply. Fourth, failing to keep his vehicle under proper control. Fifth, driving in excess of what a person of ordinary prudence would have done with reference to the rate of speed. Sixth, failing to stay in his lane of travel. Seven, failing to pay attention when operating a vehicle. And eight, failing to take proper evasive action so as to avoid this collision.
The abandoned pleading was a document contained in the court's file. A court may take judicial notice that a pleading has been filed in the cause. Tschirhart v. Tschirhart, 876 S.W.2d 507, 508 (Tex. App.--Austin 1994, no writ).
Taking judicial notice that the pleading was filed is a separate issue from whether the pleading was admissible. The appellants did not make a hearsay objection to the superseded pleading. We might assume that the hearsay objection was understood, since the trial judge asked the plaintiffs' counsel to tell him why the pleading would not be admissible as an admission against interest. See Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v. Lowe, 888 S.W.2d 243, 252 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 1994, no writ) (opin. on reh'g). Hardy testified that she did not know if she had alleged that Semands was negligent. On appeal, the appellants cite Mendoza v. Fidelity and Guar. Ins. Underwriters, Inc., 606 S.W.2d 692, 694 (Tex. 1980), for the proposition that a statement must be clear and unequivocal in order to be used against a party at trial. The statement against interest must be clear and unequivocal in order to have the preclusive effect of a formal judicial admission. Id. In the instant case, the trial court did not treat the abandoned pleading as a formal judicial admission of conclusive effect, but expressly informed the jury that it could assign such weight to the noticed pleaded as it felt appropriate.
Next, the appellants argue that the trial court erred in reading only that portion of the abandoned pleading that referred to Semands. The trial court informed the appellants that they could go into the allegations against Flores and K & K. Furthermore, there is no material difference between the abandoned pleading and the live pleading as regards the allegations against Flores and K & K. Any error in not reciting the entire pleading would be harmless, considering the jury was informed of the allegations against Flores and K & K, and the appellants were not precluded from establishing that those allegations were not a recent development. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a).
Hardy and Everett also contend that the trial court erred in denying their motion to sever. The motion to sever was filed after the verdict was rendered. Severance of improperly joined parties must be had before the case is submitted to the jury. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 41; State Dep't of Highways and Pub. Transp. v. Cotner, 845 S.W.2d 818, 819 (Tex. 1993). Although Hardy and Everett claim they raised the issue orally at some point during the trial, they admit that no oral motion to sever appears in the record. The appellees' response to the motion to sever acknowledges that an oral motion was raised and denied by the trial court because the delay in requesting a severance prejudiced the defense. Absent a record to the contrary, we assume the trial court acted within the bounds of its discretion. See Simon v. York Crane & Rigging Co., Inc., 739 S.W.2d 793, 795 (Tex. 1987). Hardy's and Everett's Issues One and Two and the Semandses' Issues One and Two are overruled.
Issue Three for both sets of appellants contends the trial court erred in denying appellants' motion to exclude the expert testimony of Dr. Mike James. James testified at trial without objection, until he was asked whether he estimated the speed of Semands's vehicle. The trial court sustained the Semandses' objection to lack of predicate. After the question was rephrased, the Semandses objected that they were not provided with written calculations at the time of James's deposition. James's report was provided to appellants, but they claim that they were not provided with the underlying data. At trial, the Semandses' counsel admitted he received seven pages of handwritten field notes. The trial court sustained the objection to any new and unsupplemented material and limited James's testimony to the matters James testified to in his deposition. The trial court instructed the jury to disregard the testimony regarding matters which had not been timely provided through supplemental discovery. As the appellants did not receive an adverse ruling, no error is shown. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).
The appellants also argue that Dr. James's expert testimony did not meet the threshold for admissibility under E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 557 (Tex. 1995). On voir dire, Dr. James detailed his professional experience, the facts and data upon which he based his opinion, and the methodology that he employed in estimating the speed of the vehicles involved in the collision. The appellants argue that James failed to establish the reliability of the data underlying his opinion because he ran a computer program without reducing the run to hard copy. Dr. James testified, however, that he did not reduce the program results to writing because there were several aspects of the case that the program could not take into account, and that he therefore felt it would not give an accurate speed.
The Semandses' expert, Kelley Adamson, a former student and employee of Dr. James's, faulted James for not referring to co-efficients for the friction value while the pickup was braking, or to "crush to stiffness" values. Adamson noted that James had surveyed the scene, measured the vehicles, measured the crush, and conducted a turn test. Adamson used James's data in his own calculations, but criticized James for stating that Semands's speed was 70 to 80 miles per hour ("mph") without producing documents where he mathematically calculated the speed of Semands's vehicle at impact.
Dr. James testified that he used Adamson's data in forming his opinion. James testified that his calculation of Semands's speed of 60 mph at impact (5 mph higher than Adamson's estimate) was based upon the computer program he ran, his knowledge of the omissions in the program, and his judgment in crash testing. According to James, the computer program did not take into account the additional energy required to bend the buckling front end to the left or right. James also testified that the program did not account for the rollover. Adamson agreed, but stated that the post-impact rollover could be accounted for with hand calculations.
James and Adamson examined each other's data and formed their expert opinions based upon that data. The men agreed on the methodology employed, and agreed that factors present in the case required modification of the computer program both men used in their work. James's failure to reduce some of his calculations to written form went to the weight of his testimony, not its admissibility. See Onwuteaka v. Gill, 908 S.W.2d 276, 283 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ). We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling the objection to the expert's testimony. Issue Three is overruled.
Issue Four for both sets of appellants contends the jury's verdict as to liability was based on factually insufficient evidence or was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We examine the entire record to determine if the jury's finding is so contrary to the overwhelming weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986).
The appellants argue that the undisputed evidence established that Flores pulled out in front of Semands. Semands collided with Hardy's vehicle after Semands swerved into the left turn lane in order to avoid Flores's vehicle. He had not noticed that she was there. The appellees argue that the jury could have reasonably found that Flores did not act negligently because he began his turn with sufficient time to complete it safely. In the alternative, the appellees argue that the jury could have reasonably found that Flores was not the proximate cause of the accident, because Semands realized Flores was going to turn but left his foot on the accelerator because he did not expect Flores to come across.
Flores testified that the road was clear when he started his turn, and that once he was on the cross-road Semands passed behind him. Semands testified that he was driving 70 mph in a 65 mph zone, and that he kicked off cruise control when the first dump truck crossed the road, but that he placed his foot back on the accelerator until he noticed the second truck, driven by Flores, inch forward. He saw the truck move forward and realized Flores was going to cross the road, but he expected Flores to stop and therefore made no attempt to slow down until Flores crossed the road while he was about 300 yards away. Semands testified that he started moving into the left turn lane from 50 yards away. Another motorist, Robert Johanson, testified that Flores had cleared some of the lanes by the time Semands reached him.
There is evidence that Semands's vehicle was visible when Flores crossed. However, there is also evidence in the record that Flores had adequate time to cross the road. There is also evidence that Semands was aware that Flores was crossing, but he made no attempt to slow down. There is evidence from which the jury could have determined that Flores acted reasonably prudently and that the accident was caused by Semands's moving into Hardy's lane unnecessarily. While there is evidence of weight to the contrary, that evidence does not greatly outweigh the evidence supporting the verdict. Issue Four is overruled.
Issue Five for both sets of appellants contends the trial court erred in failing to grant appellants' motions for new trial. Neither set of appellants briefed the issue on appeal. As the motions for new trial present the issues raised generally in issues one through four, all of which have been addressed elsewhere in this opinion and overruled, the trial court did not err in failing to grant the motions for new trial. Issue Five is overruled. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
PER CURIAM
Submitted on September 6, 2001
Opinion Delivered October 25, 2001
Do Not Publish
Before Walker, C.J., Burgess and Gaultney, JJ.
Westchester Fire Insurance Co. v. Lowe , 1994 Tex. App. LEXIS 2877 ( 1994 )
Tschirhart v. Tschirhart , 1994 Tex. App. LEXIS 938 ( 1994 )
Onwuteaka v. Gill , 1995 Tex. App. LEXIS 2193 ( 1995 )
Mendoza v. Fidelity & Guaranty Insurance Underwriters, Inc. , 606 S.W.2d 692 ( 1980 )
State Department of Highways & Public Transportation v. ... , 36 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 481 ( 1993 )
Cain v. Bain , 29 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 214 ( 1986 )
Simon v. York Crane & Rigging Co., Inc. , 31 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 40 ( 1987 )