Edward Guzman v. State

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-13-00131-CR
Edward Guzman, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. CR-12-0006, THE HONORABLE JACK H. ROBISON, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Edward Guzman of four felony offenses—aggravated
kidnapping, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, aggravated assault causing serious bodily
injury, and unlawful restraint—all arising out of an encounter between appellant and his former
girlfriend.1 See Tex. Penal Code §§ 20.04, 22.02, 20.02. The jury assessed his punishment at
confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for 60 years for the kidnapping, 20 years
and 60 years for the assaults, and 10 years for the unlawful restraint. See id. §§ 12.32–.34. On
appeal, appellant complains about ineffective assistance of counsel, the admission of extraneous
conduct evidence, error in the jury charge, and improper jury argument. Finding no reversible error,
we affirm the trial court’s judgments of conviction.
1
The jury acquitted appellant of an additional attempted murder charge. See Tex. Penal
Code §§ 15.01, 19.02.
BACKGROUND
Appellant and Danielle Gay dated for eight years and have a daughter together. One
evening in October of 2011, about nine months after they had broken up, appellant went to Gay’s
home to pick up their six-year-old daughter for his visitation. He spoke briefly with Gay at the front
door, then took their daughter out to his car. Pursuant to a prearranged plan, he gave his daughter
to his current girlfriend, Ofelia Cisneros, who drove her to their home. Appellant then returned to
Gay’s door and asked for their daughter’s cell phone. When Gay went inside her home to retrieve
it, appellant entered her home and followed her upstairs to the bedroom. Standing in the doorway
of the room, he told Gay to put her hands behind her back. She laughed and told him to get out of
her house. He then told her that if she screamed, he would hurt her. Gay turned to run away, and
appellant tackled her to the floor. He taped and tied her hands behind her back, picked her up off
the floor, and put her on the bed. He then paced around the bed and told Gay that she had ruined his
life and taken things from him that he wanted. After several minutes, appellant bent her legs and tied
her feet to her hands bound behind her back. Gay complained that he was hurting her, cutting off
the circulation in her hands. Appellant responded that he did not care and continued tightening the
bindings. He then put something in Gay’s mouth and gagged her by tying a scarf (or scarf-like
fabric) around her head covering her face.
Appellant then left the bedroom, leaving Gay bound face down on the bed. Gay heard
him downstairs rummaging through things in her house. Eventually, appellant returned to the
bedroom. He removed the scarf from Gay’s head, untied her feet from her hands, sat her up on the
bed, and then retied her feet together. He sat down next to her and continued telling her that she had
2
ruined his life. Gay apologized and told appellant that he could have back whatever he wanted. He
said it was too late for that. He untied her hands from behind her back and retied them in front of
her. He then tried to give her something to drink but she refused, not knowing what it was. After
several unsuccessful attempts to force her to drink the liquid, appellant set the cup aside and told her
that they had to go to his house to get his car because all of the things he wanted to take would not
fit in her car. He loosened the bindings on her feet to give her leeway to walk and escorted her
downstairs. At the bottom of the stairs, appellant pulled up his shirt to show her a gun he had stuffed
in his pants “in case [she tried] anything.” Gay recognized the gun as her gun that she kept in the
top cabinet of her kitchen. Appellant pulled her through the house and then took her to her car,
holding her arm. He put her in the passenger seat and then went around to the driver’s seat. He got
in the car, looped the rope that bound Gay’s hands around the base of his seatbelt, and buckled
his seatbelt.
Appellant drove them to his house. At his house, he woke up Ofelia and had her
bring his daughter to his car, telling her that Gay was going to put gas in both of their cars. Gay
remained bound in the passenger seat of her car and saw Ofelia carry her sleeping daughter to
appellant’s car. She also saw appellant get a gas can off the porch and put it in her car. With Ofelia
driving appellant’s car and appellant driving Gay’s car, they drove to the gas station where appellant
removed Gay’s debit card from her purse, asked her for the PIN number, and used her debit card to
put gas in both cars and the gas can. After filling up, appellant started driving back to her house.
At one point, he pulled over and went to talk to Ofelia, who had pulled over in his car. He instructed
Ofelia to go to a particular location and wait for him.
3
Appellant then drove toward Gay’s house, but stopped at a church about two blocks
from her house. After a few minutes, he left the church and drove to Gay’s house. He took her
inside, telling her that they were waiting for Ofelia to come pick him up. After a while, appellant
took Gay back out to the car, explaining that they could drive around to look for Ofelia. After
driving for a few minutes, appellant pulled over on the side of the road. He got out of the car, looked
around, then got back into the car and drove further down the road, pulled over again, and got out
to look around again. Appellant repeated this pulling over process four times. He then drove back
to Gay’s house and then around town several times, all the while pretending to be looking for Ofelia.
Eventually, appellant parked at the end of Gay’s street. He turned off the car and told Gay that he
wanted her to get in the driver’s seat because it was hurting his back. He removed the bindings from
her hands, pulled her over the console to the driver’s seat, and told her to put her hands on the
steering wheel. Appellant then got out and came around to sit in the passenger seat. After a few
minutes, Gay told appellant that she had to use the bathroom. He agreed to allow her to go to her
house to use the bathroom. Tightly holding her arm, they walked to her house. He stood in the open
doorway of the bathroom while Gay went to the bathroom. He then took her back to her car, putting
her back in the driver’s seat.
As they sat in the car, purportedly looking for Ofelia’s car, appellant became agitated.
He sat on the edge of his seat shaking his leg and he repeatedly checked his phone. Gay continued
looking for Ofelia’s car. At one point, as she turned from looking down the road, appellant started
hitting her in the head. As he repeatedly struck her in the face with what felt like fists, Gay managed
to open the driver’s door. Appellant grabbed her, and they struggled as she tried to get out of the car.
4
At that point, Gay noticed her gun in appellant’s hands and she attempted to grab it. As they
struggled over the gun, they both fell out of the car. After they landed on the ground, appellant
started kicking Gay in addition to hitting her with either his fists or the gun. Gay testified that she
could feel blows all over her body. She began screaming, and he kicked her in the face with his
boot; Gay then felt herself begin to lose consciousness. At that point, as they once again struggled
over the gun, she heard the gun going off. Gay fell backward onto the pavement and tried to pull
herself away from appellant. Appellant grabbed her, dragging her back toward him. He sat on her
back straddling her and started pulling her hair, yelling at her to stop screaming. Gay managed to
stand up and fall back onto appellant causing him to release her. She again tried to crawl away.
Appellant grabbed her by the throat and dragged her back toward the car. At one point, appellant
pushed Gay back onto the hood of the car and choked her with his hands around her neck. Gay then
recalls her body suddenly hitting the ground, and appellant was gone. She pushed herself up and ran
screaming toward her complex. She ran into her neighbor’s carport and banged on his door. She
made contact with her neighbors, who called the paramedics.
Gay was transported by a life flight helicopter to a hospital in Austin where she was
treated for severe facial and head injuries, including soft tissue trauma to her face of such complexity
it required a plastic surgery consultation (a laceration from her forehead down across her nose went
through the muscle and exposed the bone), a nasal bone fracture, a chin laceration, and two large
scalp lacerations that required multiple staple sutures.
5
DISCUSSION
In five points of error, appellant asserts that his trial counsel rendered ineffective
assistance, the trial court erred in admitting extraneous conduct evidence during the guilt-innocence
phase, the trial court submitted an erroneous self-defense instruction in the jury charge, and the
prosecutor engaged in improper jury argument in the punishment phase.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his first and last points of error, appellant contends that his trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance at trial because counsel failed to object to certain testimony from the
investigating detective and failed to prove up appellant’s eligibility for community supervision.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, an appellant must demonstrate by a
preponderance of the evidence both deficient performance by counsel and prejudice suffered by the
defendant. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 307
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The appellant must first demonstrate that counsel’s performance fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 687–88; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307. The appellant must then show the existence of a reasonable
probability—one sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome—that the result of the
proceeding would have been different absent counsel’s deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 694; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308. Failure to make the required showing of either deficient
performance or sufficient prejudice defeats the ineffectiveness claim. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 700;
see Perez v. State, 310 S.W.3d 890, 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
6
Appellate review of counsel’s representation is highly deferential; we must “indulge
in a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct was not deficient.” Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307–08;
see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686. To rebut that presumption, a claim of ineffective assistance must
be “firmly founded in the record,” and “the record must affirmatively demonstrate” the meritorious
nature of the claim. See Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012);
Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Rarely will the trial record by
itself be sufficient to demonstrate an ineffective-assistance claim. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308. If trial
counsel has not been afforded the opportunity to explain the reasons for his conduct, we will not find
him to be deficient unless the challenged conduct was “so outrageous that no competent attorney
would have engaged in it.” Id. (quoting Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 593); Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d
at 392.
In this case, appellant filed a motion for new trial. However, he did not raise a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel in the motion.2 Thus, the record is silent as to why trial counsel
failed to act in the manner that appellant now complains about on appeal. Consequently, the record
before this Court is not sufficiently developed to allow us to evaluate those failures to act because
“[n]either [his] counsel nor the State have been given an opportunity to respond to” the claims of
ineffectiveness. See Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 593. The record is silent as to whether there was a
strategic reason for counsel’s conduct or what the particular strategy was. Appellant’s assertions that
2
In appellant’s affidavit attached to the motion and a subsequently filed affidavit from
appellant’s father, appellant appears to complain about trial counsel’s failure to call a particular
witness on his behalf. However, the failure to call this witness is not a ground for ineffectiveness
that appellant raises on appeal.
7
“there can be absolutely no trial strategy” for not objecting to the detective’s testimony and that
“there can be no trial strategy in depriving [appellant] of the possibility of probation” are mere
speculation. Such speculation does not constitute a demonstration, founded in the record, that no
reasonable trial strategy existed. See Villa v. State, 417 S.W.3d 455, 463 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)
(“[C]ounsel’s alleged deficiency must be affirmatively demonstrated in the trial record.”);
Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (“[C]ounsel’s deficiency
must be affirmatively demonstrated in the trial record; the court must not engage in
retrospective speculation.”).
Appellant’s trial attorney was not afforded an opportunity to explain his reasons for
the complained-of conduct. Absent record evidence regarding counsel’s strategy or reasoning, we
will presume he exercised reasonable professional judgment. See Hill v. State, 303 S.W.3d 863, 879
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. ref’d); Poole v. State, 974 S.W.2d 892, 902 (Tex. App.—Austin
1998, pet. ref’d); see also Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 143. Appellant has failed to rebut the strong
presumption of reasonable assistance because without explanation for trial counsel’s decisions, the
complained-of conduct does not compel a conclusion that his performance was deficient. We cannot
say that “no reasonable trial strategy could justify” his decision to engage in the complained-of
conduct.3 See Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 143. Nor can we conclude that his conduct was “so outrageous
3
For example, appellant criticizes his attorney for failing to object to testimony from the
detective regarding her belief that Gay’s statements to the police were truthful, that appellant lied
in his statements to police, and that Ofelia’s statements to police were rehearsed. Ordinarily,
witnesses are not permitted to testify as to their opinion about the truthfulness of other witnesses,
Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 140 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), the credibility of a complainant or the
truthfulness of a complainant’s allegations, Schutz v. State, 957 S.W.2d 52, 59 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997); Yount v. State, 872 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), or the guilt or innocence of a
8
that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.” See Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 592; see also
Ex parte Jimenez, 364 S.W.3d 866, 883 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (“The mere fact that another
attorney might have pursued a different tactic at trial does not suffice to prove a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel.”). Accordingly, we conclude that appellant has failed to demonstrate deficient
performance on the part of his trial counsel. See Frangias v. State, 450 S.W.3d 125, 136 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013) (“[U]nless there is a record sufficient to demonstrate that counsel’s conduct was not the
product of an informed strategic or tactical decision, a reviewing court should presume that trial
counsel’s performance was constitutionally adequate ‘unless the challenged conduct was so
defendant, Boyde v. State, 513 S.W.2d 588, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974); Sandoval v. State,
409 S.W.3d 259, 292 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). An argument can be made, however, that
counsel allowed the complained-of testimony here in order to demonstrate the bias of the State’s
witnesses. Subsequent questions propounded to the law enforcement official during cross
examination arguably attempted to highlight the detective’s immediate assumption that appellant was
guilty after hearing only Gay’s version of events, which led to a failure to conduct a thorough or
complete investigation.
Further, as to counsel’s failure to prove up appellant’s eligibility for community supervision,
appellant correctly notes that the record reflects that trial counsel was initially mistaken in his belief
that filing the sworn affidavit of appellant was sufficient to prove up his eligibility for community
supervision. However, the record also reflects that after the court advised counsel that the sworn
affidavit was insufficient and that witness testimony was required to put the issue before the jury,
trial counsel conferred with appellant. Subsequently, he opted not to reopen to put on any evidence.
Appellant testified about this issue (outside the jury’s presence), indicating that even with the
requirement that evidence of his eligibility be presented—and the fact that he was “the primary
witness” as to that matter— appellant decided it was not in his best interest to testify. Appellant and
his counsel could very well have determined that the benefit of appellant testifying to prove up his
community supervision eligibility was outweighed by the exposure to cross examination, balancing
the remote possibility that the jury would recommend community supervision against possible
damaging or incriminating testimony that could be elicited by the State to appellant’s detriment. In
his brief, appellant attempts to dismiss trial counsel’s strategic decision not to have appellant testify
by arguing that counsel was unprepared to present evidence regarding appellant’s community
supervision eligibility because he did not have a witness other than appellant ready to testify as to
appellant’s eligibility. This contention speculates that some witness other than appellant was
available to provide such testimony, something not demonstrated by the record.
9
outrageous that no competent attorney would have engaged in it.’”) (quoting Goodspeed, 187 S.W.3d
at 392).
Because appellant failed to meet his burden on the first prong of Strickland, we need
not consider the requirements of the second prong—prejudice. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 144; see
Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (“An appellant’s failure to satisfy
one prong of the Strickland test negates a court’s need to consider the other prong.”). Nevertheless,
we also find that appellant failed to demonstrate that he suffered prejudice.
Even if an appellant shows that particular errors of counsel were unreasonable, he
must further show that they actually had an adverse effect on the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
693–95; Cochran v. State, 78 S.W.3d 20, 24 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2002, no pet.). It is not sufficient
that a defendant show, with the benefit of hindsight, that his counsel’s actions or omissions during
trial were of questionable competence. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142–43. Further, merely showing that
the errors had some conceivable effect on the proceedings will not suffice. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
693; Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Instead, he must prove that
counsel’s errors, judged by the totality of the representation, not by isolated instances of error or by
a portion of the trial, denied him a fair trial. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695.
In his argument regarding prejudice, appellant argues that he was “undoubtedly
harmed” by the detective’s testimony (regarding her belief that Gay’s statements to the police were
truthful, that appellant lied in his statements to police, and that Ofelia’s statements to police were
rehearsed) because this was a situation where there were two sides to the story and the officer
endorsed one side. He asserts that “a jury could not help but be swayed by testimony of this nature.”
10
However, this assertion is a speculative claim without support in the record. Moreover, we observe
that the detective’s opinions were not particularly powerful. Given the fact that she secured an arrest
warrant for appellant and forwarded this case to the district attorney’s office for prosecution after her
investigation, one could logically assume that the detective found Gay credible and her allegations
truthful, and that she believed appellant was not truthful in his version of the events.
Appellant also maintains that he was harmed by counsel’s failure to prove his
eligibility for community supervision because he “waived any chance appellant had at receiving
[community supervision] for punishment.” However, in order to be eligible for community
supervision, the jury would have had to return sentences of ten years or less. See Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. art. 42.12, § 4(a), (d)(1). The jury only did so in the unlawful restraint case, and in that case
the ten-year sentence was the maximum. The other sentences returned by the jury—60 years for the
first degree aggravated kidnapping, 60 years for the first degree aggravated assault causing serious
bodily injury, and 20 years for the second degree aggravated assault with a deadly weapon (also the
maximum for that offense)—indicate that the jury was seeking to impose harsh sentences for
appellant’s conduct.4 Nothing in the record suggests that the jury was inclined to return the more
lenient punishment of community supervision even had such an option been available.5 Appellant’s
4
We also note that the jury assessed the maximum fine of $10,000 for each of the
four offenses.
5
We observe that in his punishment closing argument, appellant’s trial counsel did not even
ask for the minimum prison sentences in these cases. Rather—perhaps recognizing the severity of
the offenses for which the jury found appellant guilty and accurately reading the jury’s perception
of the serious nature of the offenses—he asked for a ten-year sentence for all four cases.
11
suggestion that the purported waiver of community supervision subjected him to harsher sentences
than he was originally exposed to is a speculative claim not supported by the record.
An accused is not entitled to entirely errorless representation, and we look to the
totality of the representation in gauging the adequacy of counsel’s performance. Frangias,
450 S.W.3d at 136. The record in this case reveals that trial counsel ably and adequately presented
the defense strategy, which involved attacking the credibility of Gay’s version of events,
emphasizing the biased and incomplete nature of the police investigation, and raising self-defense.
During guilt-innocence, counsel focused on the bias of the State’s witnesses, the inconsistencies in
the testimony, the inadequate and one-sided police investigation, and the lack of corroborating
evidence. Also, through the State’s evidence, he asserted a claim of self-defense. During
punishment, counsel focused on the mitigating factor of appellant’s age and asked for a minimal
sentence of ten years in all four cases. The fact that these strategies ultimately proved unsuccessful
does not render counsel’s assistance ineffective.
On the record before us, appellant has failed to demonstrate deficient performance
on the part of his trial counsel or that he suffered prejudice because of the alleged errors of counsel.
Thus, he has not shown himself entitled to reversal based on ineffective assistance of counsel. We
overrule appellant’s first and fifth points of error.
Extraneous Conduct Evidence
In its case-in-chief in the guilt-innocence phase of trial, the State offered evidence
during Gay’s testimony of appellant’s extraneous abusive conduct toward her during their
relationship. She detailed three instances of appellant’s abusive conduct: a physical altercation on
12
New Year’s Eve of 2010, an incident on appellant’s birthday on January 3, 2011, and an occasion
in February or March of 2011 where appellant pointed a gun at her.6 In his second point of error,
appellant asserts that the trial court erred in permitting this testimony because it was inadmissible
character-conformity evidence.
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of
discretion. Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Sandoval v. State,
409 S.W.3d 259, 297 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion only if
its determination “lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Martinez, 327 S.W.3d at 736;
Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A trial court’s decision to admit
evidence of an extraneous offense is generally within this zone if the evidence shows that (1) an
6
More specifically, Gay testified that during an altercation in their home on New Year’s Eve
appellant threatened her (by making a slashing motion across his neck), pushed her, punched her in
the face at least three times, grabbed her by the back of her neck and ponytail, and threw her down
on the floor. She stated that as a result of this incident, she had two black eyes and a bloody and
swollen nose.
Regarding the birthday incident, Gay testified that when appellant returned from celebrating
his birthday with friends, he came home angry and began screaming at her, demanding that she leave.
When she went to the bedroom to collect her things, he kicked open the bedroom door and hit her
in the middle of her body, knocking her backwards. Then, when she tried to get her daughter to
leave, appellant took the child from her and took the child into the bedroom. He then forcibly
removed Gay from their home by grabbing her at the back of her neck and around the waist and
dragging her out of the house. Gay was without any of her things and ended up moving in with
appellant’s aunt next door.
According to Gay’s testimony, a month or two later, appellant indicated in a message through
his aunt that Gay could return to their home to collect her belongings. When she was inside the
house, appellant became agitated when she began asking about the location of certain personal items
(such as her driver’s license and social security card) and told her to get out. When she reminded
appellant that he had told her she could come get her things, he stomped off to the bedroom and
returned with a gun. He pointed the gun directly at her and repeated his demand that she leave
their home.
13
extraneous transaction is relevant to a material, non-propensity issue, and (2) the probative value of
that evidence is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading of the jury. De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
If the trial court’s evidentiary ruling is correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling, we will
uphold that decision. Id.; Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 297.
Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b) prohibits the admission of extraneous conduct (other
crimes, wrongs, or acts) to prove a person’s character or to show that the person acted in conformity
with that character. See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b). However, extraneous conduct evidence may be
admissible when it has relevance apart from character conformity. Devoe v. State, 354 S.W.3d 457,
469 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Extraneous conduct may be admissible for some other purpose, such
as to show motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake
or accident. See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 387–88 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991) (op. on reh’g). This list is illustrative—the exceptions are neither mutually exclusive
nor collectively exhaustive. See De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343. Extraneous conduct evidence may
also be admissible to rebut defensive theories raised by the defense. See Williams, 301 S.W.3d at
687 (rebuttal of defensive theory is “one of the permissible purposes for which [relevant] evidence
may be admitted under Rule 404(b)”). Further, “‘Rule 404(b) is a rule of inclusion rather than
exclusion.’” De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 343 (quoting United States v. Bowie, 232 F.3d 923, 929
(D.C. Cir. 2000)). “The rule excludes only that evidence that is offered (or will be used) solely for
the purpose of proving bad character and hence conduct in conformity with that bad character.” Id.
(emphasis added) (citing Rankin v. State, 974 S.W.2d 707, 709 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)).
14
Throughout the course of trial, appellant advanced several defensive theories—he
denied causing Gay’s injuries, he challenged Gay’s version of the events, he attacked the police
investigation, and he asserted self-defense—all premised on his claim that he acted that night to
protect himself from Gay when she fired shots at him. He first made this claim during his phone call
to the detective the morning after the incident when Gay was in the hospital (a recording of which
was admitted into evidence and published to the jury). He then made similar comments during his
interview with the detective later that day (a recording of which was also admitted into evidence and
published to the jury). Appellant’s counsel alluded to it during jury selection when questioning the
venire panel about contradictory testimony and the use of self-defense in any setting, even within a
close personal relationship. He developed it through cross-examination of the State’s witnesses,
particularly the police detective, when he highlighted the fact that she took no actions to investigate
appellant’s claims regarding Gay’s alleged threats toward him and Ofelia and when he sought the
detective’s confirmation that appellant’s comments to her reflected that he acted in self-defense.
The State offered the evidence of appellant’s extraneous abusive conduct toward Gay,
in part, to rebut appellant’s theory that she was the first aggressor and that he acted in self-defense
as well as to rebut appellant’s explanation that Gay’s injuries were self-inflicted during their struggle
over the gun. Based on the evidence before it, the trial court could have concluded that the evidence
of appellant’s extraneous prior abusive conduct toward Gay rebutted the defensive theories
presented to the jury. Consequently, we cannot say that the trial court’s admission of the
complained-of testimony was an abuse of discretion. We overrule appellant’s second point of error.
15
Jury Charge Error
In this case, on appellant’s request, the trial court included an instruction on
self-defense in the court’s jury charge. In the abstract portion of the court’s charge, the trial court
instructed the jury as follows:
Upon the law of self defense [sic] you are instructed that a person is justified
in using force against another when and to the degree he reasonably believes the
force is immediately necessary to protect himself against the other’s use or attempted
use of unlawful force.
A person is justified in using force against another: (1) if he would be
justified in using force against the other; and (2) if a reasonable person in the
defendant’s situation would not have retreated; and (3) when and to the degree he
reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect himself against the
other’s use or attempted use of unlawful force.
“Reasonable belief” means a belief that would be held by an ordinary and
prudent person in the same circumstances as the defendant.
During the charge conference, appellant requested an additional instruction to explain self-defense.7
The State objected, maintaining that the instruction was already reflected in the charge. Appellant
next complained that the self-defense jury instruction “talk[ed] about the duty of a defendant to
retreat. That’s nowhere in the statute.” Both the prosecutor and the trial court maintained that the
duty to retreat “[is] in the law.” The court overruled appellant’s request for his submission and
7
Specifically, appellant asked that the following paragraph be added:
When a person is attacked, or an attempt is made to attack such person, with
unlawful force, and there is created in the mind of such person a reasonable
expectation or fear of some bodily injury, then the law excuses or justifies such
person in resorting to force to the degree that he reasonably believes is immediately
necessary, viewed from his standpoint at the time, to protect himself from attack or
attempted attack.
16
retained the language relating to the duty to retreat in the charge. In his third point of error, appellant
argues that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury that appellant had a duty to retreat in order
for the law of self-defense to apply. He further maintains that the incorrect instruction on
self-defense caused him harm.
We review alleged jury charge error in two steps: first, we determine whether error
exists; if so, we then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.
Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The trial court must charge the jury on the “law applicable to the case,”
which requires that the jury be instructed on each element of the offense charged. See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. art. 36.14; see also Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The
trial court is also required to instruct the jury on statutory defenses, affirmative defenses, and
justifications when they are raised by the evidence and requested by the defendant. Walters v. State,
247 S.W.3d 204, 208–09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Under the Texas self-defense statute, a person may use deadly force if he reasonably
believes such force is immediately necessary to protect himself from another person’s use or
attempted use of deadly force. See Tex. Penal Code § 9.32. Before 2007, the deadly-force
self-defense statute contained a provision imposing a general duty to retreat, providing that the use
of deadly force was justified only “if a reasonable person in the actor’s situation would not have
retreated.” See Act of May 16, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 235, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2141,
2141–42 (amended 2007) (current version at Tex. Penal Code § 9.32); Morales v. State,
357 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). However, effective September 1, 2007, the Legislature
17
amended the statute to delete the language regarding a general duty to retreat. Morales, 357 S.W.3d
at 4–5; McBride v. State, 359 S.W.3d 683, 694 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d).
Because this general duty to retreat was removed from the self-defense statute in 2007, the
self-defense instruction given here—indicating that appellant had a duty to retreat—was erroneous.
See Morales, 357 S.W.3d at 6.
If the trial judge charges on a defensive issue but fails to do so correctly, this is charge
error subject to review under Almanza. Vega v. State, 394 S.W.3d 514, 519 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013);
see Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g) (setting forth
analysis for determining whether jury charge error requires reversal). Under Almanza, if the jury
charge error has been properly preserved by an objection or request for instruction, as in this case,
reversal is required if the appellant has suffered “some harm” from the error. Vega, 394 S.W.3d at
519; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. We assess whether the appellant has suffered actual harm “in light
of the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of
probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the
record of the trial as a whole.” Vega, 394 S.W.3d at 521 (quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171).
We engage in this assessment to illuminate the actual, not just theoretical, harm to the accused.
Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174; see Cornet v. State, 417 S.W.3d 446, 449 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)
(“This means that the trial record must demonstrate that there is some actual harm and not just a
theoretical complaint.”).
Beginning with the jury charge itself, we observe that in addition to erroneously
instructing the jury in the abstract portion of the charge that a person was justified in using force
18
against another only if a reasonable person in the defendant’s situation would not have retreated, the
trial court included the duty to retreat in each of the self-defense application paragraphs.8 Thus, the
jury charge, in four different places—the abstract portion of the charge and three self-defense
application paragraphs—impermissibly instructed the jury to determine whether there was a general
duty to retreat. See Morales, 357 S.W.3d at 5–6 (jury instruction on general duty to retreat
constituted comment on weight of evidence). Nothing in the remainder of the charge instructed the
jury that it should not determine, as a general matter, whether a duty to retreat existed. See id. at 6.
Accordingly, the remainder of the jury charge did not alleviate the harm caused by the incorrect
self-defense instruction. Thus, consideration of the entirety of the jury charge weighs in favor of a
finding of harm.
Next, we must consider the state of the evidence and determine whether the jury
charge error related to a contested issue. Appellant did not testify at trial. The defensive theories
were presented through the State’s evidence—primarily the recording of appellant’s interview with
8
After the application paragraph for the attempted murder, the court provided the following
application paragraph for self-defense:
Self defense [sic]
Now, if you find and believe from the evidence that on the occasion in
question the Defendant reasonably believed that his conduct of grabbing and twisting
Danielle Gay’s head at the neck was immediately necessary to protect the Defendant
from Danielle Gay’s use or attempted use of unlawful force; and that at such time a
reasonable person in the Defendant’s situation would not have retreated, you will
acquit the defendant and say by your verdict not guilty as to Count II.
Similar application paragraphs applying self-defense were given following the application
paragraphs for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and aggravated assault causing serious
bodily injury.
19
the detective—and the cross examination of the State’s witnesses. During his interview with the
detective, appellant gave his version of the events. He indicated that when he and Ofelia picked up
his daughter that evening for his visitation, Gay asked him to stay but he declined and went home
with Ofelia and his daughter. According to appellant, Gay then showed up at his house in Kyle at
about 4:00 in the morning. She knocked on his window and said that if he wanted to get his stuff,
he needed to come and get it now. When he told Gay that he did not have any gas in his car, she
offered to buy the gas to fill his car. Appellant said that they then went to the gas station and filled
up the cars with gas—he and Gay in her car, Ofelia and his daughter in his car.9 After filling up, they
went to Gay’s house. When he realized it was going to take time to sort out what things he could
take, he sent Ofelia home, telling her that Gay would just drop him off. Appellant told the detective
that eventually he got tired of waiting for Gay to decide what he could take, so he told Gay to just
take him home. He said that when they were in her car, she pulled her gun out of her pocket and
threatened to kill him and Ofelia. According to appellant, they struggled over the gun and fell out
of her car during the struggle. He said that he had his arms wrapped around Gay from behind when
she fired the gun multiple times. Appellant told the detective that he got away from Gay and called
Ofelia to come pick him up. He showed the detective an injury he had on his thumb where either
the hammer of the gun pinched him or the flash from the gunshot burned him.
While giving his version of the events, appellant said that he was “fighting for his
life” and was “just trying to get away from [Gay].” However, he adamantly maintained that he did
9
Appellant also explained that he filled up the gas can because Gay was having problems
with her car.
20
not cause her injuries. He repeatedly denied ever hitting or kicking Gay. In fact, even as he
conceded that Gay “might have” been hurt during the struggle over the gun, he still insisted he
“never hit her.”10 Further, when the detective showed appellant photographs of Gay’s injuries and
asked if he could explain them, he said that they were probably self-inflicted. When the detective
directly asked appellant if he “did this” (caused the injuries depicted in the photographs), he
responded, “No.” When the detective admonished appellant that he needed to be honest and
expressed her opinion that more happened than he was telling her, appellant insisted that he “didn’t
do anything” to Gay.
There was but the barest scintilla of evidence that during his encounter with Gay,
appellant was “fighting for [his] life” and thus may have unintentionally injured Gay during his
attempts to protect himself from her. However, appellant’s primary defense was that he did not
cause Gay’s injuries at all, that they were self-inflicted, and that the events had not transpired as Gay
claimed. The secondary defense was that if she was injured during the struggle, it was not his fault
because he was acting in self-defense. The self-defense theory applied only to three of the five
charges, and it was a marginal theory at best. A comparison of the photographs of Gay’s extensive
injuries and appellant’s minimal injuries demonstrates the unlikelihood that Gay’s injuries were
self-inflicted and refutes appellant’s repeated claim that he “didn’t do anything” to Gay. Under the
circumstances, we cannot conclude that, given the weak evidence of self-defense combined with
appellant’s adamant denial that he caused Gay’s injuries, the state of the evidence demonstrates that
10
Appellant indicated that he and Gay fell over some mailboxes at some point when they
struggled over the gun, suggesting this might have caused her injuries.
21
the trial court’s erroneous instructions on the general duty to retreat caused appellant harm. Thus,
after reviewing the evidence in the record, we conclude that the state of the evidence weighs against
a finding of harm.
Concerning jury argument, both the State and appellant’s counsel briefly mentioned
self-defense in closing arguments. However, neither side emphasized the erroneous jury instruction
or appellant’s purported duty to retreat but instead only referred generally to the concept of whether
appellant’s conduct was justified because he was acting in self-defense. The prosecutor argued that
as the aggressor, appellant did not act in self-defense.11 Appellant’s trial counsel reminded the jury
that appellant told the detective in the interview that he “had to fight for his life.” Also during his
argument, appellant’s counsel referred the jury to the court’s self-defense instruction in the charge.12
However, he did not emphasize the erroneous portion regarding the general duty to retreat but
11
At one point, the prosecutor argued:
He’s trying to say that when he did that, he was doing it to defend himself. And any
time you see that self-defense in the jury charge, I would -- short of just tearing it up,
it’s preposterous, because he’s trying to say he was justified in doing that, and that
he couldn’t -- he wasn’t in a situation where he could run away, and that he had to
do it because if he didn’t, she was about to kill him.
Arguably, this could be construed as a vague allusion to the fact that appellant did not retreat.
However, the prosecutor’s argument is somewhat confusing and unclear and does not affirmatively
argue that appellant was required to retreat.
12
Appellant’s counsel referred the jury to the self-defense instruction in the abstract portion
of the jury charge, although his disagreement and displeasure with the instruction was apparent:
There is a self-defense charge in the -- in the jury’s charge on page three, paragraph
four. You can read it for what it’s worth. It indicates our theory of the case, that
there was a need for him to react to what was going on, and it was immediately
necessary to protect himself.
22
referred to the fact that it was “immediately necessary” for appellant to react as he did to protect
himself from Gay. Overall, in the context of the entire jury argument, neither side focused on
self-defense and neither side argued that appellant had a duty to retreat. Thus, we conclude that the
arguments of counsel do not weigh in favor of a finding of harm.
Finally, with regard to the final factor, we consider the fact that appellant was not
actually entitled to a jury instruction on self-defense in this case to be relevant information in
evaluating harm. A defendant is entitled to a self-defense instruction if the issue is raised by the
evidence, regardless of whether that evidence is weak or strong, unimpeached or contradicted, and
regardless of what the trial court may think about the credibility of the witnesses or the viability
of the defense. Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Ferrel v. State,
55 S.W.3d 586, 591 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). However, because self-defense is justification for
one’s actions, the assertion of the defense necessarily requires an admission that the alleged conduct
occurred. Anderson v. State, 11 S.W.3d 369, 372 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d);
see Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (“[A] defensive instruction is only
appropriate when the defendant’s defensive evidence essentially admits to every element of the
offense including the culpable mental state, but interposes the justification to excuse the otherwise
criminal conduct.”). Assertion of self-defense is inconsistent with a denial of the conduct. Ford
v. State, 112 S.W.3d 788, 794 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). Thus, a defendant
is not entitled to an instruction on self-defense if “he claims that he did not perform the assaultive
acts alleged, or that he did not have the requisite culpable mental state, or both.” VanBrackle
23
v. State, 179 S.W.3d 708, 715 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.) (citing Ex parte Nailor,
149 S.W.3d 125, 134 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)).
In this case, although appellant admitted that he struggled with Gay for the gun, he
did not admit that he committed the assaultive conduct alleged.13 Appellant repeatedly denied ever
hitting or kicking Gay, adamantly maintained that he did not cause her injuries, asserted that the
injuries were self-inflicted by Gay, and suggested that the injuries were caused by other objects (such
as the mailboxes) during their struggle over the gun. Thus, because appellant did not admit to
committing the alleged conduct, he was not entitled to an instruction on self-defense. See Maxwell
v. State, No. 03-06-00473-CR, 2007 WL 2274883, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 6, 2007, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (“A defendant must sufficiently admit to the commission
of the offense for which the defensive instruction is requested.”). We conclude that the fact that
appellant was not entitled to a self-defense jury instruction under these circumstances weighs against
a finding of harm.
In sum, except for the jury charge itself, the factors discussed above militate against
a finding of harm. Accordingly, after reviewing the record and considering the relevant factors, we
13
In the attempted murder charge, the alleged conduct was that appellant “engaged in
conduct that amounted to more than mere preparation that tended but failed to effect the commission
of [murder]” by “grabbing and twisting Danielle Gay’s head at the neck.” In the aggravated assault
with a deadly weapon, the alleged conduct was that appellant “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly
cause[d] bodily injury to Danielle Gay by kicking her” and using or exhibiting a firearm during the
offense. In the aggravated assault causing serious bodily injury, the alleged conduct was that
appellant “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly cause[d] serious bodily injury to Danielle Gay by
striking [her] about the head with his hand or a firearm.”
24
hold that the erroneous self-defense instruction did not harm appellant. We overrule appellant’s third
point of error.
Jury Argument
In his fourth point of error, appellant complains about the State’s jury argument
during the punishment phase of trial.
We review a trial court’s ruling on an objection to improper jury argument for an
abuse of discretion. Nzewi v. State, 359 S.W.3d 829, 841 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012,
pet. ref’d); see Davis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 825 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). A trial court abuses
its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably, without reference to any guiding rules and
principles. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); see also McDonald
v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“A trial court abuses its discretion when its
decision is so clearly wrong as to lie outside that zone within which reasonable persons
might disagree.”).
Appellant first complains about the prosecutor’s comments regarding the absence of
mitigating evidence. During closing argument of the punishment phase, after explaining the State’s
reasons for requesting a life sentence, the prosecutor argued:
So we expect life. And there have been plenty of juries that can agree on life.
That happens all the time.
But if you can’t, then we’re hoping that when you’re looking to compromise,
you’re doing it between 60 and life because that’s really where he is. There is
nothing mitigating. There is nothing to put him in the midrange. There is nothing
to put him towards the minimum.
25
You heard from Ofelia’s mom all sorts of reasons why she deserved lenience.
The defense could have put on a case. You heard nothing, no evidence to mitigate,
to make it a less horrible --
Appellant objected, complaining, “That places the burden back on the defense. And we have no
obligation to testify.” The trial court responded, “That’s accurate. You don’t. And the law that
applies to his testimony is contained in the charge.” On appeal, appellant contends that the above
comments constituted an impermissible comment on his failure to testify.
Initially, we observe that appellant has arguably failed to properly preserve his
complaint about this jury argument for appellant review. For a party to preserve a complaint for
appellate review, the complaining party must make a specific objection and obtain a ruling on the
objection. Yazdchi v. State, 428 S.W.3d 831, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014), cert denied,
135 S. Ct. 1158 (U.S. 2015); Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. In addition, the point of error on appeal
must comport with the objection made at trial. Yazdchi, 428 S.W.3d at 844; Clark v. State,
365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Here, appellant complained that the prosecutor’s
argument shifted the burden of production to the defense. In doing so, counsel noted that
“we”—presumably referring to appellant—had no obligation to testify. Appellant did not, however,
explicitly complain that the prosecutor’s argument was an improper comment on his right not to
testify. Moreover, the trial court failed to make a formal ruling either sustaining or overruling
appellant’s objection. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2)(A). Assuming, however, that the trial court’s
comment regarding the jury charge containing “the law that applies to [appellant’s] testimony” was
an implied ruling on an objection complaining about an improper comment on appellant’s failure
26
to testify, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s implied overruling of appellant’s
objection to the State’s argument.
The law provides for, and presumes, a fair trial free from improper argument by the
State. Ex parte Lane, 303 S.W.3d 702, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Long v. State,
823 S.W.2d 259, 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). Proper jury argument must generally fall within one
of four categories: (1) summation of the evidence; (2) reasonable deductions from the evidence;
(3) responses to argument of opposing counsel; and (4) pleas for law enforcement. Freeman v. State,
340 S.W.3d 717, 727 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Jimenez v. State, 240 S.W.3d 384, 407 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2007, pet. ref’d). The fact that a defendant did not testify does not fall into any of
these categories and may not be the subject of comment by the prosecution. Cruz v. State,
225 S.W.3d 546, 548 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Bustamante v. State, 48 S.W.3d 761, 765 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2001).
A comment on a defendant’s failure to testify violates both the state and federal
constitutions as well as Texas statutory law. Randolph v. State, 353 S.W.3d 887, 891 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011); see U.S. Const. amend. V; Tex. Const. art. I, § 10; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.08;
see also Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 615 (1965). However, the implication that the State’s
comment referred to the defendant’s failure to testify must be a clear and necessary one. Randolph,
353 S.W.3d at 891; Bustamante, 48 S.W.3d at 767. If the language might reasonably be construed
as merely an implied or indirect allusion, there is no violation. Randolph, 353 S.W.3d at 891; Busby
v. State, 253 S.W.3d 661, 666 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The test is whether the language used was
manifestly intended or was of such a character that the jury would necessarily and naturally take it
27
as a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. Randolph, 353 S.W.3d at 891; Cruz, 225 S .W.3d
at 548; see Bustamante, 48 S.W.3d at 765 (collecting cases). In applying this standard, the context
in which the comment was made must be analyzed to determine whether the language used was of
such character. Randolph, 353 S.W.3d at 891; Cruz, 225 S.W.3d at 548; Bustamante, 48 S.W.3d
at 765. Courts are not to find that the prosecutor manifestly intended to comment on the defendant’s
failure to testify if some other explanation for the remark is equally plausible. Randolph,
353 S.W.3d at 891. In assessing whether the defendant’s rights have been violated, courts must view
the State’s argument from the jury’s standpoint and resolve any ambiguities in the language in favor
of its being a permissible argument. Id.
Viewed from the jury’s perspective, the prosecutor’s comments in this case regarding
the lack of mitigation would not necessarily or naturally be taken as a comment on the defendant’s
failure to testify. Rather, when placed in context, the prosecutor’s statement can reasonably be
construed as referring to the absence of mitigating evidence from the testimony of character
witnesses testifying on appellant’s behalf, and as an argument that the lack of mitigating evidence
warrants harsher, not more lenient, sentences. Thus, there is an equally plausible explanation for the
prosecutor’s comment. Accordingly, there is no violation. See id. We conclude that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by overruling appellant’s objection to the prosecutor’s argument
regarding the absence of mitigating evidence.
Also in this point of error, appellant argues that the prosecutor improperly “advised
the jury that appellant would earn sentence credits, would earn good conduct time, and would be
paroled.” During final argument during the punishment phase, the prosecutor argued:
28
So life doesn’t mean life. 60 doesn’t mean 60. You heard he got -- he’ll get credit
for his back time. He’ll get good conduct time. He’ll get parole. He’ll get credit
after credit from everyone. He doesn’t need anymore [sic] credit from you guys.
However, appellant did not object to this argument at trial. Preservation of error is a systemic
requirement on appeal. Blackshear v. State, 385 S.W.3d 589, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). A
reviewing court should not address the merits of an issue that has not been preserved for appeal.
Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 473–74 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). To preserve error regarding
improper jury argument for appellate review, a defendant must object and pursue his objection to an
adverse ruling. See Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 303 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Tex. R. App.
P. 33.1(a). A defendant must contemporaneously object to the statement, request an instruction that
the jury disregard the statement if the objection is sustained, and move for a mistrial if an instruction
to disregard is given. Cook v. State, 858 S.W.2d 467, 473 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). A defendant’s
failure to object to a jury argument, or failure to pursue an adverse ruling to his objection to the jury
argument, forfeits his right to complain about the jury argument on appeal. Cockrell v. State,
933 S.W.2d 73, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Because appellant did not object to the prosecutor’s
argument concerning credit for time served, good conduct time, or parole, he failed to preserve this
complaint for appellate review.
For the above reasons, we overrule appellant’s fourth point of error.
29
CONCLUSION
Having concluded that appellant failed to demonstrate that he suffered ineffective
assistance of counsel, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the complained-of
extraneous conduct evidence, that the erroneous self-defense instruction in the jury charge did not
cause appellant harm, and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by overruling appellant’s
objection to the State’s jury argument, we affirm the trial court’s judgements of conviction.
__________________________________________
Melissa Goodwin, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Field
Affirmed
Filed: May 13, 2015
Do Not Publish
30