Daniel Githua Njogo v. State

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-18-00245-CR
___________________________
DANIEL GITHUA NJOGO, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
On Appeal from County Criminal Court No. 10
Tarrant County, Texas
Trial Court No. 1508177
Before Meier, Birdwell, and Bassel, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Birdwell
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Daniel Githua Njogo of driving while intoxicated
(DWI).1 On appeal from the conviction, Njogo contends that the trial court reversibly
erred by failing to test the qualifications of each veniremember to determine whether
the veniremember was a qualified voter, had been convicted of theft or a felony, and
had been indicted for theft or a felony. Njogo acknowledges that he did not complain
of this alleged failure in the trial court.2 The State concedes that the trial court should
have tested the veniremembers’ qualifications but asserts that the court’s alleged
failure to do so is harmless on the record presented. We agree with the State and
affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Background
A grand jury indicted Njogo for committing DWI. The case proceeded to a
trial before a jury, and Njogo pleaded not guilty. On the record during voir dire of the
venire, the trial court did not ask the veniremembers about their qualifications to
serve on the jury. At the end of voir dire, the parties challenged the same
veniremembers for cause, and when the trial court named the six veniremembers who
would serve as jurors, neither party objected.
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a) (West Supp. 2018).
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2
Before voir dire began, the trial court referred to the prior taking of an oath by
the veniremembers about their “qualifications.” It is unclear whether during off-the-
record proceedings, the veniremembers were examined through some process about
their qualifications to serve that are the focus of Njogo’s complaint in this court.
2
After the jury received the parties’ evidence and arguments, it found Njogo
guilty. The jury heard more evidence on his punishment and assessed seven days’
confinement. The trial court sentenced him accordingly. He brought this appeal.
The Trial Court’s Alleged Failure to Assess the Veniremembers’ Qualifications
In his only issue, Njogo contends that the trial court reversibly erred by failing
to assess the qualifications of the veniremembers to serve on a jury. He acknowledges
that he did not make the same complaint in the trial court, but he contends that the
trial court’s alleged failure amounts to constitutional and structural3 error that
mandates reversal. The State contends that we should overrule Njogo’s issue because
the record does not demonstrate harm. We agree with the State.
Chapter 35 of the code of criminal procedure requires a trial court to ask
veniremembers about their qualifications to serve on a jury. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. arts. 35.06, .10, .12, .21 (West 2006). The court must ask the veniremembers
whether they are qualified voters under the Constitution and Texas law, whether they
are convicted felons or thieves, and whether they are under indictment or legal
accusation for a theft or any felony. Id. art. 35.12(a). A party may challenge a
veniremember who is not a qualified voter, who is a convicted felon or thief, or who
3
The court of criminal appeals has expressed that an error is “structural”—
meaning that the error is categorically immune from a harm analysis—only when the
United States Supreme Court has labeled it as such. Lake v. State, 532 S.W.3d 408, 411
(Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (plurality op.). Njogo does not contend that the alleged error
in this case relates to federal constitutional law or that any Supreme Court decision
governs the error.
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has been legally accused of a felony or theft. Id. art. 35.16 (a)(1)–(3) (West 2006).
When a party makes one of the latter two challenges, the trial court must disqualify
the veniremember. Id. art. 35.19 (West 2006).
The record does not disclose that the trial court questioned the veniremembers
in accordance with these provisions, nor does it disclose that either party objected to
the court’s failure to do so or challenged any veniremember on the grounds discussed
above. Relying on state constitutional provisions that generally protect the right of a
trial by an impartial jury and describe certain convicts who should be excluded from
jury service,4 but citing no supporting judicial decisions, Njogo contends that the trial
court’s alleged failure to assess the veniremembers’ qualifications requires reversal
without any prior objection and with no showing of harm. We cannot agree.
To reverse a conviction, we generally require a showing of harm that results
from an error. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2. When an error arises from a trial court’s
statutory violation, we ask whether the error affected the defendant’s substantial
rights. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Gray v. State, 159 S.W.3d 95, 98 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005).
Article 44.46 of the code of criminal procedure states that even when a
veniremember who is “absolutely disqualified” serves on a jury, a conviction may be
reversed only when (1) the defendant raises disqualification before the entry of the
verdict, or (2) “the defendant makes a showing of significant harm by the service of
See, e.g., Tex. Const. art. I, §§ 10, 15, art. XVI, § 2.
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the disqualified juror.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.46 (West 2018). The court
of criminal appeals has held that article 44.46 applies in “all cases” and prevents
automatic reversal for the service of a disqualified juror. Nelson v. State, 129 S.W.3d
108, 111–12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see also White v. State, 225 S.W.3d 571, 574 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007) (holding that the mere presence of two absolutely disqualified jurors
did not demonstrate significant harm under article 44.46).
Although article 44.46 does not address the precise circumstance present
here—the trial court’s failure to discern (at least on the record) whether each
veniremember was qualified—it establishes that matters of absolute juror
disqualification are subject to harm analyses. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
44.46(2). If the record must establish “significant harm” from a known disqualified
juror’s service to warrant reversal when the disqualification issue was not raised before
entry of the verdict, it follows that the record must similarly show harm when a trial
court has failed to inquire about a veniremember’s qualifications and no party raises
that issue in the trial court. Texas courts have so held. See Melton v. State, No. 06-05-
00280-CR, 2007 WL 608371, at *1–2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Mar. 1, 2007, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (relying on article 44.46 to hold that when
a trial court misstated that veniremembers could serve as jurors if they had been
convicted of misdemeanor theft and when it was unknown if a disqualified juror
actually served because of the misstatement, there was no reversible error because
there was no showing of harm); Woolridge v. State, No. 01-95-00822-CR, 2001 WL
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700501, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 21, 2001, no pet.) (op. on
remand, not designated for publication) (overruling the appellant’s argument when the
record did not disclose whether a juror was absolutely disqualified and the record did
not show harm); Smith v. State, 742 S.W.2d 847, 851 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, no pet.)
(holding that a trial court’s failure to make an inquiry required by chapter 35 was
harmless because the record did not show that any juror was disqualified).
We agree with the holdings in these cases, and we have not found any contrary
authority suggesting that the trial court’s failure to test veniremembers’ qualifications
is immune from a harm analysis. Accordingly, we hold that because the record does
not show harm from the trial court’s alleged failure to assess the veniremembers’
qualifications, the error is not reversible. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.46(2);
Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). We overrule Njogo’s sole issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled Njogo’s only issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/s/ Wade Birdwell
Wade Birdwell
Justice
Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
Delivered: December 31, 2018
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